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World War (world + war)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences69%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting9%
Life Sciences5%
Law and Criminology4%
Psychology3%
Medical Sciences3%
5 Other Domains7%
Distribution within Humanities and Social Sciences
General & Introductory Political Science37%
General & Introductory History15%
General & Introductory Geography13%
Economic History5%
11 Other Subdomains30%

Kinds of World War

  • first world war
    		•
  • second world war
    		•

    Terms modified by World War

  • world war i
    		•
  • world war ii
    		•

    Selected Abstracts

    Making profits in wartime: corporate profits, inequality, and GDP in Germany during the First World War1

    ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 1 2005
    JOERG BATEN
    Making profits in wartime: corporate profits, inequality, and GDP in Germany during the First World War. This article reconsiders, and rejects, Kocka's (1973) hypothesis that a strong income redistribution from workers to capital owners occurred in Germany during the First World War. A small number of firms profited from the war, but the majority experienced a decline in real income, similar to the decline in workers' real wages. This finding also has important implications for the political history of the Weimar Republic. The authors also use their figures to improve German GDP estimates for the war period, since their sample makes it possible to estimate private service sector development. Economic indicators were worse for the war year of 1917 than previously believed. [source]

    The Irish grain trade from the Famine to the First World War

    ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 1 2004
    Liam Brunt
    This article presents the first consistent and continuous data series for the Irish grain trade, 1840-1914, showing that imports of wheat and maize rose massively. The resulting three-fold increase in Irish per caput wheat consumption occurred mostly before 1875 and brought it close to British levels by 1914. A consumer price index is constructed for the period, and it reveals that prices declined until 1900 and rose thereafter. Using the two new series (per caput wheat consumption and the price index), the authors estimate a demand function for wheat and show that the per caput increase was due to the rise in the real wage. [source]

    Wars and Markets: How Bond Values Reflect the Second World War

    ECONOMICA, Issue 271 2001
    Bruno Frey
    Historical events are reflected in asset prices. Based on a unique data-set, we analyse government bond prices of Germany and Austria traded on the Swiss bourse during the Second World War. Some war events generally considered crucial are clearly reflected in government bond prices; this holds, in particular, for the official outbreak of the war and the loss and gain of national sovereignty. Other events to which historians attach great importance are not reflected in bond prices, most prominently Germany's capitulation in 1945. The analysis of financial markets provides a fruitful method for evaluating the importance contemporaries attached to historical events. [source]

    RECONSTRUCTING DEWEYAN DEMOCRATIC EDUCATION FOR A GLOBALIZING WORLD

    EDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 4 2009
    Jessica Ching-Sze Wang
    As democratic citizenship education gains importance worldwide, one wonders whether common civic education practices in the United States, such as mock elections, are adequate models for other countries, or whether they fall short of realizing the goal of promoting democracy in different regions and cultures. Despite various controversies, one fundamental question remains: How should we teach democracy? Should we teach it as a system of government or as a way of life? Jessica Ching-Sze Wang finds inspiration in Dewey's life and works. She draws on Dewey's experience during the First World War and his insights into the connection between democracy and education to reconstruct a culturally and morally robust form of democratic education, as opposed to the politically dominated one currently being practiced. Wang concludes that Deweyan democratic education thus reconstructed can help us better realize democracy as a way of life for our globalizing world. [source]

    The ,Malbouffe' Saga La Saga de la ,Malbouffe' Die Saga von ,Malbouffe"

    EUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2007
    Alain Rérat
    summary The ,Malbouffe' Saga After the end of the Second World War, a marked increase in animal and plant production was observed in France, little by little considered by consumers to be obtained at the expense of product quality. The pejorative term ,malbouffe' soon emerged, in connection not only with the hygiene of food, but also with its organoleptic and technological characteristics. This article focuses on food safety in France, with special attention paid to the incidence of toxi-infections and food contaminations of biological and chemical origin. The Mad Cow outbreak is reviewed, along with its consequences for human health in the form of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease. It is emphasized that food-related human mortality , almost exclusively due to biological contaminations , represented only 647 cases in 1995, i.e., 0.12 per cent of the overall mortality rate. The main contaminants were Salmonella, whose number is steadily decreasing, and Campylobacter, but parasite and phycotoxic risks are increasing. Mortality due to chemical contaminants is very low i.e., 10 cases or 0.002 per cent of overall mortality These contaminants, either accidental (dioxin, hydrocarbons, radioactive isotopes) or unavoidable (residues from phytochemicals, fertilisers) may be at the source of acute or chronic intoxications with sometimes unknown consequences. Nevertheless, food safety in France does not merit the spiteful term ,malbouffe'. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs war in Frankreich im Bereich der Tier- und Pflanzenproduktion ein deutlicher Zuwachs zu beobachten, welcher in den Augen der Verbraucher zunehmend auf Kosten der Produktqualität erreicht wurde. Der abwertende Begriff ,Malbouffe" (in etwa ,schlechtes Essen") entstand bald darauf nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Nahrungsmittelhygiene, sondern auch in Bezug auf die organoleptischen und technologischen Eigenschaften der Nahrungsmittel. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Nahrungsmittelsicherheit in Frankreich unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der aufgetretenen Infektionen durch Giftstoffe und der Kontamination von Nahrungsmitteln biologischen und chemischen Ursprungs. Der BSE-Ausbruch und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit des Menschen in Form von einer neuen Variante der Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Krankheit werden noch einmal betrachtet. Es wird hervor gehoben, dass die nahrungsmittelbedingte Sterblichkeit bei Menschen, die nahezu ausschließlich auf biologische Kontaminationen zurückzuführen ist, 1995 bei nur 647 Fällen lag, d.h. bei 0,12 Prozent der gesamten Sterblichkeitsrate. Die Nahrungsmittel wurden hauptsächlich durch Salmonellen (die Anzahl dieser Fälle nimmt kontinuierlich ab) und Campylobacter kontaminiert, die parasitären und phykotoxischen Risiken nehmen jedoch zu. Die auf chemische Kontaminationen zurückzuführende Sterblichkeit ist sehr gering und macht zehn Fälle oder 0,002 Prozent der gesamten Sterblichkeitsrate aus. Bei diesen Kontaminationen, die entweder zufällig herbei geführt werden (durch Dioxin, Kohlenwasserstoff, radioaktive Isotope) oder unvermeidbar sind (durch Rückstände pfl anzenchemischer Substanzen, Düngemittel), könnte es sich um die Ursache für akute oder chronische Vergiftungen handeln, welche zum Teil unbekannte Konsequenzen nach sich ziehen. Dennoch hat die Nahrungsmittelsicherheit in Frankreich den verächtlichen Begriff ,Malbouffe" nicht verdient. Après la fi n de la deuxième guerre mondiale, l'agriculture française a connu une augmentation spectaculaire des rendements des productions animale et végétale, rapidement accusée d'avoir été obtenue aux dépens de la qualité des produits consommés. Ainsi est apparue le terme barbare de «malbouffe», lié dans l'esprit des consommateurs, non seulement aux qualités hygiéniques de l'alimentation, mais également à ses caractéristiques sensorielles, voire technologiques. Ce rapport se focalise uniquement sur la salubrité alimentaire en France, soulignant, en particulier, l'évolution de l'incidence des toxi-infections et des contaminations alimentaires d'origine biologique et chimique. Après avoir rappelé l'épizootie de la vache folle (1000 cas en France depuis 1996 et actuellement en cours d'extinction) et de ses conséquences sur la santé humaine (nouvelle variante de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob) limitées actuellement à 13 cas mortels dans notre pays, ce rapport précise que la mortalité humaine liée à l'alimentation , presque totalement due à des contaminations biologiques - ne représentait en 1995 que 647 cas, i.e. 0.12% de la mortalité générale. Pour l'essentiel, ces contaminants sont des salmonelles, en baisse constante, et des campylobacter, mais on peut craindre la progression des risques parasitaires et phycotoxiques, encore réduits actuellement. La mortalité liée aux contaminants chimiques est très faible (10 cas, i.e. 0.002% de la mortalité générale); mais ces contaminants -qu'ils soient accidentels (dioxine, hydrocarbures, isotopes radio-actifs,) ou inévitables (résidus de phytosanitaires, d'engrais,)- peuvent être à l'origine de crises aiguës ou d'intoxications chroniques dont on ne connaît pas toujours les implications. Néanmoins, dans l'ensemble, la salubrité alimentaire en France ne mérite nullement la connotation malveillante du terme «malbouffe». [source]

    Is extreme right-wing populism contagious?

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005
    Explaining the emergence of a new party family
    As the old master frame of the extreme right was rendered impotent by the outcome of the Second World War, it took the innovation of a new, potent master frame before the extreme right was able to break electoral marginalization. Such a master frame , combining ethnonationalist xenophobia, based on the doctrine of ethnopluralism, with anti-political-establishment populism , evolved in the 1970s, and was made known as a successful frame in connection with the electoral breakthrough of the French Front National in 1984. This event started a process of cross-national diffusion, where embryonic extreme right-wing groups and networks elsewhere adopted the new frame. Hence, the emergence of similar parties, clustered in time (i.e., the birth of a new party family) had less to do with structural factors influencing different political systems in similar ways as with cross-national diffusion of frames. The innovation and diffusion of the new master frame was a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the emergence of extreme right-wing populist parties. In order to complete the model, a short list of different political opportunity structures is added. [source]

    The North American P group of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. is widely distributed in Pinus pinea forests of the western coast of central Italy

    FOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007
    L. D'Amico
    Summary The distribution of the North American P group of Heterobasidion annosum s.l., recently reported from a Pinus pinea forest in the surroundings of Rome, was studied using mating tests and DNA fingerprinting (mitochondrial DNA, random amplified microsatellite technique and two group-specific markers). This fungus is present in several forests and small plantations along the Tyrrhenian coast of the Italian peninsula, within an area approximately 100 km long, extending from Fregene in the north to the National Park of Circeo in the south, and 27 km wide including the city of Rome. In pine forests of Castelporziano, Castel Fusano and Anzio, where US troops resided during the Second World War, the North American P group is more frequent than the European P group. The low number of mating alleles in the Italian population of the North American P group supports the hypothesis of its origin from a small number of introductions. The near 100% sexual compatibility between the North American and European P groups, together with inconsistencies in results obtained with different identification methods of these groups, suggests that hybridization between the North American and European P populations occurs occasionally. [source]

    Zur Geschichte der Geowissenschaften im Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin.

    FOSSIL RECORD-MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE, Issue 1 2004
    Teil 6: Geschichte des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin 1910--200
    Abstract Die Entwicklung des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Instituts und Museums der Universität Berlin von einer Institution, die Geologie zusammen mit Paläontologie als eine Einheit vertrat, über eine Institution, die eine geotektonische Ausrichtung hatte, zu einer auf Paläontologie konzentrierten Institution wird nachvollzogen. Die beiden Institutsdirektoren am Anfang des 20sten Jahrhunderts waren Vertreter der allumfassenden Geologie des 19ten Jahrhunderts, während die beiden folgenden Direktoren eine Geologie ohne Paläontologie vertraten. Das führte zu einer Trennung der beiden Richtungen, und nach der III. Hochschulreform der DDR 1968 verblieb allein die sammlungsbezogene Paläontologie am Museum. Nach der Wiedervereinigung wurde ein Institut für Paläontologie mit biologischer Ausrichtung mit zwei Professuren, einer für Paläozoologie und einer für Paläobotanik, eingerichtet. The development of the Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Museum of the Museum für Naturkunde at the Humboldt University (formerly Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität) in Berlin from a geology-paleontology institution to a pure paleontology institution is described. The first two directors of the department in the beginning of the 20th century, Prof, von Branca and Prof. Pompeckj, represented a 19th century concept of a geology, which included paleontology, even vertebrate paleontology as the crown jewel of geology. They fought sometimes vigorously against a separation of paleontology from geology. The next two directors. Prof. Stille and Prof, von Bubnoff, were the leading geologists in Germany; to be a student of Stille was a special trade mark in geology of Germany. They represented a geology centered on tectonics. The separation of paleontology as separate section was prepared. The destructions of the Second World War, the following restaurations and the division of Germany into two States influenced strongly their directorships. The education of geologists at the Museum für Naturkunde ended with the III. University Reform of the German Democratic Republik in 1968. Paleontology was represented by the international renown vertebrate paleontologist, Prof. Dr. W. Gross, up to 1961. Since 1969, paleobotany was strengthened by the inclusion of the paleobotany unit of the Akademie der Wissenschaften into the museum. After reunification of Germany n 1990, the department was rebuild as a Institut für Palaontologie with close connection to biology, a unique situation in Germany. Two professorships, one for paleozoology, Prof. Schultze. and one for paleobotany, Prof. Mai, were established. The number of curators increased to ten from one under the first director of the 20th century. [source]

    Giorgio Agamben and the new biopolitical nomos

    GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2006
    Claudio Minca
    Abstract In this paper I reflect on the progressive normalization of a series of geographies of exception within Western democracies and, in particular, the relation of these to the new biopolitical power that is progressively affirming itself in our everyday lives , and that appears to be imposing itself as the new, secret, ontology of the political. I do so by engaging with the work of Giorgio Agamben and, specifically, interrogating the spatial architecture that underpins his theory of sovereign power. Starting from Agamben's spatial conceptualizations, I explore his attempt to trace the contours and the secret coordinates of the contemporary biopolitical nomos, a nomos rooted firmly in the crisis and progressive demolition of that which Carl Schmitt described as the ius publicum Europaeum. I note, moreover, how the definitive dissolution of the geographical nomos that had dominated the two centuries preceding the First World War, and the lack of a new, alternative, geographical nomos in the century which followed, can also be grasped by critically rereading some key episodes in the history of European geography; in particular, the contested legacy of the work of Friedrich Ratzel's grand geographical project and the Geopolitik experiment. What I suggest is that to understand the deep nature of the geographies of exception that arm the global war on terror, it is vital that we think in terms of a theory of space in order to try to unveil the Arcanum, the secret enigma of the empty centre around which turn the wheels of a new, macabre, geo-biopolitical machine. [source]

    Place Annihilation and Urban Reconstruction: The Experience of Four Towns in Brittany, 1940 to 1960

    GEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2000
    Hugh Clout
    Devastation, revival and reconstruction form guiding themes in this discussion of annihilated settlements in north-west France. For reasons of deep-water access and strategic location, the German occupiers decided to construct massive submarine bases at Brest, Lorient and Saint-Nazaire. Allied bombardment devastated the towns that surrounded them during the Second World War, while the heavily defended walled port of Saint-Malo was annihilated in 1944. With peace restored, prisoners of war and local labourers cleared mines, removed debris and installed large quantities of temporary housing. Development plans, drawn up in the interwar years, provided an important starting point for subsequent master plans which shaped postwar reconstruction. Working under the guidance of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Urbanism, chief planners, architects and reconstruction cooperatives refashioned property units and engineered the rebuilding of Brest, Lorient and Saint-Nazaire along thoroughly modern lines; by contrast, Saint-Malo was rebuilt much as it had been before the war. Many of the buildings of the 1950s now require refurbishment, and urgent initiatives need to be taken to revitalise the local economies of these reconstructed towns, whose role as naval bases, military arsenals and shipbuilding centres has contracted in the wake of political détente and deindustrialisation. [source]

    Geostatistical Simulation for the Assessment of Regional Soil Pollution

    GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2010
    Marc Van Meirvenne
    Regional scale inventories of heavy metal concentrations in soil increasingly are being done to evaluate their global patterns of variation. Sometimes these global pattern evaluations reveal information that is not identified by more detailed studies. Geostatistical methods, such as stochastic simulation, have not yet been used routinely for this purpose in spite of their potential. To investigate such a use of geostatistical methods, we analyzed a data set of 14,674 copper and 12,441 cadmium observations in the topsoil of Flanders, Belgium, covering 13,522 km2. Outliers were identified and removed, and the distributions were spatially declustered. Copper was analyzed using sequential Gaussian simulation, whereas for cadmium we used sequential indicator simulation because of the large proportion (43%) of censored data. We complemented maps of the estimated values with maps of the probability of exceeding a critical sanitation threshold for agricultural land use. These sets of maps allowed the identification of regional patterns of increased metal concentrations and provided insight into their potential causes. Mostly areas with known industrial activities (such as lead and zinc smelters) could be delineated, but the effects of shells fired during the First World War were also identified. En los estudios de contaminación de suelos as escala regional, es práctica común la implementación de inventarios de concentraciones de metales pesados en el suelo con el fin de evaluar sus patrones globales de variación espacial. A veces dichas evaluaciones de patrones globales proporcionan información que no son aparentes en estudios realizados a escalas más detalladas. En este contexto, a pesar del potencial analítico que poseen, los métodos geostadísticos como la simulación estocástica han recibido poca atención. Los autores del presente artículo proponen llenar este vacío aplicando métodos geostadísticos para el análisis de dos bases de datos: 14,674 observaciones de cobre (Cu) y 12,441 observaciones de cadmio (Cd). Los datos corresponden a la capa superior de suelo en un área de 13,522 km2 en Flandes, Belgica. Tras la remoción de los valores extremos (outliers) y la desaglomeración de las distribuciones, los autores analizan los datos vía dos procedimientos: a) una Simulación Secuencial Gausiana (SGS) para los datos de cobre, y b) una Simulación Secuencial Indicador (SIS). La diferencia en el tratamiento analítico para ambos metales obedece a la considerable proporción (43%) de datos censurados de cadmio. Los mapas resultantes de valores estimados fueron complementados con mapas que ilustran la probabilidad de exceder los umbrales críticos para uso agrícola de la tierra. Esta serie de mapas permitió la identificación de patrones regionales de concentraciones crecientes de metales y proporciono claves importantes acerca de sus posibles causas. Los patrones hallados coinciden con áreas donde se realizan actividades industriales (como fundiciones de plomo y zinc), pero también con la distribución espacial de casquillos de balas disparadas durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. [source]

    ,Aus Blut und Schmerz geboren': Maternal Grief and the Poetry of Frida Bettingen

    GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 3 2008
    Catherine Smale
    ABSTRACT This article analyses the impact of maternal grief on the literary creativity of the Expressionist poet Frida Bettingen (1865,1924). Examining the depiction of maternal love which emerges in Bettingen's later poems and her ambivalent attitude towards writing as a form of therapy, it argues that her verse offers an alternative to the responses to loss outlined by Freud in his essay on mourning and melancholia. Finally, the article explores the ways in which Bettingen's ambivalence leads her to experiment with the poetic medium. She engages with and adapts contemporary discourses in order to situate her grief within the collective response to the losses of the First World War whilst still retaining a sense of the private significance of her son's death. [source]

    German Academics in British Universities During the First World War: The Case of Karl Wichmann1

    GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2007
    Christopher T. Husbands
    ABSTRACT Despite the scholarly attention given to the treatment of Germans in Great Britain during the First World War, there are only sparse details in this historical literature about how those of German origin working specifically in higher education were treated. This article considers Professors of German of German origin in British higher education, focusing on the hitherto little-reported case of Karl Wichmann (better known as a minor German/English lexicographer), who was employed as Professor of German at the University of Birmingham from 1907 to 1917. It considers the circumstances leading to Wichmann's resignation in March 1917 and discusses the known details of what happened to him thereafter. [source]

    On the (In)Compatibility of Guilt and Suffering in German Memory1

    GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 2 2006
    Aleida Assmann
    This article analyses the current shift in German memory concerning the issue of German suffering at the end of the Second World War. Contrary to widely held belief, these themes are not novel: German suffering was a topic of discourse immediately after the war in the private and political sphere. What is new in the current context, however, is the intensity of the unexpected return of these issues and their wide social resonance among different classes and generations. With this shift in focus, new memory contests arise. One paradigmatic case is the polarity created between a memory of German guilt and a memory of German suffering as represented by the two popular historians Hannes Heer and Jörg Friedrich; another concerns the (still ongoing) debate around a new centre for flight and expulsion. It is argued that the impasse of recent cultural memory debate typified by Heer and Friedrich can be surpassed by a more complex understanding of the structure of memory. According to this view, various levels of heterogeneous memory can exist side by side if they are contained within a normative frame of generally accepted validity. [source]

    The Super-Hun and the Super-State: Allied Propaganda and German Philosophy during the First World War

    GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2001
    Gregory Moore
    When war broke out in August 1914, intellectuals on both sides sought to discover the underlying causes of the catastrophe not in mundane political events, but in the dominant ideologies and native intellectual traditions of the Great Powers. German scholars argued that Europe was witnessing a truly world-historical conflict rooted in the mutual antagonism that existed between two fundamentally different forms of life, a confrontation which the sociologist Werner Sombart summed up as the battle between the rapacious ,Händler' of utilitarian Britain and the idealistic ,Helden' defending a superior German Kultur. British academics conceived the war in no less apocalyptic terms: this was a struggle pitting the forces of democracy against a brutal predatory militarism, the basic impulse of which was to assert the supremacy of the state over the individual. Although initially Nietzsche and Treitschke were denounced as the figures most directly responsible for fostering this belligerent spirit, soon the entire German philosophical canon came under scrutiny. This essay examines some of the spurious genealogies of Prussian immorality which Allied writers concocted to elucidate the deeper meaning of the war. [source]

    ,Selbstgefühl, Todesschicksal', and the end of ,Parteidichtung': Herybert Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder (1943)

    GERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 4 2001
    Martin Travers
    The ,Parteidichtung' published in the Third Reich is commonly viewed as formally rigid and thematically trite political propaganda. Such a judgement accurately describes the work produced by poets such as Heinrich Anacker, Baldur von Schirach and Hans Baumann, a group of writers known as the ,Junge Mannschaft'. Theirs was a functional poetry, written to be narrated, sung, or chanted on private and public occasions, with the aim of mobilising readers and performers alike in the direction of the ,national revolution' and, later, in support for Germany's efforts in the Second World War. Viewed within this context, Herybert Menzel's volume of poetry, Anders kehren wir wieder (1943), is a remarkable achievement: written by one of the leading voices within the ,Junge Mannschaft', this is a book that speaks not of self-confident bravura and unshakeable faith in the mission of National Socialist Germany, but of personal loss, doubt, and of the travails and insecurities brought about by war, sentiments made even more effective by being framed in the near-Expressionist style used by the author. The very existence of Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder seems to suggest that even within the genre of officially sanctioned National Socialist literature important idiosyncratic voices could be heard. [source]

    Impact of past and present land-management on the C-balance of a grassland in the Swiss Alps

    GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 11 2008
    NELE ROGIERS
    Abstract Grasslands cover about 40% of the ice-free global terrestrial surface, but their quantitative importance in global carbon exchange with the atmosphere is still highly uncertain, and thus their potential for carbon sequestration remains speculative. Here, we report on CO2 exchange of an extensively used mountain hay meadow and pasture in the Swiss pre-Alps on high-organic soils (7,45% C by mass) over a 3-year period (18 May 2002,20 September 2005), including the European summer 2003 heat-wave period. During all 3 years, the ecosystem was a net source of CO2 (116,256 g C m,2 yr,1). Harvests and grazing cows (mostly via C export in milk) further increased these C losses, which were estimated at 355 g C m,2 yr,1 during 2003 (95% confidence interval 257,454 g C m,2 yr,1). Although annual carbon losses varied considerably among years, the CO2 budget during summer 2003 was not very different from the other two summers. However, and much more importantly, the winter that followed the warm summer of 2003 observed a significantly higher carbon loss when there was snow (133±6 g C m,2) than under comparable conditions during the other two winters (73±5 and 70±4 g C m,2, respectively). The continued annual C losses can most likely be attributed to the long-term effects of drainage and peat exploitation that began 119 years ago, with the last significant drainage activities during the Second World War around 1940. The most realistic estimate based on depth profiles of ash content after combustion suggests that there is an 500,910 g C m,2 yr,1 loss associated with the decomposition of organic matter. Our results clearly suggest that putting efforts into preserving still existing carbon stocks may be more successful than attempts to increase sequestration rates in such high-organic mountain grassland soils. [source]

    Local attachments and transnational everyday lives: second-generation Italians in Switzerland

    GLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 3 2010
    SUSANNE WESSENDORF
    Abstract Many descendants of migrants grow up in the context of lively transnational social relations to their parents' homeland. Among southern Italian migrants in Switzerland, these relations are imbued with the wish to return among the first generation, a dream fostered since the beginning of their migration after the Second World War. Second-generation Italians have developed different ways of negotiating the transnational livelihoods fostered by their parents on the one hand, and the wish for local attachments on the other. In this article I discuss how the children of Italian migrants have created their own cultural repertoires of Italianità and belonging within Switzerland and with co-ethnic peers, and how, for some, this sense of belonging evokes the wish for ,roots migration', the relocation to the parents' homeland. With the example of two trajectories of local attachment and transnationalism among members of the second generation of the same origin, I question existing work on the second generation that assumes commonalities among them on the grounds of ethnicity and region of origin. [source]

    ,Brain circulation' and transnational knowledge networks: studying long-term effects of academic mobility to Germany, 1954,2000

    GLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 3 2009
    HEIKE JÖNS
    Abstract ,Brain circulation' has become a buzzword for describing the increasingly networked character of highly skilled migration. In this article, the concept is linked to academics' work on circular mobility to explore the long-term effects of their research stays in Germany during the second half of the twentieth century. Based on original survey data on more than 1800 former visiting academics from 93 countries, it is argued that this type of brain circulation launched a cumulative process of subsequent academic mobility and collaboration that contributed significantly to the reintegration of Germany into the international scientific community after the Second World War and enabled the country's rise to the most important source for international co-authors of US scientists and engineers in the twenty-first century. In this article I discuss regional and disciplinary specificities in the formation of transnational knowledge networks through circulating academics and suggest that the long-term effects can be fruitfully conceptualized as accumulation processes in ,centres of calculation'. [source]

    Transnational women's activism in Japan and Korea:the unresolved issue of military sexual slavery

    GLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 2 2001
    Nicola Piper
    This article is about the transnational links formed between the Korean and Japanese women,s movements in their campaign on behalf of the victims of ,military sexual slavery' during the Second World War. There is a growing literature that examines such networks. Yet, a deeper understanding of the emergence and activities of transnational advocacy networks is needed, particularly in the context of political opportunity structures. Social scientists who have developed the concept of political opportunity structures have, however, not provided a gender-specific analysis of these. Of particular interest is the exploration of the role played by gender in an international human rights discourse as a political opportunity structure for women's groups in Korea and Japan. This article, thus, explores the ways in which the feminist movements in Korea and Japan have made use of transnational legal means in politicizing and popularizing the issue of ,military sexual slavery' at both regional and global scales. [source]

    Americans in the Dark?

    GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 2 2003
    Recent Hollywood Representations of the Nation's History
    This article examines how Hollywood blockbuster movies made since the 1970s have commonly presented a distorted and conventional narrative of American history, in respect both to domestic incidents and to engagements abroad. Equally distorting is the image of America as a highly homogeneous society projected through popular television shows. These patterns are investigated in the following way. First, the article presents an overview of how early Hollywood movies dealt with the country's immigrant and racial diversity. Secondly, the effect of mobilization in both the Second World War and the cold war in inducing a narrow sense of national identity in movies is examined. Thirdly, these two sections provide a prelude to the analysis of historical distortion and ideology in selected major Hollywood blockbusters. [source]

    The British Naval Staff in the First World War , By Nicholas Black

    HISTORY, Issue 317 2010
    MATTHEW S. SELIGMANN
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Pacifists, Patriots and the Vote: The Erosion of Democratic Suffragism in Britain during the First World War By Jo Vellacott

    HISTORY, Issue 312 2008
    KEITH LAYBOURN
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Contesting Home Defence: Men, Women and the Home Guard in the Second World War By Penny Summerfield and Corinna Peniston-Bird

    HISTORY, Issue 310 2008
    DEBORAH THOM
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Spies in Uniform: British Military and Naval Intelligence on the Eve of the First World War By Matthew S. Seligmann

    HISTORY, Issue 304 2006
    JEREMY BLACK
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    INCONGRUOUS IMAGES: "BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER" THE HOLOCAUST,

    HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2009
    MARIANNE HIRSCH
    ABSTRACT When historians, archivists, and museologists turn to Eastern European photos from family albums or collections,for example, photos from the decades preceding the Holocaust and the early years of the Second World War,they seek visual evidence or illustrations of the past. But photographs may refuse to fit expected narratives and interpretations, revealing both more and less than we expect. Focusing on photos of Jews taken on the main avenues of Cernǎu,i, Romania, before the Second World War and during the city's occupation by Fascist Romanians and their Nazi-German allies, this essay shows how a close reading of these vernacular images, both for what they show and what they are unable to show, can challenge the "before, during, and after" timeline that, in Holocaust historiography, we have come to accept as a given. [source]

    History and Story: Unconventional History in Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient and James A. Michener's Tales of the South Pacific

    HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2002
    Madhumalati Adhikari
    "Literary history" is a cross between conventional (scientific) history and pure fiction. The resulting hybrid provides access to history that the more conventional sort does not (in particular, a sense of the experiences of the historical actors, and the human meaning of historical events). This claim is demonstrated by an analysis of two novels about World War II, The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje, and Tales of the South Pacific by James Michener. These two very different novels in English are by writers themselves very different from each other, writers from different times, different social and political backgrounds, and different points of view. Their novels examine the effects of the Second World War and the events of 1942 on the human psyche, and suggest how human beings have always searched for the silver lining despite the devastation and devaluation of values. Both novels resist any kind of preaching, and yet the search for peace, balance, and kindness is constantly highlighted. The facts of scientific history are woven into the loom of their unconventional histories. The sense of infirmity created by the formal barriers of traditional history is eased, and new possibilities for historical understanding are unveiled. [source]

    History, Memory, and the Law: The Historian as Expert Witness

    HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2002
    Richard J. Evans
    There has been a widespread recovery of public memory of the events of the Second World War since the end of the 1980s, with war crimes trials, restitution actions, monuments and memorials to the victims of Nazism appearing in many countries. This has inevitably involved historians being called upon to act as expert witnesses in legal actions, yet there has been little discussion of the problems that this poses for them. The French historian Henry Rousso has argued that this confuses memory with history. In the aftermath of the Second World War, judicial investigations unearthed a mass of historical documentation. Historians used this, and further researches, from the 1960s onwards to develop their own ideas and interpretations. But since the early 1990s there has been a judicialization of history, in which historians and their work have been forced into the service of moral and legal forms of judgment which are alien to the historical enterprise and do violence to the subleties and nuances of the historian's search for truth. This reflects Rousso's perhaps rather simplistically scientistic view of the historian's enterprise; yet his arguments are powerful and should be taken seriously by any historian considering involvement in a law case; they also have a wider implication for the moralization of the history of the Second World War, which is now dominated by categories such as "perpetrator,""victim," and "bystander" that are legal rather than historical in origin. The article concludes by suggesting that while historians who testify in war crimes trials should confine themselves to elucidating the historical context, and not become involved in judging whether an individual was guilty or otherwise of a crime, it remains legitimate to offer expert opinion, as the author of the article has done, in a legal action that turns on the research and writing of history itself. [source]

    The Empire's War Recalled: Recent Writing on the Western Front Experience of Britain, Ireland, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa and the West Indies

    HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2009
    John Connor
    The ninetieth anniversary of the end of the First World War in 2008 was marked with the publication of a number of works in many parts of what was once the British Empire. We saw an increased output in publications on the Western Front. In Britain, the recent literature attempts to rehabilitate Douglas Haig and define the ,learning curve' that enabled the British army to defeat Germany in 1918. In Australia, Canada and New Zealand, the performance of their soldiers on the Western Front is seen as central to national identity and this now focuses on military success rather than sacrifice in a futile war. In India, South Africa and Jamaica, there is a renewed interest in linking the First World War to national identities based on the independence or liberation struggle. In Ireland, the Great War is seen as a shared experience that can link the Nationalist and Unionist traditions in Northern Ireland and the Republic. The article concludes that this interest in the Western Front will continue into the next decade in the lead-up to the centenary of the First World War. [source]

    The Domestic Soldier: British Housewives and the Nation in the Second World War1

    HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2006
    Jennifer Purcell
    Historical research has previously emphasized the experiences of women in paid employment over those of housewives during the Second World War. Recent historians have begun to redress this imbalance; however, more research is necessary in order to understand the ways in which women, as housewives, perceived their part in the war effort. This article considers the ways in which housewives negotiated conflicting messages aimed at women during the war in order to create a place for themselves in the British nation. [source]