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X-ray Fluorescence (x-ray + fluorescence)
Terms modified by X-ray Fluorescence Selected AbstractsSOURCING OBSIDIAN FROM NEOLITHIC ÇATALHÖYÜK (TURKEY) USING ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE,ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2007T. CARTER This paper details the chemical sourcing of 42 obsidian artefacts from a single Neolithic structure at Çatalhöyük (central Anatolia), using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). The chemical signatures of the samples match those of two geological sources in southern Cappadocia: East Göllü Da, and Nenezi Da,. The data provide a counterpoint for previous analyses at the site, and suggest possible intra-community distinctions with regard to shifts in raw material procurement and technical change. [source] Assessing Ceramic Compositional Data: A Comparison of Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis On Late Iron Age Spanish Celtiberian CeramicsARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2001M. García-Heras A solid-phase, non-chemical processing protocol was recently developed as a means of chemically characterizing archaeological ceramics by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). Following this methodology, TXRF can provide semi-quantitative determinations for 18 elements with comparable levels of precision and accuracy for the majority of them in comparison with a clay reference material analysed by instrumental neutron activation (INAA). In order critically to assess the analytical capabilities of TXRF, a large sample set of Late Iron Age Spanish Celtiberian ceramics and modern clays was analysed both by TXRF and INAA. Semi-quantitative chemical data provided by TXRF and quantitative data provided by INAA were subjected to commonly used multivariate statistical methods as a way of evaluating the ability of the new technique to discriminate among different compositional groups. The comparison of the two data sets shows no significant discrepancies, thereby allowing support for the same archaeological interpretation. These results suggest that TXRF has potential applicability for compositional characterization of archaeological ceramics, providing data that are useful for provenance studies. [source] Pilot study experiments sourcing quartzite, Gunnison Basin, ColoradoGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 6 2008Bonnie L. Pitblado This paper reports the results of pilot-study efforts to develop methods to profile quartzite, a rock type to which geochemical and other sourcing techniques have only rarely been applied. The long-term goal of the research is to fingerprint sources of quartzite in the Gunnison Basin, southwest Colorado, used by Paleoindian people ca. 11,500,8,000 years ago to make stone tools. Success would facilitate reconstruction of Paleoindian mobility in the Southern Rocky Mountains and potentially anywhere prehistoric people used quartzite. The goals of this paper are more modest: to demonstrate that a small-scale exploration of sourcing techniques suggests reason for optimism that quartzites may be amenable to source discrimination. For the same twenty Gunnison Basin quartzite samples, this study evaluated petrography, ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,both acid-digestion (AD-ICP-MS) and laser ablation (LA-ICP-MS),as means to differentiate among the specimens and the sources they represent. Although more testing is needed to verify and refine our results, the study suggests there is potential for petrography, INAA, and both versions of ICP-MS to discriminate among quartzites from different source localities in the Gunnison Basin. The greatest potential for discriminating among different sources of quartzite in the Gunnison Basin may lie in a methodology combining petrographic analysis and LA-ICPMS. Future testing is required to evaluate this two-fold approach. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Geochemical comparisons of silicified rhyolites from two prehistoric quarries and 11 prehistoric projectile points, Socorro County, New Mexico, U.S.A.GEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2004Robert D. Dello-Russo This paper documents the results of nondestructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) geochemical analyses and comparisons of silicified rhyolites from the Black Canyon and Sedillo Hill prehistoric quarries near Socorro, New Mexico, and subsequent comparisons of the quarry rhyolites with 11 temporally diagnostic projectile points. At the current level of analysis, findings indicate that (1) the two quarries are chemically distinct and (2) the lithic materials of two projectile points match the silicified rhyolite from the Black Canyon quarry, suggesting quarry use during the Early Archaic period (4800,3200 B.C.) and the Late Archaic period (1800,800 B.C.). A close match between the Black Canyon rhyolite and one other point provides tentative support for use of the quarry during the Clovis Paleoindian period (9500,9000 B.C.). Additional geochemical analyses of the two quarries and other regional sources should be undertaken to verify these results and further expand our understanding of prehistoric mobility in the Southwest. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Comparison of Linear Regression Models for Quantitative Geochemical Analysis: An Example Using X-Ray Fluorescence SpectrometryGEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005Mirna Guevara calibration analytique; régression linéaire; matériaux de référence en géochimie; géochimie analytique; loi de propagation d'erreurs This paper presents statistical aspects related to the calibration process and a comparison of different regression approaches of relevance to almost all analytical techniques. The models for ordinary least-squares (OLS), weighted least-squares (WLS), and maximum likelihood fitting (MLF) were evaluated and, as a case study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) calibration curves for major elements in geochemical reference materials were used. The results showed that WLS and MLF models were statistically more consistent in comparison with the usually applied OLS approach. The use of uncertainty on independent and dependent variables during the calibration process and the calculation of final uncertainty on individual results using error propagation equations are the novel aspects of our work. Cet article présente les aspects statistiques liés au processus de calibration et fait une comparaison des différents calculs de régression utilisés dans pratiquement toutes les techniques analytiques. Les modèles des moindres carrés ordinaires (MCO) et pondérés (MCP), et d'ajustement de maximum de vraisemblance (AMV) ont étéévalués et appliqués aux courbes de calibration d'éléments majeurs obtenues en analyse par fluorescence X (XRF) de matériaux certifiés de référence. Les résultats obtenus avec les modèles MCP et AMV sont plus cohérents statistiquement que ceux obtenus la méthode classique des MCO. L'utilisation de l'incertitudes sur des variables indépendantes ou dépendantes durant la procédure de calibration et le calcul de l'incertitude finale sur chaque résultat à partir des lois de propagation d'erreur sont des aspects novateurs de ce travail. [source] Online collection and analysis of X-ray fluorescence spectra on the macromolecular crystallography beamlines of the ESRFJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2009Gordon A. Leonard X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements on solutions or crystals of biological macromolecules provide additional information that can be used in structure determination and/or refinement protocols. Here details are presented of an experimental setup, employed on all the ESRF Macromolecular Crystallography Group beamlines, that allows the online collection and qualitative analysis of XRF spectra. This experimental setup uses a highly attenuated beam and short exposures, meaning it is minimally destructive but retains high sensitivity. [source] A new experimental station for simultaneous X-ray microbeam scanning for small- and wide-angle scattering and fluorescence at BESSY IIJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 2007Oskar Paris A new instrument for simultaneous microbeam small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray fluorescence (SAXS/WAXS/XRF) is presented. The instrument is installed at the microfocus beamline at BESSY II and provides a beam of 10,µm size with a flux of about 109 photons,s,1. A SAXS resolution up to 500,Åd -spacing and a range of scattering vectors of almost three orders of magnitude are reached by using a large-area high-resolution CCD-based detector for simultaneous SAXS/WAXS. The instrument is particularly suited for scanning SAXS/WAXS/XRF experiments on hierarchically structured biological tissues. The necessary infrastructure, such as a cryo-stream facility and an on-site preparation laboratory for biological specimens, are available. [source] Analysis of a retrieved Isola spinal system fractured in serviceJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2003E. A. Magnissalis Abstract A 1/4-in.diameter two-column Isola spinal system implanted in a 13-year-old girl suffering from cerebral palsy and a severe neuromuscular scoliosis of 120°, was replaced 22 months after primary implantation. The system was removed due to fracture of the lower left (concave) bar, between its two cross connectors (i.e., the distal bypass connector and a transverse cross link), as a result of a postoperative infection and a subsequently developed pseudarthrosis. The retrieved implants were analyzed with the use of a multitechnique characterization procedure involving macroscopic and microscopic examination, micro-multiple internal reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, roughness measurement, and mechanical testing of the constituent material and components. Findings suggest that the spinal system failed due to in vivo loosening of a two-set screw tandem connector and subsequent overloading of the contralateral bar. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 64B: 6,12, 2003 [source] X-ray fluorescence microprobe imaging in biology and medicineJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2006Tatjana Paunesku Abstract Characteristic X-ray fluorescence is a technique that can be used to establish elemental concentrations for a large number of different chemical elements simultaneously in different locations in cell and tissue samples. Exposing the samples to an X-ray beam is the basis of X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). This technique provides the excellent trace element sensitivity; and, due to the large penetration depth of hard X-rays, an opportunity to image whole cells and quantify elements on a per cell basis. Moreover, because specimens prepared for XFM do not require sectioning, they can be investigated close to their natural, hydrated state with cryogenic approaches. Until several years ago, XFM was not widely available to bio-medical communities, and rarely offered resolution better then several microns. This has changed drastically with the development of third-generation synchrotrons. Recent examples of elemental imaging of cells and tissues show the maturation of XFM imaging technique into an elegant and informative way to gain insight into cellular processes. Future developments of XFM,building of new XFM facilities with higher resolution, higher sensitivity or higher throughput will further advance studies of native elemental makeup of cells and provide the biological community including the budding area of bionanotechnology with a tool perfectly suited to monitor the distribution of metals including nanovectors and measure the results of interactions between the nanovectors and living cells and tissues. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1489,1502, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Study of the preparation and composition of the metallic function for the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to gasoline over bifunctional catalysts,JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 2-3 2003Javier Ereña Abstract Bifunctional catalysts for the transformation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen into gasoline have been prepared by conventional and novel processes and characterized by measurement of BET surface area and volume and distribution of pores, and by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. The effects of the preparation conditions and of the atomic ratios between the metals on the structure and on the properties of the catalysts were studied. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Characterization of Portland cements by X-ray spectrometry allied to chemometricsJOURNAL OF CHEMOMETRICS, Issue 11-12 2006Karen Goraieb Abstract This work reports the use of X-ray spectrometry (XRS) allied to chemometric techniques to easily distinguish types of Portland cements, as well as to quantify some of their constituent elements. The samples were irradiated as powders for 200,s using two distinct irradiation conditions, one more adequate for heavier elements (condition 1) and the other (condition 2) for lighter elements, using a conventional bench top energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) equipment. The spectra were processed via the software The Unscrambler, version 9.2. The PLS 1 LV1,×,LV2 scores graph shows a classification into five groups, in accordance with the calcium concentration, using condition 2. The classification of the cements by producer was feasible using the PLS1 LV1,×,LV3 scores graph, with condition 1. The elements Ca, Si, Al and Mg were successfully quantified using multivariate calibration of the whole spectra. However, for Fe, S and K, better results were obtained by correlating their corresponding K, peaks with concentrations in a univariate procedure, using irradiation condition 2. Chemometric tools allied to XRS are powerful techniques to classify Portland cements, regarding to their origins and their calcium concentration, which is related to the cement type. The PLS chemometric tool was very useful to easily quantify light elements, such as Al, Si and Mg, a challenge in most X-ray analytical methods, since their K, emission peaks are very close to each other. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Provenance Determination of Oriental Porcelain Using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS),JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 2 2007Emma K. Bartle B.Sc. ABSTRACT: The sale of fraudulent oriental ceramics constitutes a large proportion of the illegal artifact and antique trade and threatens to undermine the legitimate international market. The sophistication and skill of forgers has reached a level where, using traditional appraisal by eye and hand, even the most experienced specialist is often unable to distinguish between a genuine and fraudulent piece. In addition, current provenancing techniques such as energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry and thermoluminescence (TL) dating can result in significant damage to the artifact itself. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), a relatively nondestructive analytical technique, has been used for the provenance determination of materials based on geographical origin. The technique requires the production of a laser crater, c. 100 ,m in diameter, which is essentially invisible to the naked eye. Debris from this crater is analyzed using ICP-MS, with the results forming the basis of the provenance establishment protocol. Chinese, Japanese, and English porcelain shards have been analyzed using this protocol and generic isotopic distribution patterns have been produced that enable the provenance establishment of porcelain artifacts to their country of production. Minor variations between elemental fingerprints of artifacts produced in the same country also indicate that it may be possible to further provenance oriental ceramics to a specific production region or kiln site. [source] Characterization and use of acid-activated montmorillonite-illite type of clay for lead(II) removalAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 9 2010John U. Kennedy Oubagaranadin Abstract The natural local deposits of montmorillonite-illite type of clay (MIC) were susceptible for acid activation. Raw clay was taken for experimentation, disintegrated on acid activation with sulfuric acid, which showed a particle size distribution. The montmorillonite and illite phases in the raw clay disappeared on acid activation and the activated clay, MIC(AA), showed with sodium-aluminum-silicate and beidellite phases apart from quartz (low) phase. The raw and acid-activated clays were characterized using X-ray powder diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and energy dispersive X-ray, and their adsorption capacities were compared. When tested for adsorption of Pb(II) in aqueous solutions, the acid-activated clay showed about 50% increased adsorption than raw clay. Sips adsorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were found to be best for the batch adsorption data. Kinetic studies showed the existence of film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. A two-stage batch adsorber was designed for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 [source] Determination of intrathyroidal iodine by X-ray fluorescence analysis in 60- to 65-year olds living in an iodine-sufficient areaJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2006M. MILAKOVIC Abstract. Objectives., X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-invasive method for determining the iodine content of the thyroid gland in vivo. In spite of the obvious clinical value of such a method in situations of iodine deficiency or iodine overload, the method has not so far been widely used. The objective was to investigate the applicability of the XRF method in a larger number of subjects. Design and subjects., The study comprised 37 individuals, aged 60,65 years, who had spent their entire life with iodine supplementation through iodinated table salt. Individuals with (previous) thyroid disease were excluded. The individual thyroid function had previously been evaluated by measurements of thyroid-related hormones, thyroid volume and 131-Iodine (131I) uptake which indicated a sufficient iodine intake of the population in the area. Iodine in the right thyroid lobe in each subject was examined using XRF. Results., The mean thyroid iodine concentration was 0.4 mg mL,1, corresponding to a mean total iodine content of 5.2 mg (range 0.9,20.2). There was a pronounced difference between individuals. No correlation was found between iodine concentration and 131I uptake or thyroid volume. Neither was iodine content and 131I uptake correlated. Conclusions., In a population living under iodine-sufficient conditions, a large variation of iodine stored in the thyroid is compatible with euthyroidism. Determination of the iodine pool by XRF investigation is feasible in a clinical setting and the method offers a unique possibility to study the intrathyroidal iodine pool in subjects with thyroid disease. The low radiation dose enables the use of the method in pregnant women and also in young individuals. [source] Wide area illumination Raman scheme for simple and nondestructive discrimination of seawater cultured pearlsJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 12 2009Seok Chan Park Abstract Raman spectroscopy, along with discriminant partial least squares (PLS), was successfully used to discriminate among three different groups of cultured pearls (fresh water, Akoya and South seawater). The discrimination between Akoya and South seawater pearls using XRF (X-ray fluorescence), one of the most frequently adopted analytical methods in pearl analysis, has been especially difficult owing to their similar mineral compositions. The selective Raman features helped in effectively discriminating between these two pearl groups. The difference in the intensities of the CaCO3 bands of Akoya and South seawater pearls provided a valuable clue. Along with the selective Raman feature, a reproducible Raman spectral collection achieved using a wide area illumination (WAI) scheme played an important role in the determination of the pearl groups, although the pearls were hard-surfaced, round, solid samples of different sizes and surface shapes. Unwanted spectral variation originating from sensitivity to sample placement relative to the focal plane and from unsuccessful sample representation due to the probing of a localized area, factors that could possibly deteriorate Raman reproducibility, were substantially lessened using the WAI scheme. ATR (attenuated total reflection) IR spectroscopy requiring direct contact with the pearl could be inadequate for discrimination or classification where large numbers of repeating and reproducible measurements are required. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] X-ray spectromicroscopy in soil and environmental sciencesJOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 2 2010J. Thieme X-ray microscopy is capable of imaging particles in the nanometer size range directly with sub-micrometer spatial resolution and can be combined with high spectral resolution for spectromicroscopy studies. Two types of microscopes are common in X-ray microscopy: the transmission X-ray microscope and the scanning transmission X-ray microscope; their set-ups are explained in this paper. While the former takes high-resolution images from an object with exposure times of seconds or faster, the latter is very well suited as an analytical instrument for spectromicroscopy. The morphology of clusters or particles from soil and sediment samples has been visualized using a transmission X-ray microscope. Images are shown from a cryo-tomography experiment based on X-ray microscopy images to obtain information about the three-dimensional structure of clusters of humic substances. The analysis of a stack of images taken with a scanning transmission X-ray microscope to combine morphology and chemistry within a soil sample is shown. X-ray fluorescence is a method ideally applicable to the study of elemental distributions and binding states of elements even on a trace level using X-ray energies above 1,keV. [source] Use of highly energetic (116,keV) synchrotron radiation for X-ray fluorescence analysis of trace rare-earth and heavy elementsJOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 4 2001Izumi Nakai This study has revealed the advantages of the use of 116,keV X-rays as an excitation source of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. This technique is suitable for nondestructive multielemental analyses of heavy elements such as rare-earth elements. The lowest MDL value evaluated for the bulk analysis of a JG-1 standard reference sample (granite rock) was 0.1 p.p.m. for W for a 500,s measurement. The spectrum of standard glass samples of SRM612 demonstrated clearly resolved K -line peaks of more than 30 elements, including all the existing rare-earth elements, at 50 p.p.m. levels. The calibration curve for the determination of a rare-earth element shows a linear relation between the XRF intensity and concentrations from 10 to 0.03,ng. This powerful technique should be useful for nondestructive analyses of rare-earth and heavy elements in geological, geochemical and archaeological samples as well as industrial materials. [source] Conversion of Tetranary Borate Glasses to Phosphate Compounds in Aqueous Phosphate SolutionJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 6 2008Wenhai Huang In our earlier work, it was found that particles of a ternary alkali-borate glass, containing either CaO or BaO, converted completely to a crystalline phosphate of calcium or barium when reacted in an aqueous phosphate solution at 37°C. The present work is an extension of our earlier work to investigate the conversion of tetranary borate glass with the composition 10Li2O·10CaO·10(AeO or T2O3)·60B2O3 (weight percent), where Ae is the alkai-earth metal Mg or Ba, and T is the transition metal La, Sm, or Dy. In the experiments, particles of each glass (150,300 ,m) were reacted in 0.25M K2HPO4 solution with a starting pH of ,9.0 at 37°C. Weight loss and pH measurements indicated that the reaction was complete after 30,50 h, yielding an amorphous product. X-ray fluorescence showed that the as-formed product consisted of a calcium phosphate phase that contained the alkali-earth metal or transition metal present in the starting glass. Heating the as-formed material for 8 h at 600°,700°C produced a mixture of two crystalline phosphates: calcium phosphate and an alkali-earth or transition metal phosphate. The kinetics and mechanism of converting tetranary borate glass to phosphate materials are discussed and compared with data from earlier work for the conversion of ternary borate glass. [source] Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed-Metal Oxide Nanopowders Along the CoOx,Al2O3 Tie Line Using Liquid-Feed Flame Spray PyrolysisJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 9 2006Jose Azurdia We report here the use of liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF-FSP) to produce a series of nanopowders along the CoOx,Al2O3 tie line. The process is a general aerosol combustion synthesis route to a wide range of lightly agglomerated oxide nanopowders. The materials reported here were produced by aerosolizing ethanol solutions of alumatrane [Al(OCH2CH2)3N] and a cobalt precursor, made by reacting Co(NO3)2·6H2O crystals with propionic acid. The compositions of the as-produced nanopowders were controlled by selecting the appropriate ratios of the precursors. Nine samples with compositions (CoO)y(Al2O3)1,y, y=0,1 along the CoOx,Al2O3 tie line were prepared and studied. The resulting nanopowders were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, BET, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron micrographs, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and FTIR. The powders typically consist of single-crystal particles <40 nm diameter and specific surface areas (SSAs) of 20,60 m2/g. XRD studies show a gradual change in powder patterns from ,-Al2O3 to Co3O4. The cobalt aluminate spinel phase is observed at stoichiometries (21 and 37 mol%) not seen in published phase diagrams, likely because LF-FSP processing involves a quench of >1000°C in microseconds frequently leading to kinetic rather than thermodynamic products. Likewise, the appearance of Co3O4 rather than CoO as the end member in the tie line is thought to be a consequence of the process conditions. TGA studies combined with diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopic studies indicate that both physi- and chemi-sorbed H2O are the principal surface species present in the as-processed nanopowders. The only sample that differs is Co3O4, which has some carbonate species present that are detected and confirmed by a sharp mass loss event at ,250°C. The thermal behavior of the high cobalt content samples differs greatly from the low cobalt content samples. The latter behave like most LF-FSP-derived nanopowders exhibiting typical 1%,4% mass losses over the 1400°C range due mostly to loss of water and some CO2. The high cobalt content samples exhibit a sharp mass loss event that can be attributed to the decomposition of Co3O4 to CoO. [source] Tricalcium Silicate T1 and T2 Polymorphic Investigations: Rietveld Refinement at Various Temperatures Using Synchrotron Powder DiffractionJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 9 2004Vanessa K. Peterson The lattice parameters, cell volume, and structure of a sample of phase pure triclinic tricalcium silicate were determined using in situ, high-temperature synchrotron powder diffraction and full-profile Rietveld refinement. The temperature range covered was from ambient to 740°C. Evidence of superstructure was found. The T2 type structure with disordered SiO4 tetrahedra was observed, and an average structure for the subcell (P, a= 11.7416(2) Å, b= 14.2785(2) Å, c= 13.7732(2) Å, ,= 105.129(1)°, ,= 94.415(1)°, and ,= 89.889(1)°) is presented. Differential thermal analysis and X-ray fluorescence was also performed. [source] Delayed changes in T1 -weighted signal intensity in a rat model of 15-minute transient focal ischemia studied by magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescenceMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 3 2006Xuxia Wang Abstract Previous studies have found that rats subjected to 15-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) show neurodegeneration in the dorsolateral striatum only, and the resulting striatal lesion is associated with increased T1 -weighted (T1W) signal intensity (SI) and decreased T2 -weighted (T2W) SI at 2,8 weeks after the initial ischemia. It has been shown that the delayed increase in T1W SI in the ischemic region is associated with deposition of paramagnetic manganese ions. However, it has been suggested that other mechanisms, such as tissue calcification and lipid accumulation, also contribute to the relaxation time changes. To clarify this issue, we measured changes in relaxation times, lipid accumulation, and elemental distributions in the brain of rats subjected to 15-min MCAO using MRI, in vivo 1H MR spectroscopy (MRS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF). The results show that a delayed (2 weeks after ischemia) increase in T1W SI in the ischemic striatum is associated with significant increases in manganese, calcium, and iron, but without evident accumulation of MRS-visible lipids or hydroxyapatite precipitation. It was also found that 15-min MCAO results in acutely reduced N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratio in the ipsilateral striatum, which recovers to the control level at 2 weeks after ischemia. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] X-ray excited optical luminescence from crystalline siliconPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI - RAPID RESEARCH LETTERS, Issue 9 2009Paul Gundel Abstract Synchrotron based X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) has been measured with many direct bandgap semiconductors. We present XEOL measurements on crystalline silicon (Si), obtained despite of its indirect bandgap and the consequently low luminescence efficiency. Spectra of monocrystalline and multicrystalline (mc) Si at room temperature are compared to theoretical spectra. A possible application in the synchrotron-based research on mc-Si is exemplified by combining XEOL, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and microscope images of grain boundaries. This approach can be utilized to investigate the recombination activity of metal precipitates, to analyze areas of different lifetimes on mc-Si samples and to correlate additional material parameters to XRF measurements. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Workplace air quality and lung function among dental laboratory technicians,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 2 2006Suh-Woan Hu DDS Abstract Background Dental laboratory technicians are exposed to dust and/or methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the workplace. Potential effects of the exposures on lung function merit further clarification. Methods This study measured lung function of 45 dental technicians, before and after shifts, on 3 workdays and monitored workplace concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mm (PM2.5) and MMA in five dental laboratories in Taiwan. Base metals in particles were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. Repeated measurement analysis was applied to estimate potential effects of PM2.5 on pulmonary function. Results PM2.5 ranged from 26 µg/m3 to 664 µg/m3 and levels of MMA were low in these laboratories. Nickel, cobalt, and chromium were detected in the particles. After controlling for important factors, PM2.5 was associated with a small decrease in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow in one second. Conclusion Workplace PM2.5 was associated with a non-significant decrease in lung function of dental technicians. Am. J. Ind. Med., 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Chemical and electrochemical synthesis of homopolymer and copolymers of 3-methoxyethoxythiophene with aniline, thiophene and pyrrole for studies of their gas and vapour sensingPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 9 2001S. Hossein Hosseini Abstract Herein we report chemical and electrochemical formation of poly(3-methoxyethoxythiophene) and its copolymers with aniline, thiophene and pyrrole which give highly conducting polymeric materials. These are soluble in common organic solvents in the conducting state. The response mechanism of these compounds, to a selection of gases and vapours, was investigated using two techniques: measurement of conductance and mass changes using a four probe method and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) device, respectively. Prepared films were exposed to hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, halogens, monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), 1-3-5 trichloromethylbenzene (TCMB), methylbenzyl bromide (MBB), bromoacetone (BA) and cyanogen bromide (CB). These gas sensors may have advantages compared to other sensors in their ability to operate at room temperature, low concentration, stability in air, sufficient diffusion and their selectivity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Problems in determination of skeletal lead burden in archaeological samples: An example from the First African Baptist Church populationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2008L.E. Wittmers Jr. Abstract Human bone lead content has been demonstrated to be related to socioeconomic status, occupation and other social and environmental correlates. Skeletal tissue samples from 135 individuals from an early nineteenth century Philadelphia cemetery (First African Baptist Church) were studied by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence for lead content. High bone lead levels led to investigation of possible diagenetic effects. These were investigated by several different approaches including distribution of lead within bone by X-ray fluorescence, histological preservation, soil lead concentration and acidity as well as location and depth of burial. Bone lead levels were very high in children, exceeding those of the adult population that were buried in the cemetery, and also those of present day adults. The antemortem age-related increase in bone lead, reported in other studies, was not evidenced in this population. Lead was evenly deposited in areas of taphonomic bone destruction. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence studies revealed no consistent pattern of lead microdistribution within the bone. Our conclusions are that postmortem diagenesis of lead ion has penetrated these archaeological bones to a degree that makes their original bone lead content irretrievable by any known method. Increased bone porosity is most likely responsible for the very high levels of lead found in bones of newborns and children. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Lead in soil by field-portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry,an examination of paired In Situ and laboratory ICP-AES resultsREMEDIATION, Issue 3 2008David A. Binstock A major aspect of lead hazard control is the evaluation of soil lead hazards around housing coated with lead-based paint. The use of field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF) to do detailed surveying, with limited laboratory confirmation, can provide lead measurements in soil (especially for planning abatement activities) in a far more cost-efficient and timely manner than laboratory analysis. To date, one obstacle to the acceptance of FPXRF as an approved method of measuring lead in soil has been a lack of correspondence between field and laboratory results. In order to minimize the differences between field and laboratory results, RTI International (RTI) has developed a new protocol for field drying and sieving soil samples for field measurement by FPXRF. To evaluate this new protocol, composite samples were collected in the field following both U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guidelines and ASTM International (ASTM) protocols, measured after drying by FPXRF, and returned to the laboratory for confirmatory inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) analysis. Evaluation of study data from several diverse sites revealed no statistical difference between paired FPXRF and ICP-AES measurements using the new method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] GEOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VOLCANIC TUFFS USED IN THE ETRUSCAN TOMBS OF NORCHIA (NORTHERN LATIUM, ITALY) AND A STUDY OF THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR RAPID SURFACE AND STRUCTURAL DECAYARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2010P. CICCIOLI The geochemical and engineering geological properties of the tuffs used in the rock-cut cliff tombs of the Etruscan necropolis of Norchia were investigated to evaluate their susceptibility to different weathering agents and confirm their origin. For the first time, materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT,IR), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA, DGA and DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM,EDS) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED,XRF), and their different origins confirmed. Tests of material properties indicate that both tuffs are poorly durable, but one of them is less susceptible to weathering. Although tombs made with the more resistant material show limited surface weathering, they undergo severe structural damage because of stress release and plant root infiltration. This, combined with the microclimatic conditions established inside river canyons, can trigger rock falls, leading ultimately to the complete destruction of these tombs. [source] LUSTRE-DECORATED CERAMICS FROM A 15TH TO 16TH CENTURY PRODUCTION IN SEVILLE*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 1 2010A. POLVORINOS DEL RIO A set of 17 fragments of ceramics have been uncovered on the occasion of excavations of a workshop in Triana near Seville. These ceramics are typical of objects that are not commonly encountered in present collections in spite of intensive production during the 15th,16th centuries. Chemical and mineralogical analyses have been performed using various techniques (X-ray fluorescence and diffraction, SEM, ion beam analyses). The majority of the ceramic sherds represent the diversity of the Seville production; three fragments recovered in the same archaeological context were not locally produced and belong to the production of eastern Spain (Valence area). The ceramic bodies of the Seville sherds are compatible with the use of clays from the Guadalquivir valley. The glaze and the lustre decoration are comparable to those produced in eastern Spain. These conclusions are based on data that represent the production of a single workshop in Seville; the scatter of the data is due to variations in the processing and/or to alterations during the five centuries of burial of the ceramic fragments. [source] IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF OPAQUE CHINESE OVERGLAZE YELLOW ENAMELS BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AND SUPPORTING TECHNIQUES*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 1 2010J. MIAO Using Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, the Pb,Sn,Sb triple oxide yellow and lead,tin yellow have been identified on two pieces of cloisonné enamel (Falangcai) porcelains. Lead,tin yellow and lead antimonate yellow have been identified on famille rose porcelains manufactured before and after 1911, respectively. The replacement of the Pb,Sn,Sb triple oxide yellow by lead,tin yellow and that of the lead,tin yellow by lead antimonate yellow are discussed. [source] PROVENANCE OF OBSIDIAN EXCAVATED FROM LATE CHALCOLITHIC LEVELS AT THE SITES OF TELL HAMOUKAR AND TELL BRAK, SYRIA*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 6 2009L. KHALIDI X-ray fluorescence and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA,ICP,MS) analyses conducted on 40 obsidian samples from the Late Chalcolithic 2 levels at Tell Hamoukar and Tell Brak in north-east Syria have shown trends towards the exploitation of obsidian sources in the eastern Taurus. While the Bingöl region appears to provide the majority of obsidian to both sites, there is also evidence of more minor exploitation of a source in the Lake Van area and an altogether unknown source (X). This paper presents the data acquired from the analyses of the archaeological obsidian and situates these results within their chronological and regional contexts. 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