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Y Cajal (y + cajal)
Kinds of Y Cajal Selected AbstractsTELOCYTES , a case of serendipity: the winding way from Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC), via Interstitial Cajal-Like Cells (ICLC) to TELOCYTESJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010L. M. Popescu Abstract Ramon y Cajal discovered a particular cell type in the gut, which he named ,interstitial neurons' more that 100 years ago. In the early 1970s, electron microscopy/electron microscope (EM) studies showed that indeed a special interstitial cell type corresponding to the cells discovered by Cajal is localized in the gut muscle coat, but it became obvious that they were not neurons. Consequently, they were renamed ,interstitial cells of Cajal' (ICC) and considered to be pace-makers for gut motility. For the past 10 years many groups were interested in whether or not ICC are present outside the gastrointestinal tract, and indeed, peculiar interstitial cells were found in: upper and lower urinary tracts, blood vessels, pancreas, male and female reproductive tracts, mammary gland, placenta, and, recently, in the heart as well as in the gut. Such cells, now mostly known as interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC), were given different and confusing names. Moreover, ICLC are only apparently similar to canonical ICC. In fact, EM and cell cultures revealed very particular features of ICLC, which unequivocally distinguishes them from ICC and all other interstitial cells: the presence of 2,5 cell body prolongations that are very thin (less than 0.2 ,m, under resolving power of light microscopy), extremely long (tens to hundreds of ,m), with a moniliform aspect (many dilations along), as well as caveolae. Given the unique dimensions of these prolongations (very long and very thin) and to avoid further confusion with other interstitial cell types (e.g. fibroblast, fibrocyte, fibroblast-like cells, mesenchymal cells), we are proposing the term TELOCYTES for them, and TELOPODES for their prolongations, by using the Greek affix ,telos'. [source] About the presence of interstitial cells of Cajal outside the musculature of the gastrointestinal tractJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 2 2005Jan D. Huizinga Santiago Ramon y Cajal observed a special cell type that appeared to function as endstructures of the intrinsic nervous system in several organs. These cells were structurally and functionally further characterized in the gut musculature and named interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). In recent years, interstitial cells have been identified in the vasculature, urinary tract, glands and other organs. Their morphologies and functions are just beginning to be clarified. It is likely that amongst them, subtypes will be discovered that warrant the classification of interstitial cells of Cajal. This "point of view" continues the discussion on the criteria that should be used to identify ICC outside the musculature of the gut. [source] Recent progress on the molecular organization of myelinated axonsJOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, Issue 1 2002Steven S. Scherer Abstract The structure of myelinated axons was well described 100 years ago by Ramón y Cajal, and now their molecular organization is being revealed. The basal lamina of myelinating Schwann cells contains laminin-2, and their abaxonal/outer membrane contains two laminin-2 receptors, ,6,4 integrin and dystroglycan. Dystroglycan binds utrophin, a short dystrophin isoform (Dp116), and dystroglycan-related protein 2 (DRP2), all of which are part of a macromolecular complex. Utrophin is linked to the actin cytoskeleton, and DRP2 binds to periaxin, a PDZ domain protein associated with the cell membrane. Non-compact myelin,found at incisures and paranodes,contains adherens junctions, tight junctions, and gap junctions. Nodal microvilli contain F-actin, ERM proteins, and cell adhesion molecules that may govern the clustering of voltage-gated Na+ channels in the nodal axolemma. Nav1.6 is the predominant voltage-gated Na+ channel in mature nerves, and is linked to the spectrin cytoskeleton by ankyrinG. The paranodal glial loops contain neurofascin 155, which likely interacts with heterodimers composed of contactin and Caspr/paranodin to form septate-like junctions. The juxtaparanodal axonal membrane contains the potassium channels Kv1.1 and Kv1.2, their associated ,2 subunit, as well as Caspr2. Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Caspr2 all have PDZ binding sites and likely interact with the same PDZ binding protein. Like Caspr, Caspr2 has a band 4.1 binding domain, and both Caspr and Caspr2 probably bind to the band 4.1B isoform that is specifically found associated with the paranodal and juxtaparanodal axolemma. When the paranode is disrupted by mutations (in cgt -, contactin -, and Caspr -null mice), the localization of these paranodal and juxtaparanodal proteins is altered: Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Caspr2 are juxtaposed to the nodal axolemma, and this reorganization is associated with altered conduction of myelinated fibers. Understanding how axon-Schwann interactions create the molecular architecture of myelinated axons is fundamental and almost certainly involved in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathies. [source] Origin and Endpoint of the Olfactory Nerve Fibers: As Described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal,THE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 7 2008Catherine Levine Illustration by author Catherine Levine inspired by the original drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, featured in the article Origin and endpoint of the olfactory nerve fibers: As described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Depicted are large tufted cells and granule cells, a large stellate cell, a row of mitral cells and the arborization on the olfactory glomeruli, with olfactory nerve fibers streaming through the cartilage formation of the cribriform plate. See Levine et al., Anatomical Record 291:741,750. [source] Nobel Prizes in paediatrics: Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852,1934) and the founding of neuroembryologyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 2 2006Hugo LagercrantzArticle first published online: 2 JAN 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] | ||||||||||