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XRD Data (xrd + data)
Selected AbstractsOptical studies on ZnO films prepared by sol-gel methodCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2009T. Ghosh Abstract A standard sol-gel method was used to deposit ZnO thin films of suitable thickness on glass substrate. The optical characteristics of the visible to infrared range on thermal stress were critically observed. Morphological signature of the films was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the crystallite size determined by Scherrer method from XRD data were consistent with grain size estimated from spectroscopic data through Meulenkamp equation. The optical band gap value from the transmission spectrum was found to corroborate with the existing works. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Mu-35: A Fluorogallophosphate Obtained by In Situ Generation of the TemplateEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 25 2007Louwanda Lakiss Abstract A two-dimensional microporous fluorogallophosphate, named Mu-35, closely related to ULM-8, was hydrothermally synthesized by in situ generation of the structure-directing agent. The precursor of the structure-directing agent is ethylformamide, which is generated in situ by decomposition, and goes on to form ethylamine molecules that act as templates in the medium used for the synthesis. The fluorogallophosphate Mu-35 (Mu is Mulhouse), Ga3(PO4)2(HPO4)F3(C2H8N)2(C2H7N)0.5 (Z = 8), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn with the following unit cell parameters: a = 22.117(1), b = 17.3740(8), c = 10.1550(4) Å. The structure of fluorogallophosphate Mu-35 was determined from single-crystal XRD data. It exhibits anionic layers composed of an unusual arrangement of three-, five-, and eight-membered rings (MR) [Ga2PO2F, Ga3P2O4F, and Ga3P3O8, respectively], and intercalated by protonated and nonprotonated ethylamine molecules. Mu-35 was also characterized by powder XRD, SEM, elemental and thermal analyses, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 19F, and 31P MAS and 1H- 31P HETCOR experiments). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Structural Studies of ,-Cyclodextrin and Permethylated ,-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Compounds of Cyclopentadienyl Metal Carbonyl ComplexesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2006Susana S. Braga Abstract [CpM(CO)nCl] complexes with M = Fe (n = 2) and Mo (n = 3) have been immobilised in plain ,-cyclodextrin (,-CD) and permethylated ,-CD (TRIMEB) by methods tailored according to the stabilities and solubilities of the individual components. Four adducts were obtained with a 1:1 host/guest stoichiometry. The compounds were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 13C{1H} CP/MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. A comparison of the experimental powder XRD data for the TRIMEB/[CpMo(CO)3Cl] inclusion compound with reference patterns revealed that the crystal packing is very similar to that reported previously for a TRIMEB/ethyl laurate inclusion compound. The unit-cell parameters refined to a = 14.731, b = 22.476, c = 27.714 Å (volume = 9176.3 Å3), and the space group was confirmed as P212121. A hypothetical structural model of the inclusion compound was subsequently obtained by global optimisation using simulated annealing. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Parallel-beam X-ray diffractometry using X-ray guide tubesJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2000Toyoko Yamanoi A parallel-beam X-ray diffraction geometry using X-ray guide tubes is proposed to eliminate preferred-orientation effects in powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and for new applications of XRD. A bundle of X-ray guide tubes (polycapillaries) is used to provide an intense quasi-parallel (approximately 0.2° divergence) and large-diameter (approximately 20,mm) beam of X-rays needed for parallel-beam diffractometry. Mica and silicon particles were agitated inside a cylindrical chamber by a steady flow of N2 gas so that they were randomly oriented. The quasi-parallel incident X-ray beam passed through the cloud of floating particles. The diffracted X-rays were detected using a standard 2, diffractometer. The integrated intensities observed agree well with those calculated from the known model of the crystal structure. This result demonstrates that this type of diffractometry is capable of avoiding preferred-orientation effects and of collecting XRD data for moving powder samples. [source] Processing Dependence of Texture, and Critical Properties of YBa2Cu3O7,, Films on RABiTS Substrates by a Non-Fluorine MOD MethodJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 3 2006Y. Xu YBa2Cu3O7,, (YBCO or Y123) films on rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS) were prepared via a fluorine-free metallorganic deposition (MOD) through spin coating, burnout, and high temperature anneal. The effects of substrate texture and surface energy of the CeO2 cap layer were investigated. Except for the commonly accepted key factors, such as the textures of substrate and buffer layers, we found some other factors, for example, the deposition temperature of the cap layer, are also critical to the epitaxial growth of Y123 phase. With the CeO2 cap layer deposited at relative high temperature of 700°C, a critical current density, Jc, over 1 MA/cm2 has been demonstrated for the first time on Ni-RABiTS by a fluorine-free MOD method. Whereas for samples with CeO2 cap layers deposited at a lower temperature of 600°C, even though XRD data showed a better texture on these buffer layers, texture degradations of YBCO grains under the optimized processing conditions were observed and a lower oxygen partial pressure around 40 ppm was necessary for the epitaxial growth of Y123 phase. As a result, Jc fell to 0.45 MA/cm2 at 77 K. The observed phenomena points to the change of surface energy and reactivity of the CeO2 cap layer with respect to the CeO2 deposition temperature. In this paper, the YBCO phase diagram was also summarized. [source] Use of Titanates to Achieve a Temperature-Stable Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic Dielectric for Wireless ApplicationsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 4 2002Steve Xunhu Dai A low-loss and near-zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (Tf) low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) host dielectric was developed for portable consumer wireless device applications. The low Tf was realized by compensating the Al2O3 -filled-glass dielectric with admixtures of TiO2 (negative temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (T,)) in the starting formulation. XRD data indicated a portion of the TiO2 in the starting formulation dissolved into the glass, and extensive formation of crystalline titanium compounds was observed via a nucleation and growth mechanism. The dissolution of TiO2 in the glass and subsequent formation of titanium compounds was believed to result in the relatively small amount of TiO2 required to achieve a near-zero Tf in the final sintered structure. [source] Preparation of Nano-Structured Polyaniline Composite Film via "Carbon Nanotubes Seeding" Approach and its Gas-Response StudiesMACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2006Xingfa Ma Abstract Summary: Polyaniline composite film with nano-structure was prepared through a chemical oxidation method by adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as nano-fiber seeds. Spin-coating or casting method was employed on the interdigital electrodes of carbon and the composite film was formed with an in-situ polymerization approach. The gas-response to trimethylamine was also examined at room temperature. It was found that the difference was not only in the morphology, but also in the value of gas-sensitivity. Comparing with films without the CNTs, the value of gas-sensitivity decreased dramatically, while the baseline current of the sensor increased remarkably. This method can be an effective way to adjust the gas-sensitivity of sensors made from polyaniline composite film by adding a small amount of carbon nanotube. XRD data showed that the degree of orientation of polyaniline was increased greatly with the addition of CNTs. Morphology and reproducibility (inset) of polyaniline composite film containing carbon nanotubes. [source] High intensity red emission from Eu doped GaN powdersPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 6 2008Junxia Shi Abstract Eu doped GaN powders have been produced by a low-cost and high-yield method. The effect of temperature on the optical properties and structure was investigated by photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The effective Eu incorporation was extracted by a non-destructive strain analysis correlating the Raman with the XRD data. Luminescence intensity was closely related to the effective Eu incorporation. The maximum Eu incorporation was determined to be 0.5 at% for the sample grown at 1000 °C, which showed the strongest red photoluminescence with the highest crystallinity. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] High Reflectivity AlGaN/AlN DBR Mirrors Grown by PA-MBEPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 1 2003F. Fedler Abstract High reflectivity (>90%) distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) have been successfully produced utilizing the AlGaN/AlN material system. We present reflectivity and XRD data of Ga-polar AlxGa1,xN/AlN Bragg reflectors grown on sapphire. High peak reflectivities between 54% (5.5 period mirror) and 97% (25.5 period mirror) combined with large reflectivity FWHM of 30 nm have been found. All reflectors have been designed by ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) data of respective reference samples. [source] Enhanced Crystallinity of PTFE by Ion Irradiation in a Dense Plasma FocusPLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS, Issue 2 2007Mehboob Sadiq Abstract Nitrogen-ion beam pulses emitted from a low-energy (1.45 kJ) Mather-type plasma focus device are used for the surface modification of PTFE polymer specimens. The specimens, placed at a fixed position, are implanted using different number of pulses. Raman spectroscopy and XRD are employed to probe the structural changes incurred during the ion implantation. Both techniques indicate that the crystalline order in the specimens increases with increasing the irradiation dose. The crystallinity degree of the irradiated specimens, as measured from the XRD data, is found to enhance monotonically from 40% to about 55%. Possible crystallinity enhancement mechanism of irradiated PTFE specimens via chain scission is discussed. [source] Layered silicate/epoxy nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and propertiesPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 5 2004Nehal A. Salahuddin Abstract Novel epoxy-clay nanocomposites have been prepared by epoxy and organoclays. Polyoxypropylene triamine (Jeffamine T-403), primary polyethertriamine (Jeffamine T-5000) and three types of polyoxypropylene diamine (Jeffamine D-230, D-400, D-2000) with different molecular weight were used to treat Na-montmorillonite (MMT) to form organoclays. The preparation involves the ion exchange of Na+ in MMT with the organic ammonium group in Jeffamine compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the intercalation of these organic moieties to form Jeffamine-MMT intercalates. Jeffamine D-230 was used as a swelling agent for the organoclay and curing agent. It was established that the d001 spacing of MMT in epoxy-clay nanocomposites depends on the silicate modification. Although XRD data did not show any apparent order of the clay layers in the T5000-MMT/epoxy nanocomposite, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of multiplets with an average size of 5,nm and the average spacing between multiplets falls in the range of 100 Å. The multiplets clustered into mineral rich domains with an average size of 140,nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the absence of mineral aggregate. Nanocomposites exhibit significant increase in thermal stability in comparison to the original epoxy. The effect of the organoclay on the hardness and toughness properties of crosslinked polymer matrix was studied. The hardness of all the resulting materials was enhanced with the inclusion of organoclay. A three-fold increase in the energy required for breaking the test specimen was found for T5000-MMT/epoxy containing 7,wt% of organoclay as compared to that of pure epoxy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tuning the Magnetic Properties of LixCrTi0.25Se2 (0.03,x,0.7) by Directed Deintercalation of LithiumCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 16 2008Malte Behrens Dr. Abstract X-ray diffraction (XRD), in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD), X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and magnetic measurements were applied to investigate the effects of lithium deintercalation on pseudolayered Li0.70CrTi0.25Se2. A detailed picture of structural changes during the deintercalation process was obtained by combining the results of EDXRD and EXAFS. Removal of Li from the host,guest complex leads to anisotropic contraction of the unit cell with stronger impact on the c axis, which is the stacking axis of the layers. The EDXRD experiments evidence that the shrinkage of the lattice parameters with decreasing xLi in LixCrTi0.25Se2 is nonlinear in the beginning and then becomes linear. Analysis of the EXAFS spectra clearly shows that the Cr/TiSe distances are affected in a different manner by Li removal. The CrSe bond lengths decrease, whereas the TiSe bonds lengthen when the Li content is reduced, which is consistent with XRD data. Magnetic measurements reveal a change from predominantly antiferromagnetic exchange (,p=,300,K) interactions for the pristine material to ferromagnetic exchange interactions (,=25,K) for the fully intercalated material. Thus, the magnetic properties can be altered under ambient conditions by directed adjustment of the dominant magnetic exchange. The unusual magnetic behavior can be explained on the basis of the variation of the metal,metal distances and the Cr-Se-Cr angles with x, which were determined by Rietveld refinements. Owing to competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions and disorder, the magnetic ground state of the intercalated materials is characterized by spin-glass or spin-glass-like behavior. 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