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Young Adult Males (young + adult_male)
Selected AbstractsFoster mother care but not prenatal morphine exposure enhances cocaine self-administration in young adult male and female ratsDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2007I. Vathy Abstract The present study was designed to investigate cocaine self-administration in adult male and female rats exposed prenatally to morphine. Pregnant dams were injected two times a day with either saline, analgesic doses of morphine or no drug at all (controls) on gestation Days 11,18. One day after birth, litters were cross-fostered such that control dams were paired with one another and their litters were crossed; saline- and morphine-treated dams were paired and half of each saline litter was crossed with half of each morphine litter. Thus, each mother (control, saline, and morphine) raised half of her own and half of the adopted litter. At the age of 60 days, males and females were trained first to lever press for sucrose pellets and then for cocaine. Once the lever-pressing behavior was learned and baseline level of this activity was established, animals received a cocaine (.5 mg/kg per infusion) reward for each correct response on the active lever during the next 9-day session. The data demonstrate that adult control, saline- and morphine-exposed male rats self-administer cocaine at a similar rate independent of their prenatal treatment. Adult female rats self-administer cocaine at a higher rate than male rats. Further, saline- and morphine-exposed females in diestrus self-administer more than females in proestrus phase of the estrous cycle, while control females show no such differences. In addition, fostering induces increase in cocaine self-administration in all groups of male rats regardless of prenatal drug exposure. In females, the only fostering-induced increase is in prenatally saline-exposed female rats raised by morphine-treated foster mother. Thus, our results suggest that the prenatal drug exposure does not induce changes in lever-pressing behavior for cocaine reward in adult male and female rats, but it sensitizes the animals to postnatal stimuli such as gonadal hormones and/or rearing conditions that result in increased drug self-administration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 463-473, 2007. [source] Aquaporin 11 in the developing mouse submandibular glandEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2010Helga S. Larsen Larsen HS, Ruus A-K, Schreurs O, Kanli Galtung H. Aquaporin 11 in the developing mouse submandibular gland. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 9,13. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci Several aquaporins (AQPs) have been detected in mature and embryonic mammalian salivary glands (AQP1 and AQP3,AQP8). However, AQP11 has, to our knowledge, never before been described in salivary glands, but is known to be important in, for example, kidney development in mice. We therefore thought it relevant to investigate if AQP11 was present during salivary organogenesis. The submandibular salivary gland (SMG) from CD1 mice was studied during prenatal development and early postnatal development, and also in young adult male and female mice. The expression trend of the AQP11 transcript was detected using the reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the temporal,spatial pattern was observed using in situ hybridization. The AQP11 transcript was first detected at embryonic day 13.5 and showed a more or less constitutive expression trend during the prenatal and early postnatal SMG development. Spatial studies demonstrated that the AQP11 transcript was present in the developing and mature duct structures at all stages studied. In the end pieces, the AQP11 transcript was reduced during glandular development. Our results point to an important role for AQP11 during salivary gland development. [source] The treatment of leprosy in 19th-century London: a case study from St Marylebone cemeteryINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3 2009D. WalkerArticle first published online: 19 MAY 200 Abstract A young adult male, context [825], exhibiting a suite of proliferative and erosive skeletal changes, was excavated from the old burial ground of St Marylebone, London, in 2005 by the Museum of London Archaeology Service (MoLAS). Although pathognomonic rhinomaxillary changes were absent, a number of lesions were of a type previously recorded in individuals suffering from lepromatous leprosy, including resorption of the alveolar process of the maxillae and the digits of the right hand, osteomyelitis in the left ulna and collapse of the left ankle. Whilst this infectious disease was widespread in medieval Britain, it had declined by the 19th century, and has been identified in only one other post-medieval archaeological context. The right leg of [825] had been surgically amputated. This form of intervention was a recognised treatment for the complications of the disease, where neuropathic damage of limbs led to life-threatening infection. The healing of the amputation demonstrates the success of the operation, and the skill of the surgeon. Although the identity of the affected individual is unknown, burial within St Marylebone cemetery implies a level of status not frequently associated with leprosy sufferers in the past. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Two decapitations from Roman TowcesterINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 6 2001T. Anderson Abstract Two young adult males from a Roman cemetery at Towcester show unambiguous evidence of decapitation In one, the skull had been placed over the lower legs, and in the other, the skull was in its correct anatomical position. The significance of this variation and the reasons for decapitation are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of intensive harvesting on moose reproductionJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Catherine Laurian Summary 1.,It has been hypothesized that a balanced adult sex ratio is necessary for the full participation of ungulate females in reproduction and therefore high productivity. We tested this general hypothesis by combining two complementary approaches. 2.,First, using telemetry (n = 60) and annual aerial censuses between 1995 and 1998, we compared two moose Alces alces populations in Quebec, Canada, one non-harvested and the other subject to intensive sport harvesting from the end of September to mid-October. We tested the following predictions for the harvested population: (i) females increase movements and home ranges during the mating period; (ii) the mating system is modified, with the appearance of groups of one male and many females; (iii) subadult males participate in reproduction; (iv) the mating period extends over two to three oestrus cycles; (v) the calving period extends over several months; and (vi) productivity declines. 3.,Daily movements and home range sizes during the mating period did not differ between harvested and non-harvested populations. Most groups observed were male,female pairs. Subadult males (1·5,2·5 years old) were only observed with females in the harvested population. Mating and calving periods did not differ between populations. The proportion of females that gave birth and the number of calves produced were also comparable in the two populations. 4.,Secondly, we also assessed the existence of a relationship between population productivity and percentage of males in various management units of the province of Quebec that were characterized by a wide range in sex ratios. Contrary to prediction (vi), the number of calves per 100 adult females was not related to the percentage of adult males in the population. 5.,The participation of young adult males (subadults) in reproduction in our harvested population may have compensated for the lower percentage of adult males, and thus productivity was unaffected. We therefore reject the hypothesis that intensive harvesting, at least at the level we observed, affects reproduction and population productivity. 6.,As there are some uncertainties regarding the long-term effects of high hunting pressure, however, managers should favour sex ratios close to levels observed in non-harvested populations. [source] Leptin, body composition, adrenal and gonadal hormones among captive male baboonsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2003M.P. Muehlenbein Abstract:, Morphometric and hormonal measures were collected from 21 captive savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus) maintained at the Tulane National Primate Research Center in order to determine age-related patterns in leptin levels over the life course as well as their relationships to body composition and adrenal and gonadal steroids. Comparison of leptin levels between peri-pubertal, adolescent, young adult, and fully mature males show lower levels among adolescent as compared with young adult males (P = 0.05 by Kruskal,Wallis ANOVA). In addition, abdominal fat varied among age groups (P = 0.003 by Kruskal,Wallis ANOVA) with the peri-pubertal animals lower than the adolescents, young adults, and prime adults. However leptin was not related to any measure of body composition, including abdominal fat, or to adrenal hormones (dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and cortisol) or gonadal hormones (testosterone and estradiol). Age-related changes in leptin appear similar to those reported for captive rhesus macaques, while the failure to find an association between leptin and abdominal fat is interestingly different. These results confirm elevated levels of leptin in captive baboons compared with their wild counterparts and suggest that they result from changes in fetal development. [source] The prevalence and treatment needs of symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders among young adult malesJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 9 2003N. J. Nassif Summary, A temporomandibular disorder (TMD) screening history and screening examination was performed on 523 young adult males. The screening forms were similar to those TMD forms developed and formulated under the auspices of the American College of Prosthodontists. In turn, the substance of the latter forms was initially derived from the recommendations of the President's TMD Conference of the American Dental Association, with 62 eminent researchers, educators and clinicians as participants. Each subject was given a TMD self-administered screening history form to complete, formatted in a check , the block format. It included all items considered to be classic TMD symptoms. The screening examination was performed extraorally and included (i) range of jaw movement, (ii) digital palpation of selected masticatory muscles and palpation over the pre-auricular temporomandibula joint (TMJ) area and (iii) digital palpation for TMJ sounds during jaw movement. The subjects were categorized into the following four categories: 0 = no symptoms/signs, 1 = insignificant moderate symptoms and/or signs, 2 = significant moderate symptoms and/or signs, and 3 = severe symptoms and/or signs. The overall results showed that 75% of the subjects had TMD symptoms and/or signs. There were 6·9% in category 1, 51·4% in category 2, and 16·7% in category 3. It was recommended that subjects in category 2 and 3 should have a comprehensive TMD evaluation, in order to further identify the recommended need for TMD Therapy. [source] Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in booted macaques (Macaca ochreata)JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Michael A. Schillaci Abstract Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism have been important topics of investigation among researchers interested in the life history and ecology of non-human primates. It has been suggested that sex differences in the duration of growth are primarily, but not entirely, responsible for the sexual dimorphism observed in primate species with multimale,multifemale social structure, such as that seen in macaque monkeys (subfamily Cercopithecinae). Sexual dimorphism and growth was investigated in a wild population of booted macaques Macaca ochreata from Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results of our investigation suggest that the observed dimorphism in this population is primarily a product of greatly increased growth rates in dentally mature young adult males, in addition to prolonged male growth. This pattern of male growth may be an adaptive response to reduce the risk of adult male aggression before obligatory male emigration, and to facilitate competition for females soon after immigration into a new social group. [source] Number VII Behçet's disease (Adamantiades syndrome)ORAL DISEASES, Issue 2 2006M Escudier Behçet's syndrome (BS; Adamantiades syndrome) is the association of the triple symptom complex of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) with genital ulceration, and eye disease (especially iridocyclitis) though a number of other systemic manifestations may also be seen. BS mainly affects young adult males, and there is an association with HLA-B5 and HLA-B51 (B5101). Features such as arthralgia and leucocytoclastic vasculitis suggest an immune-complex mediated basis, which is supported by finding circulating immune complexes and, although the antigen responsible is unidentified, heat shock proteins have been implicated. An inflammatory disorder, BS is now considered as a systemic vasculitis, characterised by a very wide spectrum of clinical features and by unpredictable exacerbations and remissions. [source] Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence , what can we learn from epidemiology?PEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 2007G Soltesz Abstract:, Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in most part of the world, although reliable data are still unavailable in several countries. Wide variations exist between the incidence rates of different populations, incidence is lowest in China and Venezuela (0.1 per 100 000 per year) and highest in Finland and Sardinia (37 per 100 000 per year). In most populations girls and boys are equally affected. In general, the incidence increases with age, the incidence peak is at puberty. After the pubertal years, the incidence rate significantly drops in young women, but remains relatively high in young adult males up to the age 29,35 years. Prospective national and large international registries (DIAMOND and EURODIAB) demonstrated an increasing trend in incidence in most regions of the world over the last few decades and increases seem to be the highest in the youngest age group. Analytical epidemiological studies have identified environmental risk factors operating early in life which might have contributed to the increasing trend in incidence. These include enteroviral infections in pregnant women, older maternal age (39,42 years), preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, increased birthweight, early introduction of cow's milk proteins and an increased rate of postnatal growth (weight and height). Optimal vitamin D supplementation during early life has been shown to be protective. Some of these environmental risk factors such as viruses may initiate autoimmunity toward the beta cell, other exposures may put on overload on the already affected beta cell and thus accelerate the disease process. [source] Trophy-taking and dismemberment as warfare strategies in prehistoric central CaliforniaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Valerie A. Andrushko Abstract We document evidence for trophy-taking and dismemberment with a new bioarchaeological database featuring 13,453 individuals from prehistoric central California sites. Our study reveals 76 individuals with perimortem removal of body parts consistent with trophy-taking or dismemberment; nine of these individuals display multiple types of trophy-taking and dismemberment for a total of 87 cases. Cases span almost 5,000 years, from the Early Period (3000,500 BC) to the Late Period (AD 900,1700). Collectively, these individuals share traits that distinguish them from the rest of the population: a high frequency of young adult males, an increased frequency of associated trauma, and a tendency towards multiple burials and haphazard burial positions. Eight examples of human bone artifacts were also found that appear related to trophy-taking. These characteristics suggest that trophy-taking and dismemberment were an important part of the warfare practices of central Californian tribes. Temporally, the two practices soared in the Early/Middle Transition Period (500,200 BC), which may have reflected a more complex sociopolitical system that encouraged the use of trophies for status acquisition, as well as the migration of outside groups that resulted in intensified conflict. Overall, trophy-taking and dismemberment appear to have been the product of the social geography of prehistoric central California, where culturally differentiated tribes lived in close proximity to their enemies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TF-505, a novel nonsteroidal 5,-reductase inhibitor, in normal subjects treated with single or multiple dosesBRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Tomoe Fujita Aims To assess the tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel nonsteroidal,, and,, noncompetitive,, inhibitor,, of,, type,, I,, and,, type,, II,, 5,-reductases, (,)-(S)-4-[1-[4-[1-(4-isobutylphenyl) butoxy]benzoyl]indolizin-3-yl]butyric acid (TF-505), after single and multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. Methods In the single-dose study, six young adult males in each dose group received 25 mg or 50 mg of TF-505, and six older males (, 40 years) in each dose group received 75 mg or 100 mg of TF-505. The subjects were given the drug in ascending dose and in the fasting state. Six subjects also received 50 mg of TF-505 after breakfast in a two-period crossover manner. In the multiple-dose study, six older males in each dose group received 12.5 mg or 25 mg TF-505 after breakfast daily for 7 days. Plasma concentrations of TF-505, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone were measured. The pharmacokinetics of TF-505 were analysed by a compartment model with first-order absorption, first-order elimination and a lag time. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships were evaluated by indirect response modelling with inhibition of input. Results Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under the concentration,time curve (AUC) increased proportionately after the single dose up to 50 mg and with the multiple doses. Linearity was not detected between 75 and 100 mg of TF-505. Dose dependency was also noted for the effect of TF-505 on DHT concentrations following single doses up to 50 mg and multiple doses. Plasma DHT concentrations decreased maximally to 58.2, 49.5, 54.2 and 49.8% of basal values at 8,12 h after single administration of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg TF-505, respectively, and to 60.5 and 49.4% at the 7th and 5th dose following multiple doses of 12.5 and 25 mg TF-505, respectively. The predicted effect curves matched the observed data when the indirect response model was applied to the time course of the suppressant effect of TF-505 on plasma DHT concentrations after both the single and multiple studies. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 0.82, 1.48, 1.31 and 0.88 µ g ml,1, zero-order rate constants for the onset of plasma DHT concentration changes (kin) of 17.8, 17.4, 17.0 and 10.7% h,1 and first-order rate constants,, for,, increase,, in,, plasma,, DHT,, concentrations,, to,, basal,, values,, (kout),, of,, 0.17,,, 0.16,,, 0.17,, and,, 0.10 h,1,, for,, the,, single,, study,, at,, doses,, of,, 25,,, 50,,, 75,, and 100 mg, respectively, were attained. In the multiple-dose study, IC50s were 1.74 and 1.49 µg ml,1 for the 12.5 and 25 mg doses, respectively. No serious adverse events related to TF-505 were observed. Conclusions TF-505 was well tolerated in healthy male volunteers. Accumulation of TF-505 in plasma was not observed during multiple dosing. The indirect response model described the relationships between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TF-505. Such modelling is expected to yield an appropriate dosage regimen in subsequent clinical trials. [source] | |||||||||||||