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Young Girls (young + girl)
Selected AbstractsMore Broken Bones: A 4-Year Double Cohort Study of Young Girls With and Without Distal Forearm FracturesJOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 10 2000A. Goulding Abstract Predictors of childhood fractures have not been investigated previously. This study was undertaken to determine whether a previous history of forearm fracture, low bone mineral density (BMD; both areal bone mineral density [aBMD, g/cm2] and volumetric bone mineral apparent density [BMAD, g/cm3]), or anthropometry, influence fracture risk in young girls. At baseline, two cohorts of girls, aged 3,15 years, were evaluated: 100 had recently broken a forearm (group 1) and 100 were fracture free (group 2). Four years later we restudied 170 of these girls (82 from group l and 88 from group 2). We now report the relationships of previous fracture history, baseline BMD (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), baseline weight, and height to risk of new fracture. More new fractures occurred in group l (37 fractures in 24 girls) than in group 2 (8 fractures in 7 girls; p = 0.0007). The independent predictors for occurrence of a new fracture at any skeletal site in a multivariate model adjusting for age, weight, total body aBMD, and fracture history were previous fracture (hazard ratio [HR], 3.28; 95% CI, 1.41-7.64); age (HR per l-year increase, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.99); total body aBMD (HR per l SD decrease, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.31-2.81); and body weight (HR per l SD increase, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.06-2.08). Girls with two risk factors together had substantially greater fracture risk: previous fracture and low spinal BMAD (HR, 9.4; 95% CI, 2.8-32.0), previous fracture and high body weight (HR, 10.2; 95% CI, 2.8-37.6), or previous fracture and low total body aBMD (HR, 13.0; 95% CI, 3.9-43.1). We conclude that previous forearm fracture, low total body aBMD, low spinal BMAD, and high body weight each increase risk of new fractures within 4 years in young girls. Interventions to reduce the risk of fractures, particularly forearm fractures, in girls warrant further study. [source] A Cosmetic Approach for Pectoral Pacemaker Implantation in Young GirlsPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 9 2000ERIC ROSENTHAL Pectoral placement of pacemaker generators, combined with use of a redundant intravascular lead portion, reduces the need for endocardial lead advancement during growth in children. While the use of small generators and submuscular pockets has contributed to cosmetic acceptability, the conventional subclavicular incision may occasionally form a keloid scar that is unacceptable in young girls. A modified implantation technique was used in five girls (age 2.6,13.3 years) during implantation of VDD (n = 2), VVIR (n = 2), and DDDR (n = 1) pacemakers. A 5-cm incision was made in the axilla along the line of the pec-toralis major and dissection was continued below the muscle to create a pocket for the generator. Subclavian vein puncture was performed from the axillary incision and beneath the pectoralis major muscle using standard or extra long needles with a needle guard. Peel away sheaths were used for lead positioning. The generator was placed in the submuscular pocket and the wound closed with absorbable sutures. At follow-up, pacemaker function was excellent and neither the scars nor pacemakers were visible from the front. In conclusion, the axillary incision with direct subclavian vein puncture from below the pectoralis major muscle offers the advantages of pectoral pacemaker implantation through a single cosmetic incision. [source] Nostalgia and Optimism in Else Ury's Nesthäkchen Books for Young Girls in the Weimar RepublicTHE GERMAN QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2006Jennifer Redmann First page of article [source] Poverty, Development, and Women: Why Should We Care?JOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 6 2007Joyce E. (Beebe) Thompson Healthy, prosperous nations require healthy women and newborns. Young girls and women in resource-poor nations suffer the greatest ill-health consequences from low status, denial of basic human rights, and poverty. Poverty and poor health result in poor economic development. The Millennium Development Goals call for immediate efforts to reduce poverty, improve health, especially of girls and women, and foster development in the world's poorest nations. JOGNN, 36, 523-530; 2007. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552-6909.2007.00184.x [source] Leukaemic infiltration of the mandible in a young girlINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2007RACHAEL E. BENSON Background., This report presents a case of leukaemic infiltration of the mandible in a 10-year-old female of Sudanese extraction. Case report., The patient was in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia when she presented with pain localized to the alveolar ridge overlying the unerupted lower right second permanent molar. Two days later, she developed right inferior alveolar nerve paraesthesia. Radiographic imaging demonstrated cortical line absence around the developing lower right second and third permanent molars, and distal displacement of the lower right third molar. In addition, the cortical outline of the right inferior dental canal lacked clarity. Biopsy confirmed leukaemia recurrence demonstrating the Philadelphia chromosome. Tailored chemotherapy was commenced, and a bone marrow transplant was carried out 12 weeks later. At 6-month dental review, the patient remained exceptionally well with no bone pain and normal sensation in the right lower lip. Conclusion., The importance of regular and long-term dental examination of patients with leukaemia is discussed. [source] Massive epithelioid angiomyolipoma of the kidney in a young girlINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 11 2005MING-SHAN HUNG Abstract, We report the case of a huge right renal tumor in a 17-year-old girl. Absence of fat on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging suggested renal cell carcinoma, and surgery was performed. Pathologic evaluation with HMB-45 immunohistochemical staining con,rmed the diagnosis of epithelioid angiomyolipoma. The tumor consisted predominantly of epithelioid cells, and it could easily be misidenti,ed as a renal cell carcinoma due to the paucity of the fat component. Previous reports have suggested that epithelioid angiomyolipomas have the potential to be malignant, and thus regular postoperative surveillance is recommended. Our patient had no signs of recurrence at her most recent follow up, 12 months after surgery. [source] Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the Vitamin D Receptor in a Patient With Hereditary 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets With Alopecia,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2009Yulin Zhou Abstract Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) is a rare recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR). In this study, we examined the VDR in a young girl with clinical features of HVDRR including rickets, hypophosphatemia, and elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D. The girl also had total alopecia. Two mutations were found in the VDR gene: a nonsense mutation (R30X) in the DNA-binding domain and a unique 3-bp in-frame deletion in exon 6 that deleted the codon for lysine at amino acid 246 (,K246). The child and her mother were both heterozygous for the 3-bp deletion, whereas the child and her father were both heterozygous for the R30X mutation. Fibroblasts from the patient were unresponsive to 1,25(OH)2D3 as shown by their failure to induce CYP24A1 gene expression, a marker of 1,25(OH)2D3 responsiveness. [3H]1,25(OH)2D3 binding and immunoblot analysis showed that the patient's cells expressed the VDR,K246 mutant protein; however, the amount of VDR,K246 mutant protein was significantly reduced compared with wildtype controls. In transactivation assays, the recreated VDR,K246 mutant was unresponsive to 1,25(OH)2D3. The ,K246 mutation abolished heterodimerization of the mutant VDR with RXR, and binding to the coactivators DRIP205 and SRC-1. However, the ,K246 mutation did not affect the interaction of the mutant VDR with the corepressor Hairless (HR). In summary, we describe a patient with compound heterozygous mutations in the VDR that results in HVDRR with alopecia. The R30X mutation truncates the VDR, whereas the ,K246 mutation prevents heterodimerization with RXR and disrupts coactivator interactions. [source] Hand tremor and orofacial dyskinesia: Clinical manifestations of glutaric aciduria type I in a young girl,MOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue 9 2003Emilio Fernández-Álvarez MD Abstract A 16-year-old girl with a history of postural hand tremor was investigated. Magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical, enzymatic, and molecular studies demonstrated glutaric aciduria type I (GA1). Now, at 19 years of age, focal dystonia and oral dyskinesia are also present. This is the first reported case of GA1 with such clinical phenotype. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society [source] Acute Percutaneous Lactic Acid Poisoning in a ChildPEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Manuela Esteban Ramírez M.D. We report a young girl with lamellar ichthyosis and symptoms of poisoning, with clinical signs of irritability, agitation, myoclonia, and difficulty in walking, accompanied by lactic acidosis as a result of the more frequent than recommended application of emollients containing lactic acid. The clinical symptoms resolved upon discontinuation of the topical treatment. Among the possible causes of metabolic acidosis, health care providers should be aware of the possibility of percutaneous poisoning. [source] A case of WHIM syndrome associated with diabetes and hypothyroidismPEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 7 2009Junji Takaya Abstract: The WHIM syndrome is a rare immunological disorder characterized by warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis. We hypothesized that immunological or genetic mechanisms may link WHIM syndrome and type 1 diabetes. We report that the young girl with WHIM syndrome developed diabetes and transient hypothyroidism. A nonsense mutation (C,T) truncating the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) C-terminal cytoplasmic tail domain occurred at nucleotide position 1000(R334X) of the CXCR4 gene in one allele of the patient was identified, and the person was diagnosed as having WHIM syndrome. Recent observation suggested that the CXCR4, a G-protein-coupled receptor with a unique ligand, CXCL12, might be involved in the pathogenesis for type 1 diabetes. Taken into consideration the concurrent prevalence of the two disorders and the speculated common pathogenesis associated with the CXCR4, our patient may enable us to understand the genetic damage related to accelerated apoptosis. [source] Being in the Field: Reflections on a Mi'kmaq Kekunit CeremonyANTHROPOLOGY & HUMANISM, Issue 2 2003Anne-Christine Hornborg This article has a threefold purpose. First, it seeks to show how modern rituals among Mi'kmaq traditionalists in eastern Canada are anchored in and derive their rationale from modern reserve existence. Two rituals are described, a kekunit godparent ceremony for a 14-year-old girl and a sweat lodge ceremony later the same evening. Second, the article also provides an example of the paradoxes of "participant observation" by showing how engagement in fieldwork may turn the fieldworker's preconceived beliefs and attitudes on their head. The effect of some words from a young girl illustrates how being-in-the-field in an instant can shatter the most comfortable distinctions between a rational Self and a superstitious Other. Being-in-the-field entails a continuous oscillation between close engagement in people's lifeworlds and distanced observations of human behavior. In the third part of the article, I reinterpret the ritual,a painful process for me, albeit necessary. As for the participants themselves, their pain is as diffuse and enduring as their lives. [source] Effects of response blocking and competing stimuli on stereotypic behaviorBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, Issue 2 2009Louis P. Hagopian The effects of response blocking and competing stimuli on stereotypy and aggression were examined in an analysis conducted with a young girl diagnosed with autism and intellectual disability. A functional analysis of the stereotypic behavior revealed that blocking stereotypy increased aggression. The treatment analysis revealed that the provision of competing stimuli, without response blocking resulted in decreases in both topographies. Findings suggest that the provision of competing stimuli may be less likely to occasion other behaviors than blocking. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hantavirus Puumala infection as a cause of fever of unknown origin in a childACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 8 2004J van der Werff ten Bosch Hantavirus infection due to Puumala virus causes nephropathica epidemica, a disorder characterized by fever, haematological abnormalities, mild renal dysfunction and ophthalmological abnormalities. The prevalence in most European countries is low, but the virus can be endemic. In children, hantavirus infection is rare. This paper describes a young girl diagnosed with hantavirus infection. The patient presented with high fever, proteinuria, haematuria and eye lesions, but other typical hallmarks of the disease, such as thrombocytopenia and renal dysfunction, were absent. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates the need to consider the diagnosis of hantavirus infection in children with prolonged fever of unknown origin. The diagnosis is based on serological tests. [source] THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION ADDRESSES THE NATIONAL PROBLEM OF YOUTH AT RISKFAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Karen J. Mathis During the 2006,2007 American Bar Association (ABA) year, a special ABA Presidential Youth at Risk Initiative has addressed several important topics: addressing the needs of juvenile status offenders and their families; foster children aging out of the foster care system; increases in girls, especially girls of color, in the juvenile justice system; the need to better hear the voices of youth in court proceedings affecting them; and improving how laws can better address youth crossing over between juvenile justice and child welfare systems. Lawyers are encouraged to use their skills to improve the systems addressing at-risk youth and their families and to help facilitate coordination of youth-related community efforts. Learning how to effectively communicate with youth is an important skill attorneys must learn. Through the Youth at Risk Initiative, the ABA has held continuing legal education programs, hosted community roundtables among youth-serving stakeholders, and developed projects on: juvenile status offenders; lawyer assistance to youth transitioning from foster care; educating young girls on violence prevention, conflict resolution, and careers in law and justice; and provision of useful information to youth awaiting juvenile court hearings. New ABA policy has addressed services and programs to at-risk youth, assuring licensing, regulation, and monitoring of residential facilities serving at-risk youth, enhanced support for sexual minority foster and homeless youth, juvenile status offenders, and improving laws and policies related to youth exiting the foster care system. [source] Possible antecedents and developmental implications of shame in young girlsINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2003Rosemary S. L. MillsArticle first published online: 14 MAR 200 Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of parenting style and child emotionality on the development of proneness to shame in young girls, and the mediating effect of shame on the development of adjustment problems. Eighty-eight girls were assessed twice, at 3 and 5 years of age, along with their mothers and fathers. Shame was assessed by observations (reactions to failure and criticism); parenting style and child emotions (fearfulness, sadness, anger) were measured using parent reports; and adjustment problems were assessed by parent and teacher reports. Girls were more likely to show shame at age 5 when both their mothers and fathers had been relatively authoritarian at age 3; their emotional dispositions did not have any direct longitudinal effects on shame. Authoritarian parenting predicted subsequent internalizing problems as assessed by teachers, but there was no evidence for a mediational effect of shame. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Trends in disposable income among teenage boys and girls in Finland from 1977 to 2003INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 4 2007Tomi P. Lintonen Abstract This article explores changes in the money Finnish young people aged 12,18 years have at their disposal, over a 26-year period 1977,2003. Previous studies suggest that the amount of money young people have is not necessarily dependent on traditional socio-economic variables, but there are no systematic studies on the development of the disposable income of the teenagers. The analyses of this study are based on a series of 14 biannual nationally representative surveys of 12-, 14-, 16- and 18-year-olds in Finland from 1977 to 2003, with a total of 84 404 respondents. Time-trends are shown and analysed by gender, family structure, place of residence and socio-economic status of family using analysis of variance and linear regression modelling. The results show that teenagers' disposable money has increased little between 1977 and 2003 in comparison with the general income development. Economic booms and depressions can be seen in rising and falling amounts of disposal money, particularly among 16- to 18-year-old respondents. There were also significant differences between the genders. Young boys clearly had more money at their disposal than young girls. Children of single parents had more money than their peers from nuclear families. Urban youth had more money than those living in the countryside and the difference increased during the period under examination. The socio-economic position of the family had little impact. [source] More Broken Bones: A 4-Year Double Cohort Study of Young Girls With and Without Distal Forearm FracturesJOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 10 2000A. Goulding Abstract Predictors of childhood fractures have not been investigated previously. This study was undertaken to determine whether a previous history of forearm fracture, low bone mineral density (BMD; both areal bone mineral density [aBMD, g/cm2] and volumetric bone mineral apparent density [BMAD, g/cm3]), or anthropometry, influence fracture risk in young girls. At baseline, two cohorts of girls, aged 3,15 years, were evaluated: 100 had recently broken a forearm (group 1) and 100 were fracture free (group 2). Four years later we restudied 170 of these girls (82 from group l and 88 from group 2). We now report the relationships of previous fracture history, baseline BMD (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), baseline weight, and height to risk of new fracture. More new fractures occurred in group l (37 fractures in 24 girls) than in group 2 (8 fractures in 7 girls; p = 0.0007). The independent predictors for occurrence of a new fracture at any skeletal site in a multivariate model adjusting for age, weight, total body aBMD, and fracture history were previous fracture (hazard ratio [HR], 3.28; 95% CI, 1.41-7.64); age (HR per l-year increase, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.99); total body aBMD (HR per l SD decrease, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.31-2.81); and body weight (HR per l SD increase, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.06-2.08). Girls with two risk factors together had substantially greater fracture risk: previous fracture and low spinal BMAD (HR, 9.4; 95% CI, 2.8-32.0), previous fracture and high body weight (HR, 10.2; 95% CI, 2.8-37.6), or previous fracture and low total body aBMD (HR, 13.0; 95% CI, 3.9-43.1). We conclude that previous forearm fracture, low total body aBMD, low spinal BMAD, and high body weight each increase risk of new fractures within 4 years in young girls. Interventions to reduce the risk of fractures, particularly forearm fractures, in girls warrant further study. [source] A Nietzschean Feminist Rejoinder to the Mädchenbuch ControversyORBIS LITERARUM, Issue 3 2010Elsa Asenijeff's Unschuld. While sexual difference and cultural norms still largely limited the opportunities of most Wilhelmine girls and women to express themselves on issues of sexuality, gender, education, and class difference, a range of feminist writers encouraged their young audiences to question the radical social developments of the late Wilhelmine era. Few Mädchenbücher, however, seem to have been written by feminists who rejected both a traditional, cultural conservative ideology as well as a more radical socialist outlook. The eighteen short works of the Nietzschean feminist Elsa Asenijeff (1867,1941) that comprise Unschuld. Ein modernes Mädchenbuch (1901), illustrate her strategies in unsettling notions of Wilhelmine cultural and sexual (re)production by valorizing the creativity and radical individualism of young girls. Asenijeff's enthusiasm for Genie and individual freedom, and her attempts to reconcile this with Nietzsche's arguments regarding women's biological destiny, position her as another example of the complex yet largely positive reception of Wilhelmine feminists to his teachings. [source] A Cosmetic Approach for Pectoral Pacemaker Implantation in Young GirlsPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 9 2000ERIC ROSENTHAL Pectoral placement of pacemaker generators, combined with use of a redundant intravascular lead portion, reduces the need for endocardial lead advancement during growth in children. While the use of small generators and submuscular pockets has contributed to cosmetic acceptability, the conventional subclavicular incision may occasionally form a keloid scar that is unacceptable in young girls. A modified implantation technique was used in five girls (age 2.6,13.3 years) during implantation of VDD (n = 2), VVIR (n = 2), and DDDR (n = 1) pacemakers. A 5-cm incision was made in the axilla along the line of the pec-toralis major and dissection was continued below the muscle to create a pocket for the generator. Subclavian vein puncture was performed from the axillary incision and beneath the pectoralis major muscle using standard or extra long needles with a needle guard. Peel away sheaths were used for lead positioning. The generator was placed in the submuscular pocket and the wound closed with absorbable sutures. At follow-up, pacemaker function was excellent and neither the scars nor pacemakers were visible from the front. In conclusion, the axillary incision with direct subclavian vein puncture from below the pectoralis major muscle offers the advantages of pectoral pacemaker implantation through a single cosmetic incision. [source] Malignant Melanoma Associated with Lichen Sclerosus in the Vulva of a 10-Year-OldPEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Ashraf M. Hassanein M.D., Ph.D. Lichen sclerosus of the vulva in childhood is also a rare disease. The association of these two rare lesions in the vulva of young girls is extremely rare. We present a 10-year-old white girl with malignant melanoma associated with lichen sclerosus of the vulva. She had dark pigmentation of both the labia minora and posterior fourchette. The inner labia majora and fourchette showed whitish, glistening areas of skin. Histologic examination found mostly an in situ lentiginous/mucosal melanoma with focal invasion to a depth of 0.44 mm in the left upper labium majus. All specimens showed evidence of lichen sclerosus. Partial vulvectomy was performed, and no metastases were detected at the time of treatment. The patient has been disease free for the 12 months after treatment. It is critical for physicians to realize that melanoma can occur in children, and although rare, can occur in the vulva. We feel that lichen sclerosus in this instance may represent a pattern of host immune response to melanoma. [source] Autonomic dysregulation in young girls with Rett Syndrome during nighttime in-home recordings,PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 11 2008Debra E. Weese-Mayer MD Abstract This study was designed to specifically characterize the autonomic phenotype of cardiorespiratory dysregulation during the nighttime in young girls with MECP2 mutation-confirmed Rett Syndrome (RS), studied in their home environment. Computerized breath-to-breath and beat-to-beat characterization of at-home continuously recorded respiratory inductance plethysmography of chest/abdomen and ECG (VivoMetrics, Inc.) was obtained during overnight recordings in 47 girls with MECP2 mutation-confirmed RS and 47 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched screened controls (ages 2,7 years). We determined that although the breathing and heart rate appear more regular during the night compared to the day, young girls with RS demonstrate apparent nocturnal irregularities. Comparing daytime versus nighttime, breathing was more irregular, with an increased breathing frequency (and irregularity), mean amplitude of respiratory inductance plethysmography sum (AMP)/TI, and heart rate and decreased AMP in girls with RS. Comparing girls with RS versus controls during nighttime recording, breathing was more irregular, with an increased breathing frequency (and irregularity), mean AMP/TI, and heart rate. An increased uncoupling between measures of breathing and heart rate control indicates malregulation in the autonomic nervous system, and is apparent during the day as well as the night. This uncoupling may represent a mechanism that renders the girls with RS more vulnerable to sudden death. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1045,1060. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Secular trend in peak oxygen consumption among United States youth in the 20th centuryAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2002Joey C. Eisenmann The purpose of this study was to examine secular change in peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) in U.S. boys and girls using available data from the 20th century. Studies were primarily identified from review articles and a Medline search. To be included in the analysis, studies must have included direct measurement of peak Vo2 on healthy (free from overt disease) United States children and youth from the general population separated by sex. Data (mean values) were divided by decade and separated into three age groups: 6,12, 13,15, and 16,18 years for boys, and 6,11, 12,14, and 15,18 years for girls. Peak Vo2 values were expressed as related to bipedal locomotion; therefore, cycle ergometry values were corrected by a factor of 1.075. Mean values were fit by least squares, goodness-of-fit regression lines. Results indicate that absolute (L·min,1) and relative (ml·kg,1·min,1) peak Vo2 have remained relatively stable among boys and young girls. In adolescent girls, particularly those 15 years of age and older, peak Vo2 has decreased by approximately 20% over the past few decades. The available data indicate that aerobic fitness has not decreased in United States youth except in adolescent girls over the past few decades. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:699,706, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Taken into custody: girls and convent guardianship in Renaissance FlorenceRENAISSANCE STUDIES, Issue 2 2003Sharon T. Strocchia This study examines the widespread practice of placing girls in the temporary care of convents in Renaissance Florence, a practice called serbanza. During the turbulent years from 1480 to 1530, guardianship became one of the most important social services offered by female religious communities, which sheltered girls in increasing numbers. Serbanza was the major form of extrafamilial care for young girls of the middling and artisan classes, as well as for the vulnerable rich, before the advent of large-scale custodial institutions in the later sixteenth century. Based on extensive archival records, this study documents how patterns of guardianship changed in response to political turmoil and concerns over female honour. I argue that convent guardianship formed part of the institutional and experiential foundation of female culture that cut across lines of neighbourhood and class, and introduced girls to a distinctive kind of constructed community. Boarding girls on a regular basis also raised important issues for internal monastic governance and ecclesiastical supervision. Nuns balanced the financial and social benefits of guardianship against the disruption of monastic routines and the disapproval of clerical officials. These tensions were resolved only by the reorganization of convent life and the development of new custodial institutions under Cosimo I. (pp. 177,200) [source] Granulosa cell tumours of the ovaryAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Puliyath GEETHA Granulosa cell tumours are rare, potentially malignant sex cord stromal tumours of the ovary. They are unique in their presentation and histological features. Many of them are hormone-producing and this property helps them to present early unlike other epithelial ovarian cancers. As a result, most of them will be in an early stage at the time of initial diagnosis. The tumour can manifest in young girls as a juvenile form and conservative management with unilateral salpingo-opherectomy may be an option in them as 95% are unilateral. Surgery is the treatment of choice and initial staging laparatomy a determinant recurrence. Advance stage of the tumour, its size (>5 cm), mitotic figures (>10/hpf), nuclear atypia and absence of call-exner bodies are poor prognostic factors. Such tumours are characterised by late recurrences and this necessitates a prolonged follow-up. Tumour markers such as inhibin and estradiol are useful in follow-up. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone replacement therapy have very little role in the initial treatment and may be suggested in case of recurrences. With appropriate treatment, a better survival rate can be achieved as against other ovarian malignancies. Methods used for locating, selecting and synthesising data:, A search of Medline and Cochrane data base for the period from 1999 to 2010 was carried out to include relevant systematic reviews, meta-analysis, randomised controlled and other clinical and rare case reports. The date of the last search was January 2010. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||