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Yellow
Kinds of Yellow Terms modified by Yellow Selected AbstractsTHE SECTILIA PANELS OF FARAGOLA (ASCOLI SATRIANO, SOUTHERN ITALY): A MULTI-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GREEN, MARBLED (GREEN AND YELLOW), BLUE AND BLACKISH GLASS SLABSARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2010E. GLIOZZO Analyses at the Cu,K, Fe,K and Mn,K edge were performed to study the green, marbled (green and yellow), blue and blackish (deep greyish olive green) glass slabs decorating three sectilia panels from the archaeological site of Faragola. Results indicate that all slabs were made by mixing siliceous sand with natron, sometimes probably mixed with small percentages of plant ash. Cu2+ and Pb antimonates should be responsible for the opaque green colours. The dark green and yellow portions of the marbled slabs are respectively comparable to the slabs comprising only one of these colours. Cu2+ together with Ca antimonates probably produced light blue slabs, whereas cobalt was used to produce dark blue slabs. We consider it possible that the abundance ratio of Fe2+/Fe3+ and the complex Fe3+S2, would have an effect on the blackish slabs. The contribution of Mn cannot be ascertained even if it could have played a role in darkening glass colour. The comparison between the chemical composition of Faragola samples and several glass reference groups provided no conclusive evidence of provenance; whereas, the presence of a secondary local workshop can be hypothesized. [source] Contact allergy to textile dyes in southern SwedenCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2006K. Ryberg Contact allergy to disperse dyes in textiles is documented in prevalence studies from southern Europe. To evaluate the prevalence of allergic patch test reactions to different textile dyes in southern Sweden, and to look at the sites of dermatitis in individuals hypersensitive to textile dyes, we retrospectively investigated 3325 consecutively patch-tested patients. They had all been patch tested with the standard test series supplemented with a textile dye mix (TDM) consisting of 8 disperse dyes, i.e. Disperse (D) Blue 35, 106 and 124, D Yellow 3, D Orange 1 and 3 and D Red 1 and 17. All but 3 of the TDM-positive patients were additionally tested with the separate dyes included in the mix. The frequency of contact allergy to TDM was 1.5%, which is comparable with studies from southern Europe. The most common dye allergen was D Orange 1. The high prevalence of allergic reactions to D Orange 1 was unexpected, whereas test reactions to D Blue 106 and 124 were lower than expected from other studies. Compared to all tested patients, the TDM-positive patients more often had dermatitis on their arms, face, neck and axillary folds, and women also had a higher frequency of hand dermatitis. [source] Gap junctional coupling between progenitor cells at the retinal margin of adult goldfishDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Fuminobu Tamalu Abstract We prepared living slice preparations of the peripheral retina of adult goldfish to examine electrical membrane properties of progenitor cells at the retinal margin. Cells were voltage-clamped near resting potential and then stepped to either hyperpolarizing or depolarizing test potentials using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings. Electrophysiologically examined cells were morphologically identified by injecting both Lucifer Yellow (LY) and biocytin. All progenitor cells examined (n = 37) showed a large amount of passively flowing currents of either sign under suppression of the nonjunctional currents flowing through K+ and Ca2+ channels in the cell membrane. They did not exhibit any voltage-gated Na+ currents. Cells identified by LY fills were typically slender. As the difference between the test potential and the resting potential increased, 13 out of 37 cells exhibited symmetrically voltage- and time-dependent current decline on either sign at the resting potential. The symmetric current profile suggests that the current may be driven and modulated by the junctional potential difference between the clamping cell and its neighbors. The remaining 24 cells did not exhibit voltage dependency. A gap junction channel blocker, halothane, suppressed the currents. A decrease in extracellular pH reduced coupling currents and its increase enhanced them. Dopamine, cAMP, and retinoic acid did not influence coupling currents. Injection of biocytin into single progenitor cells revealed strong tracer coupling, which was restricted in the marginal region. Immature ganglion cells closely located to the retinal margin exhibited voltage-gated Na+ currents. They did not reveal apparent tracer coupling. These results demonstrate that the marginal progenitor cells couple with each other via gap junctions, and communicate biochemical molecules, which may subserve or interfere with cellular differentiation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 204,214, 2001 [source] Potential Applications of Oxidoreductases for the Re-oxidation of Leuco Vat or Sulfur Dyes in Textile DyeingENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2008F. Xu Abstract Conventional textile dyeing by vat and sulfur dyes includes reduction and re-oxidation steps (with chemical reductants and oxidants), so that the insoluble dyes can be solubilized in the dyeing solution, adsorbed by the fabric, and fixed onto the dyed fabric. The treatments often involve hazardous chemicals, expensive catalysts, or conditions that are suboptimally effective, energy-intensive, caustic, or polluting. Improving these steps with enzyme technology could be of significant interest in terms of better dyeing, handling of hazardous chemicals, disposal of waste, or production economy. The idea of an enzymatic re-oxidation step for vat and sulfur dyeings was tested under simplified laboratory conditions. Selected vat and sulfur dyes, including Vat Blue,43, Vat Orange,7, Vat Green,3, Vat Orange,2, Vat Red,13, Vat Yellow,2, and Sulfur Black,1, were first chemically reduced. The reduced (leuco) dyes were then re-oxidized by aerated buffer solutions or H2O2, in the presence or absence of an oxidoreductase, selected from seven laccases from Myceliophthora thermophila, Scytalidium thermophilum, Coprinus cinereus, Trametes villosa, Rhizoctonia solani, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Botrytis cinerea, a bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria, and a heme peroxidase from Coprinus cineresu. It was shown that the enzymes were able to catalyze and accelerate the re-oxidation of the reduced dyes, even when they were adsorbed on cotton fabric, by dissolved air (O2) or H2O2. Small redox-active mediators could facilitate the enzymatic re-oxidation. For Sulfur Black,1, a higher conversion of the leuco dye was achieved with laccase-catalyzed re-oxidation. The further development of this potential enzyme application is discussed. [source] Captures of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae on spheres of different coloursENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2 2001Byron I. Katsoyannos Abstract Alighting and capture of wild olive fruit flies, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera, Tephritidae), on spheres of seven different colours was studied on Chios island, Greece. The 70-mm-diam plastic spheres, coated with adhesive, were suspended on olive trees. Yellow and orange spheres trapped the greatest number of males while red and black spheres trapped the greatest number of females. White and blue spheres were the least effective for both sexes. Peak captures occurred in the late afternoon and especially around sunset. Since mating takes place in the last hours of the photophase, the increased captures during that period may be related to the sexual behaviour of the fly. When red spheres were assessed against glass McPhail traps baited with 2% ammonium sulphate, which consist a standard tool for monitoring the olive fruit fly in Greece, there were no significant differences in male captures. However, spheres trapped almost three times as many females as McPhail traps. The possible mechanisms underlying colour discrimination, the motivation of alighting flies and the possible use of red spheres for monitoring and controlling B. oleae are discussed. [source] Synthesis of a Highly Unsaturated, Stable Hydroxy Peroxide: A Yellow [lrarr2] Blue Color-Changing Carotenoid Oxidation Product with Leuco Dye PropertiesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 24 2010He Li Abstract A stable, highly unsaturated hydroxy peroxide was synthesized by reacting a common food color carotenoid with FeCl3 in air. The obtained pale-yellow carotenoid hydroxy peroxide is easily converted into a blue, cationic polyene , then changes back to the yellow compound, showing the same characteristically dichromic properties like polycyclic, aromatic leuco dyes. [source] Characterization of Zebrafish Cx43.4 Connexin and its ChannelsEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2003T. Desplantez Connexins (Cx) form intercellular junctional channels which are responsible for metabolic and electrical coupling. We report here on the biochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of zebrafish connexin zfCx43.4, an orthologue of mammalian and avian Cx45, and the electrophysiological properties of junctional channels formed by this protein. The investigations were performed on transfected COS-7 cells or HeLa cells. Using site-directed antibodies, zfCx43.4 cDNA (GenBank accession no. X96712) was demonstrated to code for a protein with a Mr of 45 000. In transfected cells, zfCx43.4 was localized in cell-cell contact areas as expected for a gap junction protein. zfCx43.4 channels were shown to transfer Lucifer Yellow. The multichannel currents were sensitive to the transjunctional voltage (Vj). Their properties were consistent with a two-state model and yielded the following Boltzmann parameters for negative/positive Vj: Vj,0= -38.4/41.9 mV; gj,min= 0.19/0.18; z = 2.6/2.3. These parameters deviate somewhat from those of zfCx43.4 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes and from those of Cx45, an orthologue of zfCx43.4, expressed in mammalian cells or Xenopus oocytes. Conceivably, the subtle differences may reflect differences in experimental methods and/or in the expression system. The single channel currents yielded two prominent levels attributable to a main conductance state (,j,main= 33.2 ± 1.5 pS) and a residual conductance state (,j,residual= 11.9 ± 0.6 pS). [source] Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of novel glucosyltransferases from tobacco cultured cells that have broad substrate specificity and are induced by salicylic acid and auxinFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 14 2001Goro Taguchi Scopoletin is one of the phytoalexins in tobacco. Cells of the T-13 cell line (Nicotiana tabacum L. Bright Yellow) accumulate a large amount of scopoletin, also known as 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin, as a glucoconjugate, scopolin, in vacuoles. We report here the molecular cloning of glucosyltransferases that can catalyze the glucosylation of many kinds of secondary metabolites including scopoletin. Two cDNAs encoding glucosyltransferase (NtGT1a and NtGT1b) were isolated from a cDNA library derived from the tobacco T-13 cell line by screening with heterologous cDNAs as a probe. The deduced amino-acid sequences of NtGT1a and NtGT1b exhibited 92% identity with each other, ,,20,50% identities with other reported glucosyltransferases. Heterologous expression of these genes in Escherichia coli showed that the recombinant enzymes had glucosylation activity against both flavonoids and coumarins. They also strongly reacted with 2-naphthol as a substrate. These recombinant enzymes can utilize UDP-glucose as the sugar donor, but they can also utilize UDP-xylose as a weak donor. RNA blot analysis showed that these genes are induced by salicylic acid and auxin, but the time course of the expression was different. This result is similar to the changes in scopoletin glucosylation activity in these tobacco cells after addition of these plant growth regulators. These results might suggest that one of the roles of the products of these genes is scopoletin glucosylation, in response to salicylic acid and/or auxin, together with the other glucosyltransferases in tobacco cells. [source] PY181 Pigment Microspheres of Nanoplates Synthesized via Polymer-Induced Liquid PrecursorsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 13 2009Yurong Ma Abstract Organic pigments are important crystalline substances, and their properties and applications rely on size and shape control. Pigment Yellow 181 (PY181) is an industrial azo pigment that is light and weatherfast and suitable for high temperature processing. One disadvantage is its needle-like shape in the default , -phase, which makes the pigment difficult to process in industry, e.g., in polymer melts, where a spherical structure would be ideal. Here, we show for the first time, that polymer-induced liquid precursor structures can be formed even in association to a chemical reaction. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that biomineralization principles can be exploited for the generation of advanced functional materials, such as pigments with novel complex morphology and different properties. Stable PY181 microspheres of nanoplates in the , -phase were obtained in mixed solvents of water and isopropanol by direct azo coupling under the directing influence of a designed copolymer additive aminobenzoylaminobenzamide-acetoacetyl-poly(ethylene imine)- block -poly(ethylene glycol) (ABABA-acetoacetyl-PEI- b -PEG). [source] Pharmacological "cross-inhibition" of connexin hemichannels and swelling activated anion channelsGLIA, Issue 3 2009Zu-Cheng Ye Abstract The study of ion channels has relied heavily on the use of pharmacological blocking agents. However, many of these agents have multiple effects, which may compromise interpretation of results when the affected mechanisms/pathways mediate similar functions. Volume regulated anion channels (VRAC) and connexin hemichannels can both mediate the release of glutamate and taurine, although these channels have distinct activation stimuli and hemichannels, but not VRAC, are permeable to Lucifer Yellow (LY). It has been reported that some anion channel blockers may inhibit connexin hemichannels. We further examined the effects of classic gap junction/hemichannel blockers and anion channel blockers on these channels. The typical VRAC blockers, NPPB, IAA-94, and tamoxifen blocked low divalent cation-induced glutamate and taurine release and LY loading, presumed due to hemichannel opening. The blocking action of these compounds on hemichannels was concentration dependent and fell within the same range where the drugs classically block VRACs. Conversely, carbenoxolone (CBX), the most widely used gap junction/hemichannel blocker, was an effective blocker of VRAC-mediated glutamate and taurine release, and blocked these channels at similar concentrations at which it blocked hemichannels. The CBX effect on VRACs was verified using astrocytes from connexin 43 knock out (Cx43 KO) animals. In these cells, the hypotonic induced amino acid flux was retained whereas the low divalent cation solution-induced flux was lost. These results extend our knowledge about "cross-inhibition" of VRACs and gap junctions/hemichannels by certain pharmacological agents. Given the overlap in function of these two types of channels, great care must be exerted in using pharmacological blockers to identify one channel from the other. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Water problems and hydrological research in the Yellow River and the Huai and Hai River basins of ChinaHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 12 2004Changming Liu Abstract This paper deals with hydrological research in regard to the water resources crisis in the vulnerable areas found in the northern part of China. This area includes three main river basins, namely the basins of the Yellow (Huang) River, the Hai River and the Huai River. Several water problems are becoming very severe. Among them, two are the most critical: the Yellow River has been drained dry in the main course of its lower reaches and along its major tributaries, and the groundwater table has rapidly declined in the floodplains of the three rivers' downstream areas. To counter the problems, particularly the critical issues mentioned above, hydrological research, which serves as the basis of water development and management, has been carried out in the last two decades. This paper addresses three basic scientific problems in North China, namely: (a) water consumption and the capacity for saving water; (b) the changes in hydrological processes and water resources caused by natural change and human activities; and (c) the ability to supply water resources and water safety in terms of both quantity and quality within a changing environment. However, opportunities and challenges for ameliorating the problems exist, and new ideas and methodology to solve the problems have been proposed, such as the interface process study on the interactions in the soil,root interface, the plant,atmosphere interface, the soil,atmosphere interface, and the interface of soil water and groundwater. In order to manage water resources in a sustainable manner, the study of water resources' renewal ability as affected by natural change and human activity is addressed from the viewpoint of both water quantity and quality, and their integration. To reduce the vulnerability of water resources in regional water management, a paradigm of sustainable water resources utilization is also proposed, using water,heat balance, water,salt balance, water,sediment balance, and water supply,demand balance. This approach may help reveal the basic problems and point to possible approaches to solving the water problems in North China in the 21st century. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] DEC-205lo Langerinlo neonatal Langerhans' cells preferentially utilize a wortmannin-sensitive, fluid-phase pathway to internalize exogenous antigenIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Bernadette M. Bellette Summary Antigen treatment of neonatal epidermis results in antigen-specific immune suppression. Compared with adult counterparts, neonatal Langerhans' cells (LC) demonstrate an impaired ability to transport antigen to the lymph node (LN). As it is possible that neonatal LC have a reduced ability to endocytose antigen, we evaluated the acquisition of endocytic function, the expression of uptake receptors and the internalization of soluble and small particulate antigens in neonatal, juvenile and adult mice. Although LC from 4-day-old mice were weakly positive for the mannose-type receptor, Langerin, they were capable of internalizing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, but to a lesser extent than LC from 6-week-old mice. However, when ratio data were calculated to account for variations in fluorescence intensity at 4°, it was demonstrated that neonatal LC continued to internalize antigen over a longer period of time than adult mice and, as the ratios were much higher, that neonatal cells were also relatively more efficient in antigen uptake. When receptors for mannan and mannose were competitively blocked, LC from neonatal mice, but not adult mice, could still efficiently internalize FITC,dextran. Consequently, the uptake of FITC,dextran, in part, occurred via alternative receptors or a receptor-independent fluid-phase pathway. A feasible pathway is macropinocytosis, as LC from 4-day-old mice demonstrated a reduction in FITC,dextran internalization by the macropinocytosis inhibitor, wortmannin. Evidence of a functional macropinocytosis pathway in neonatal LC was further supported by internalization of the soluble tracer Lucifer Yellow (LY). We conclude that neonatal LC preferentially utilize a wortmannin-sensitive, fluid-phase pathway, rather than receptor-mediated endocytosis, to internalize antigen. As neonatal LC are capable of sampling their environment without inducing immunity, this may serve to avoid inappropriate immune responses during the neonatal period. [source] Conservation and management implications of fine-scale genetic structure of Gulf sturgeon in the Pascagoula River, MississippiJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4 2004M. A. Dugo Summary The anadromous Gulf sturgeon occurs along the north central coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is federally listed as threatened. We analyzed fine-scale patterns of Gulf sturgeon population structure, focusing on the Pascagoula River drainage of Mississippi, in reference to movement patterns as determined via telemetry and capture data. We genotyped 361 Gulf sturgeon using eight microsatellite loci including samples from the Pascagoula, Pearl, Escambia, Yellow, Choctawhatchee, and Apalachicola river drainages. Pairwise FST estimates indicated that genetic structure occurs at least at the drainage level. The Pascagoula and Pearl rivers form a western group, demonstrating 100% bootstrap support for a division with drainages to the east. Assignment tests detected non-natal genotypes occurring in all drainages. According to assignment tests, the Pascagoula supports an admixture of individuals, containing minimal influence from drainages to the east (2%) and substantial interaction with the Pearl River (14.1%). The occurrence of Pascagoula River fish in the Pearl was non-reciprocal, observed at 1.1%. After accounting for non-natal genetic diversity within the Pascagoula, there remained a disparity between a pooled Pascagoula group and the only documented spawning site within the drainage located in the Bouie River. We interpret this as an indication of a second genetic stock within the Pascagoula River drainage. Radio telemetry data suggest that spawning likely occurs in the Chickasawhay River, in areas isolated from the Bouie River spawning site by about 350 river kilometers. We emphasize the utility of integrating field and molecular approaches when delineating fine-scale patterns of population structure in anadromous fishes. [source] Influence of cosurfactant in microemulsion systems for color removal from textile wastewaterJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Leocadia Terezinha Cordeiro Beltrame Abstract Microemulsion systems have proved very efficient in color removal from textile wastewater using n -butyl alcohol as cosurfactant. The cosurfactant has a very important role in microemulsified systems, as it is responsible for their stability, mainly in systems formed by ionic surfactants. Although very efficient, n -butyl alcohol is partially soluble in water, which would permit its passage to the effluent. In this work, isoamyl and octyl alcohols, due to their lower solubility in water, were used as cosurfactants to evaluate their influence in color removal. The colorimetry system used was the CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) color space and CIE L*a*b* color difference (,E*ab). The wastewater used in this study was the reactive exhausted dye liquor from a dye house (first discharge) containing Procion Yellow H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Blue H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) and Procion Red H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120). The obtained results were modeled using an experimental planning (the Scheffé net) and evaluated through isoresponse diagrams by correlation graphs between experimental values and those obtained by the models with an error lower than 4%. All the optimized systems were very efficient and more than 94% of the dyes contained in the effluent were removed. The microemulsion load capacity was determined using a synthetic solution containing, the same dyes present in the reactive exhausted dyebath, but 200 times concentrated, and the dyes extraction was more than 99.6%. By comparing n -butyl, isoamyl and octyl alcohols, it was observed that the system using isoamyl alcohol presented slightly better color removal and much higher load capacity than the n -butyl and octyl alcohols. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Use of microemulsions for removal of color and dyes from textile wastewaterJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Tereza Neuma de Castro Dantas Abstract One of the major environmental problems in the textile dyeing industry is the removal of color from effluents. The present study deals with color removal from effluents using microemulsions. The wastewater used in this study was the reactive exhausted dye liquor from a dyeing house containing Procion Yellow H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Blue H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) and Procion Red H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120). Color removal was determined by CIEL*a*b* (CIELAB) color space, CIEL*a*b* color difference, ,E*ab, and absorbance. Color removal greater than 95% was achieved, attaining values lower than the consent requirements established by the Environmental Agency. It was observed that pH is an important parameter in color removal and effluent pH correction from 10.44 to 9 before extraction improved results. The results obtained were modeled using the Scheffé net method and evaluated through the construction of isoresponse diagrams by correlation graphics between experimental values and those obtained through use of model equations, providing an experimental error of less than 2%. The optimized method very efficiently removed all dyes contained in the effluent. The same microemulsion phase recovered after the extraction process can be used at least a further 14 times and all the extractions gave good color removal. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] The removal of reactive azo dyes by natural and modified zeolitesJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2003B Arma Abstract The adsorption mechanism of three reactive dyes by zeolite has been examined with the aim of identifying the ability of zeolite to remove textile dyes from aqueous solutions. Towards this aim, a series of batch adsorption experiments was carried out, along with determination of the electrokinetic properties of both natural and modified zeolites. The adsorbent in this study is a clinoptilolite from the Gördes region of Turkey. The reactive dyes CI Reactive Black 5, Red 239 and Yellow 176 are typical azo dyes extensively used in textile dyeing. Adsorption tests were carried out as a function of mixing time, solids concentration, dye concentration and pH. The adsorption results indicate that the natural zeolite has a limited adsorption capacity for reactive dyes but is substantially improved upon modifying its surfaces with quaternary amines. An electrostatic adsorption mechanism involving the formation of a bilayer of amine molecules on the clinoptilolite surface onto which anionic dye molecules adsorb, depending on their polarities, is proposed. The results are also supported by electrokinetic measurements. The adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm and it was found that the modified sepiolite yields adsorption capacities (qe) of 111, 89 and 61 mg g,1 for Red, Yellow and Black, respectively. These results are comparable to a popular adsorbent, activated carbon. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Commentary on Vermeulen H, Ubbink DT, Schreuder SM and Lubbers MJ (2007) Inter- and intra-observer (dis)agreement among nurses and doctors to classify colour and exudation of open surgical wounds according to the Red,Yellow,Black scheme.JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 12 2008Journal of Clinical Nursing1, Kitagawa A (2007) A study of the efficiency, Konya C, Matsui Y, Okuwa M, Sanada H, Sugama J, convenience of an advanced portable wound measurement system (VISITRAKTM). [source] A comparison of EDI with solvent-free MALDI and LDI for the analysis of organic pigmentsJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 4 2008Ichiro Kudaka Abstract To evaluate the applicability of EDI to material analysis as a new ionization method, a comparison of EDI with solvent-free matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and laser desorption ionization (LDI) was made for the analysis of organic pigments, e.g. Pigment Yellow 93, Pigment Yellow 180, and Pigment Green 36, as test samples, which are poorly soluble in standard solvents. In EDI, the samples were prepared in two ways: deposition of suspended samples in appropriate solvents and dried on the substrate, and the direct deposition of the powder samples on the substrate. No matrices were used. Both sample preparation methods gave similar mass spectra. Equally strong signals of [M + H]+ and [M , H], ions were observed with some fragment ions for azo pigments in the respective positive or negative mode of operation. For the powder sample of the phthalocyanine pigment PG36, M+, and [M + H]+ in the positive mode and M,, in the negative mode of operation were observed as major ions. Positive-mode, solvent-free MALDI gave M+, [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ and negative mode gave [M , H], depending on the sample preparation. As solvent-free MALDI, EDI was also found to be an easy-to-operate, versatile method for the samples as received. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Attachment of neutrals during tandem mass spectrometry of sulfonic acid dyes andintermediates in an ion trapJOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 10 2002Adrian Weisz Abstract Several positional isomers of 2-(2-quinolinyl)-1H -indene-1,3(2H)-dione mono- and disulfonic acids prepared as reference materials for development of analytical methods involved in FDA certification of D&C Yellow No. 10 (Quinoline Yellow) were found consistently to show [MH + 14]+ ions when their electrospray- or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-prepared MH+ ions were subjected to collisional activation. The source of these ions was found to be the methanol used as solvent in these procedures which combined with their [MH , H2O]+ ions under chemical ionization conditions. The reaction was found to be sensitive to their isomeric and chemical structures and other examples of this process are reviewed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Effect of Ovariectomy and Estrogen on Penetrating Brain Arterioles and Blood-Brain Barrier PermeabilityMICROCIRCULATION, Issue 8 2009Marilyn J. Cipolla ABSTRACT Objective: We investigated the effect of estrogen replacement on the structure and function of penetrating brain arterioles (PA) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Materials and Methods: Female ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were replaced with estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) (OVX + E;N=13) and compared to ovariectomized animals without replacement (OVX; N=14) and intact controls (CTL, proestrous; N=13). Passive and active diameters, percent tone, and passive distensibility of pressurized PA were compared. In addition, BBB permeability to Lucifer Yellow, a marker of transcellular transport, was compared in cerebral arteries. Results: Ovariectomy increased myogenic tone in PA, compared to CTL, that was not ameliorated by estrogen treatment. Percent tone at 75 mmHg for CTL vs. OVX and OVX + E was 44±3% vs. 51±1% and 54±3% (P<0.01 vs. CTL for both). No differences were found in passive diameters or distensibility between the groups. BBB permeability increased 500% in OVX vs. CTL animals; however, estrogen replacement restored barrier properties: flux of Lucifer Yellow for CTL, OVX, and OVX + E was (ng/mL): 3.4±1.2, 20.2±5.3 (P<0.01 vs. CTL), and 6.15±1.2 (n.s.). Conclusions: These results suggest that estrogen replacement may not be beneficial for small-vessel disease in the brain, but may limit BBB disruption and edema under conditions that cause it. [source] Reduced gap junctional intercellular communication and altered biological effects in mouse osteoblast and rat liver oval cell lines transfected with dominant-negative connexin 43MOLECULAR CARCINOGENESIS, Issue 4 2003Brad L. Upham Abstract Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) maintains normal growth and differentiation of cells in a tissue. The intercellular molecules traversing gap junctions are largely unknown, but the molecular weight (MW) cutoff is normally 1200 Da. No differences in dye transfer were observed in normal or vector controls of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial or mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells with either Lucifer Yellow (LY) with a MW of 457 Da (LY-457) or LY with a MW of 649 Da (LY-649). Transfection of a dominant negative-connexin 43 (Cx43) gene decreased GJIC (>50%) when LY-649 was used, however, normal GJIC was observed in both cell lines when LY-457 was used. Therefore, the MW cut off in these clones was considerably less than the wild type. The dominant negative clones of the MC3T3-E1 cells exhibited over 90% less alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and calcium deposition after the induction of differentiation. Similarly, dominant negative Cx43 inhibited gene expression of ALPase and bone sialoprotein but not osteocalcin in MC3T3-E1. WB-F344 cells normally exhibit a biphasic response to 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) where inhibition of GJIC recovers after 2 h, but the dominant negative clones showed no recovery from inhibition of GJIC by TPA. Dominant negative Cx43 also inhibited the formation of network-like structures by WB-F344 cells on Matrigel. These results demonstrate that the dominant negative gene transfected into cell types containing the wild-type connexins result in diminished channel sizes, thus allowing the determination of whether distinct biological endpoints, i.e., differentiation, are dependent upon either small or high MW intercellular signals. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Molecular Reproduction & Development: Volume 76, Issue 11MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 11 2009Article first published online: 11 SEP 200 Accessory cells participate to the maintenance of the meiotic arrest by transferring small molecules to the oocyte through gap junctions connecting the two compartments. In fact, a loss of gap junctional communication triggers germinal vesicle breakdown in mammalian immature oocytes. Silvestre et al. (this issue) demonstrate a lack of junctional permeability between the oocyte and the follicle cells in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis oocytes using the small fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow (pseudocolor). [source] Compensation for light loss due to filtering by macular pigment: relation to hue cancellationOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 3 2007James M. Stringham Abstract Background:, A long-standing question in colour vision research is how the visual system is able to correct for the significant absorbance of short wave light by the crystalline lens and macular pigment (MP). Such compensation must be required in order to maintain colour constancy across the retina where MP levels are changing quickly and dramatically. Objective:, We studied this compensation mechanism by measuring MP spatial density profiles and hue cancellation functions across the central retina in a sample of six young healthy subjects. Method:, Yellow (Y, 575 nm)/blue (B, 440 nm) and red (R, 600 nm)/green (G, 501 nm) cancellation functions were obtained at 0, 1, 1.75, 3 and 7° eccentricity. The MP optical density at 460 nm was measured at these same eccentricities using heterochromatic flicker photometry. One subject was assessed repeatedly over a 4-month period during daily supplementation with 30 mg of lutein (L). Results:, Hue cancellation values for the Y/B system did not change across the retina (r = 0.09). In contrast, R/G sensitivity changed as a direct function of MP absorbance (r = 0.99). The Y/B values did not change in the one subject supplemented with 30 mg L daily, despite increases in MP of about 50% over 4 months. Conclusions:, Despite large variations in MP across the retina, hue cancellation values for the Y-B system across the central retina were constant. For example, one subject's MP density declined from a central peak of 0.99 to near zero at 7° (near 90% transmission difference) yet thresholds for the Y/B system were unaffected. In contrast, the G lobe of the R/G system was directly correlated with MP density. Taken together, these results confirm that the Y/B system compensates for MP density, but the R/G system does not. [source] Analysis of electrochemical degradation products of sulphonated azo dyes using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 19 2006Dana Van, rková Electrochemical treatment of wastewaters containing azo dyes in the textile industry is a promising approach for their degradation. The monitoring of the course of the decomposition of azo dyes in wastewaters is essential due to the environmental impact of their degradation products. In this work, aqueous solutions of a simple azo dye with a low molecular weight (C.I. Acid Yellow 9) and more complex commercial dye (C.I. Reactive Black 5) were electrochemically treated in a laboratory-scale electrolytic cell in sodium chloride or ammonium acetate as supporting electrolytes. Ion-pairing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is applied for the identification of electrochemical degradation products. In addition to simple inorganic salts, the formation of aromatic degradation products obtained due to the cleavage of azo bonds and further degradation reactions is shown, as well as chlorination where sodium chloride is the supporting electrolyte. Degradation mechanisms are suggested for the treatment with sodium chloride as the supporting electrolyte. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Electron diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction and pair-distribution-function analyses to determine the crystal structures of Pigment Yellow 213, C23H21N5O9ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 2 2009Martin U. Schmidt The crystal structure of the nanocrystalline , phase of Pigment Yellow 213 (P.Y. 213) was solved by a combination of single-crystal electron diffraction and X-ray powder diffraction, despite the poor crystallinity of the material. The molecules form an efficient dense packing, which explains the observed insolubility and weather fastness of the pigment. The pair-distribution function (PDF) of the , phase is consistent with the determined crystal structure. The , phase of P.Y. 213 shows even lower crystal quality, so extracting any structural information directly from the diffraction data is not possible. PDF analysis indicates the , phase to have a columnar structure with a similar local structure as the , phase and a domain size in column direction of approximately 4,nm. [source] Structures of six industrial benzimidazolone pigments from laboratory powder diffraction dataACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 2 2009Jacco Van De Streek The crystal structures of six industrially produced benzimidazolone pigments [Pigment Orange 36 (, phase), Pigment Orange 62, Pigment Yellow 151, Pigment Yellow 154 (, phase), Pigment Yellow 181 (, phase) and Pigment Yellow 194] were determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data by means of real-space methods using the programs DASH and MRIA, respectively. Subsequent Rietveld refinements were carried out with TOPAS. The crystal phases correspond to those produced industrially. Additionally, the crystal structures of the non-commercial compound `BIRZIL' (a chloro derivative of Pigment Yellow 194) and of a dimethylsulfoxide solvate of Pigment Yellow 154 were determined by single-crystal structure analyses. All eight crystal structures are different; the six industrial pigments even exhibit five different hydrogen-bond topologies. Apparently, the good application properties of the benzimidazolone pigments are not the result of one specific hydrogen-bonding pattern, but are the result of a combination of efficient molecular packing and strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. [source] Structure determination of seven phases and solvates of Pigment Yellow 183 and Pigment Yellow 191 from X-ray powder and single-crystal dataACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, Issue 2 2009Svetlana N. Ivashevskaya The crystal structures of two industrially produced laked yellow pigments, Pigment Yellow 183 [P.Y. 183, Ca(C16H10Cl2N4O7S2), , phase] and Pigment Yellow 191 [P.Y. 191, Ca(C17H13ClN4O7S2), , and , phases], were determined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The coordinates of the molecular fragments of the crystal structures were found by means of real-space methods (simulated annealing) with the program DASH. The coordinates of the calcium ions and the water molecules were determined by combining real-space methods (DASH and MRIA) and repeated Rietveld refinements (TOPAS) of the partially finished crystal structures. TOPAS was also used for the final Rietveld refinements. The crystal structure of ,-P.Y. 183 was determined from single-crystal data. The , phases of the two pigments are isostructural, whereas the , phases are not. All four phases exhibit a double-layer structure, built from nonpolar layers containing the C/N backbone and polar layers containing the calcium ions, sulfonate groups and water molecules. Furthermore, the crystal structures of an N,N -dimethylformamide solvate of P.Y. 183, and of P.Y. 191 solvates with N,N -dimethylformamide and N,N -dimethylacetamide were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. [source] Genetic diversity of Hungarian indigenous chicken breeds based on microsatellite markersANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2009N. Bodzsar Summary Six local chicken breeds are registered in Hungary and are regarded as Hungarian national treasures: Hungarian White, Yellow and Speckled, and Transylvanian Naked Neck White, Black and Speckled. Three Hungarian academic institutes have maintained these genetic resources for more than 30 years. The Hungarian Yellow, the Hungarian Speckled and the Transylvanian Naked Neck Speckled breeds were kept as duplicates in two separate subpopulations since time of formation of conservation flocks at different institutes. In this study, we investigated genetic diversity of these nine Hungarian chicken populations using 29 microsatellite markers. We assessed degree of polymorphism and relationships within and between Hungarian breeds on the basis of molecular markers, and compared the Hungarian chicken populations with commercial lines and European local breeds. In total, 168 alleles were observed in the nine Hungarian populations. The FST estimate indicated that about 22% of the total variation originated from variation between the Hungarian breeds. Clustering using structure software showed clear separation between the Hungarian populations. The most frequent solutions were found at K = 5 and K = 6, respectively, classifying the Transylvanian Naked Neck breeds as a separate group of populations. To identify genetic resources unique to Hungary, marker estimated kinships were estimated and a safe set analysis was performed. We show that the contribution of all Hungarian breeds together to the total diversity of a given set of populations was lower when added to the commercial lines than when added to the European set of breeds. [source] The effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf supplementation on the growth performance, blood and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Sung Dae LEE ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf (EUL) supplementation on the growth performance, blood and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs. Ninety gilts (L × LW × D, 20 kg initialBW) were housed 10 per pen in a front-open building with three replicate pens per treatment. Experimental treatment was started from the beginning of the growing stage (20 ± 3 kg) by supplementing EUL at 0(C), 3(T1) and 5% (T2) to the growing and finishing diet. Pigs were slaughtered by electrical stunning at 105 ± 3 kg live weight. Average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/day) decreased (P < 0.05) by addition of EUL in growth performance, average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) was lower (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. In hematology, leukocytes (WBC, 103/mm3) decreased (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Erythrocytes (RBC, 106/mm3), hemoglobin (HGB, g/dL) and hematocrit (HCT, %) increased (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Platelet (PLT, 103/mm3) was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than in C and T1. In biochemical composition of serum, total protein (g/dL), r-GTP (,/L), total cholesterol (mg/dL) and triglycerides (mg/dL) were lower (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. On longissimus dorsi muscle, crude protein was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 than in C. Crude ash was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Yellow to blue color scale (CIE b*) in meat color was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in C. CIE b* in back fat color was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in the other treatments. In sensory evaluation scores for fresh meat, the values of meat color, fat color, drip loss and marbling were not significantly affected by addition of EUL. In cooked meat, the values of chewiness and overall acceptability were higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. The results indicate that the addition of EUL affected growth performance, blood parameters and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs. [source] Polymorphic analysis of microsatellite DNA in wild populations of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 6 2006Ping Liu Abstract Primers were designed for eight microsatellite loci from Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Microsatellites were used to characterize three wild populations from the China coast of the Yellow and Bohai Seas (HB), and the west coast (KX) and south coast of the Korean Peninsula (KN). A total of sixty-one alleles were obtained, and the average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.660 to 0.756. Six of the 24 population-locus cases showed a significant departure from the Hardy,Weinberg equilibrium, three of them from population KN, two from KX and one from HB. The Fst values indicated that genetic variation was greater within populations than between populations. Analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean showed that the relationship between populations HB and KX was closer than between KN and the other two populations. Polymorphic information contents of the eight microsatellites ranged from 0.598 to 0.918. These results indicated that all eight microsatellite loci would be useful for the analysis of genetic variation in Chinese shrimp (F. chinensis) populations. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||