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Work Incentives (work + incentive)
Selected AbstractsWork Incentives under a New Tax System: The Distribution of Effective Marginal Tax Rates in 2002THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue SpecialIssue 2003Gillian Beer Effective marginal tax rates (EMTRs) provide a way of measuring the balance between targeting of welfare payments and the financial incentive to work. High EMTRs result from income tests for welfare payments overlapping with each other and/or the income tax system. Individuals who face high EMTRs over broad ranges of income have little financial incentive to increase their earned income. This paper examines the distribution of EMTRs across the Australian labour force in 2002. It also looks at how the number of people facing high EMTRs has changed since the introduction of the new tax system. [source] The Labour Market Impact of the Working Families' Tax CreditFISCAL STUDIES, Issue 1 2000RICHARD BLUNDELL Abstract In October 1999, the working families' tax credit (WFTC) replaced family credit as the main package of in-work support for families with children. Among a range of stated aims, the WFTC is intended to,, improve work incentives, encouraging people without work to move into employment'. In this paper, we consider the impact of WFTC on hours and participation. To simulate labour supply responses, we use a discrete behavioural model of household labour supply with controls for fixed and childcare costs, and unobserved heterogeneity. In simulation, we experiment with a number of scenarios regarding the take-up of the credit, entry wage level and hourly childcare price. We find participation rates among single mothers to increase by around 2.2 percentage points for the base-case scenario, while for married women participation rates are modelled to fall. Our simulation results indicate a small increase in overall participation of around 30,000 individuals. [source] Influence of Social Support, Work Overload, and Parity on Pregnant Career Women's Psychological Well-BeingJOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOBEHAVIORAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2008Adebayo O. Adejumo The influence of social support, work overload, and parity on psychological well-being of pregnant career women was investigated. Women executives (N200) attending antenatal clinics were selected. A 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant independent influence of social support (F(1, 199) = 26.51, p < 0.05) and work overload (F(1, 199) = 461.76, p < 0.05), and significant joint effect of social support and work overload. There was no significant effect of parity (F(1, 199) = 0.72, p > 0.05). Combinations of parity, social support, and work overload were also not significant (F(1, 199) = 0.80, p > 0.05). Social support and appropriate work incentives are helpful in assisting pregnant women executives in coping with psychological changes during pregnancy. [source] How welfare reform affects young children: Experimental findings from Connecticut,A research noteJOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2003Susanna Loeb As welfare-to-work reforms increase women's labor market attachment, the lives of their young children are likely to change. This note draws on a random-assignment experiment in Connecticut to ask whether mothers' rising employment levels and program participation are associated with changes in young children's early learning and cognitive growth. Children of mothers who entered Connecticut's Jobs First program, an initiative with strict 21-month time limits and work incentives, displayed moderate advantages in their early learning, compared with those in a control group. A number of potential mechanisms for this effect are explored, including maternal employment and income, home environment, and child care. Mothers in the new welfare program are more likely to be employed, have higher income, are less likely to be married, have more children's books in their home, and take their children to libraries and museums more frequently. However, these effects explain little of the observed gain in child outcomes. Other parenting practices and the home's social environment do explain early learning, but these remained unaffected by welfare reform. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management [source] Child Poverty in Britain and the United States*THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 488 2003Richard Dickens Child poverty rose sharply in Britain and the US in the period preceding the Blair and Clinton governments, so that over a third of children were in poverty in both countries. Demographic change, falls in work and increasing wage inequality all contributed to this rise in Britain, with benefit changes having an offsetting effect. In the US, demographic and wages changes were the drivers. Both administrations acted with a range of welfare reforms aimed at increasing work incentives and, in Britain benefits for those not working were also raised. Child poverty fell under the Blair and Clinton governments; with work and benefit changes explaining most of the fall in Britain and work and demographic change the US fall. [source] | ||||||||||