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Young Bulls (young + bull)
Selected AbstractsPropagation of Tears in Pericardium From Young Bulls: Influence of the SutureARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 3 2010José María García Páez Abstract The tearing of the collagen fibers of biological materials utilized in implants or bioprostheses is an important, and sometimes early cause of the failure of these devices. We studied the force necessary to propagate a tear in a biomaterial, pericardium from young bulls, and the influence of the suture. An Elmendorf pendulum capable of measuring the force necessary to tear a given length of tissue was employed. We analyzed 112 trials (70%) that proved valid after achieving the homogeneity of the samples according to their thickness, thus making the results comparable. Mean forces ranging between 19.87 and 150 N were required to propagate tears measuring from 0.25 to 2.0 cm. In the samples with a 1-cm-long suture, sewn using an edge-to-edge technique, the propagation of the tear required a mean force of 15.75 N when the suture was made of nylon and 28.73 N when Prolene was utilized. When these results were compared with the mean recorded in an unsutured control series (56.76 N), the loss of resistance was significant in both sutured series (P = 0.000 and P = 0.011, respectively). Finally, the equation that relates the force (y) with the length of the tear made in unsutured tissue (x) was also obtained: y = 58.14 + 9.62x2 (R2 = 0.924). The force necessary to produce a microtear, thus estimated, can be utilized as a parameter for comparison. [source] Top down preselection using marker assisted estimates of breeding values in dairy cattleJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 5 2004Jörn Bennewitz Summary Top down preselection of young bulls before entering progeny testing has been proposed as a practicable form of marker-assisted selection (MAS), especially in dairy cattle populations with large male paternal half-sib families. Linkage phase between the superior (Q) and the inferior (q) QTL alleles of heterozygous sires (Qq at the QTL) with informative markers is established within each paternal half-sib family and may be used for selection among grand-progeny. If, additionally to sires, bulldams are also genotyped and data from consecutive generations are used, then a marker-assisted best linear unbiased prediction (MA-BLUP) model can be employed to connect the information of all generations and families of a top down design, and to select across all families. A customized ,augmented' sire model (with sires and dams of sires as random effects) is introduced for this purpose. Adapted formulae for the mixed model equations are given and their equivalence to a corresponding animal model and to a certain variant of previously proposed reduced animal models is shown. The application of the augmented sire model in MA-BLUP estimation from daughter-yield deviations and effective daughter contributions is presented. Zusammenfassung Die Top down Vorselektion von jungen Bullen vor der Nachkommenschaftsprüfung ist bekannt als eine praktikable Form der markergestützten Selektion in Milchrinderpopulationen. Die Kopplungsphasen zwischen dem günstigen (Q) und dem ungünstigen (q) Allel eines QTL heterozygoten Vaters (Qq am QTL) mit den Allelen gekoppelter genetischer Marker werden innerhalb Familien festgestellt und können zur Vorselektion von Enkeln genutzt werden. Wenn zusätzlich zu den Vätern die Mütter genotypisiert sind und Daten von mehreren Generationen vorliegen, können MA-BLUP Modelle genutzt werden, um Informationen von mehreren Familien und mehreren Generationen eines Top down Designs zusammenzuführen und um eine Vorselektion über Familien hinweg vorzunehmen. Hierfür wird ein geeignetes ,erweitertes' Vatermodell eingeführt, welches die Väter und zusätzlich die Mütter der Väter als zufällige Effekte enthält. Angepasste Formeln für die gemischten Modell Gleichungen werden beschrieben. Die Gleichheit dieses erweiterten Vatermodells mit einem entsprechenden Tiermodell und mit einer Variante des reduzierten Tiermodells wird gezeigt. Die Anwendung des erweiterten Vatermodells zur MA-BLUP Schätzung mit daughter yield deviations und effective daughter contributions ist beschrieben. [source] Accounting for uncertainty in QTL location in marker-assisted pre-selection of young bulls prior to progeny testJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 1 2002A. STELLA The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the efficacy of marker assisted selection (MAS) could be improved by considering a confidence interval (CI) of QTL position. Specifically, MAS was applied for within-family selection in a stochastic simulation of a closed nucleus herd. The location and effect of the QTL were estimated by least squares interval mapping with a granddaughter design and marker information was then used in a top down scheme. Three approaches were used to select the best bull within full sibships of 3 or 40 bulls. All three were based on the probability of inheriting the favorable allele from the grandsire (PROB). The first method selected the sib with the highest PROB at the location with the highest F-ratio (MAX). The other two approaches were based on sums of estimated regression coefficients weighted by PROB at each cM within a 95% CI based on either bootstrapping (BOOT) or approximate LOD scores (LOD). Accounting for CI increased the relative genetic gain in all scenarios. The average breeding value (BV) of the selected bulls was increased by 2.00, 2.60 and 2.59% when MAS was applied using MAX, BOOT and LOD, respectively, compared to random selection (h2=0.30). Selected bulls carried the correct allele in 63.0, 68.5, 67.6 and 50.1% of the cases for MAX, BOOT, LOD and random selection, respectively. Berü;cksichtigung der Unsicherheit von QTL Positionen bei Marker-gestü;tzter Vorselektion von jungen Bullen vor der Nachkommenprü;fung Das Ziel dieser Studie war es zu prüfen, ob die Effizienz von MAS (Marker gestützte Selektion) durch Berücksichtigung des Konfidenzintervalls (CI) einer QTL Position verbessert werden kann. Es wurde MAS bei der Selektion innerhalb Familien in einer geschlossenen Nukleus Herde in einer stochastischen Simulation angewandt. Die Postition und der Effekt des QTL wurden in einem Granddaughter Design mit einer Least=Square Intervall Kartierung geschätzt. Die Marker Informationen wurden dann in einem top-down-Schema verwendet. Drei Ansätze fanden Verwendung, um den besten Bullen innerhalb von Vollgeschwistern von 3 oder 40 Bullen zu selektieren. Alle drei Ansätze basieren auf der Wahrscheinlichkeit, ein zu bevorzugendes Allel vom Grossvater zu erben (PROB). Bei der ersten Methode wurden die Geschwister mit der höchsten PROB an der Position mit dem höchsten F-Wert selektiert (MAX). Die beiden anderen Ansätze basierten auf den Summen der geschätzten Regressionskoeffizienten, gewichtet nach PROB an jedem cM innerhalb eines 95%igen CI, das entweder auf Bootstrapping (BOOT) oder approximativen LOD Scores (LOD) basiert. Die Berücksichtigung des CI vergrösserte den relativen genetischen Fortschritt in allen Szenarien. Bei Anwendung von MAS waren die durchschnittlichen Zuchtwerte der selektierten Bullen bei Verwendung von MAX, BOOT und LOD verglichen mit zufälliger Selektion (h2=0,30) um 2,00, 2,60 und 2,59% gestiegen. Die selektierten Bullen trugen das richtige Allel bei den entsprechenden Berechnungen MAX, BOOT, LOD und zufälliger Selektion in 63,0, 68,5, 67,6 und 50,1% der Fälle. [source] Propagation of Tears in Pericardium From Young Bulls: Influence of the SutureARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 3 2010José María García Páez Abstract The tearing of the collagen fibers of biological materials utilized in implants or bioprostheses is an important, and sometimes early cause of the failure of these devices. We studied the force necessary to propagate a tear in a biomaterial, pericardium from young bulls, and the influence of the suture. An Elmendorf pendulum capable of measuring the force necessary to tear a given length of tissue was employed. We analyzed 112 trials (70%) that proved valid after achieving the homogeneity of the samples according to their thickness, thus making the results comparable. Mean forces ranging between 19.87 and 150 N were required to propagate tears measuring from 0.25 to 2.0 cm. In the samples with a 1-cm-long suture, sewn using an edge-to-edge technique, the propagation of the tear required a mean force of 15.75 N when the suture was made of nylon and 28.73 N when Prolene was utilized. When these results were compared with the mean recorded in an unsutured control series (56.76 N), the loss of resistance was significant in both sutured series (P = 0.000 and P = 0.011, respectively). Finally, the equation that relates the force (y) with the length of the tear made in unsutured tissue (x) was also obtained: y = 58.14 + 9.62x2 (R2 = 0.924). The force necessary to produce a microtear, thus estimated, can be utilized as a parameter for comparison. [source] |