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White Counterparts (white + counterpart)
Selected AbstractsEthnic Labels and Ethnic Identity as Predictors of Drug Use among Middle School Students in the SouthwestJOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 1 2001Flavio Francisco Marsiglia This article explores differences in the self-reported drug use and exposure to drugs of an ethnically diverse group of 408 seventh-grade students from a large city in the southwest. We contrast the explanatory power of ethnic labels (African American, non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, and mixed ethnicity) and two dimensions of ethnic identity in predicting drug use. One dimension focuses on perceived ethnically consistent behavior, speech, and looks, while the other gauges a sense of ethnic pride. Ethnic labels were found to be somewhat useful in identifying differences in drug use, but the two ethnic identity measures, by themselves, did not generally help to explain differences in drug use. In conjunction, however, ethnic labels and ethnic identity measures explained far more of the differences in drug use than either did alone. The findings indicate that the two dimensions of ethnic identity predict drug outcomes in opposite ways, and these relations are different for minority students and non-Hispanic White students. Generally, African American, Mexican American, and mixed-ethnicity students with a strong sense of ethnic pride reported less drug use and exposure, while ethnically proud White students reported more. Ethnic minority students who viewed their behavior, speech, and looks as consistent with their ethnic group reported more drug use and exposure, while their White counterparts reported less. These findings are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided. [source] UNEQUAL ATTENDANCE: THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RACE, ORGANIZATIONAL DIVERSITY CUES, AND ABSENTEEISMPERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2007DEREK R. AVERY Although prior evidence has demonstrated racial differences in employee absenteeism, no existing research explains this phenomenon. The present study examined the roles of 2 diversity cues related to workplace support,perceived organizational value of diversity and supervisor,subordinate racial/ethnic similarity,in explicating this demographic difference among 659 Black, White, and Hispanic employees of U.S. companies. Blacks reported significantly more absences than their White counterparts, but this difference was significantly more pronounced when employees believed their organizations placed little value on diversity. Moreover, in a form of expectancy violation, the Black,White difference was significant only when employees had racially similar supervisors (and thus would expect their companies to value diversity) and perceived that the organization placed little value on diversity. [source] Antidiabetic Drug Therapy of African-American and White Community-Dwelling Elderly Over a 10-Year PeriodJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 12 2003Catherine I. Lindblad PharmD Objectives: To determine the prevalence and predictors of antidiabetic medication use over a 10-year period in a general population of African-American and white community-dwelling elderly. Design: Survey. Setting: Five adjacent counties (one urban and four rural) in the Piedmont area of North Carolina. Participants: Those aged 65 and older present at the baseline (n=4,136), second (n=3,234), third (n=2,508), and fourth (n=1,633) in-person waves of the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Measurements: The use of six discrete categories of antidiabetic medications (insulin, first-generation oral sulfonylureas, second-generation oral sulfonylureas, metformin, oral combination therapy, and insulin combination therapy) was determined. Multivariate analyses, using weighted data adjusted for sampling design, were conducted to assess the association between antidiabetic medication use and race and other sociodemographic, health-status, and access-to-healthcare factors at baseline and 10 years later. Results: Antidiabetic medications were taken by 21.4% of the population at baseline; this increased to 28.1% at the 10-year follow-up (P<.001). Insulin was the most commonly used drug at baseline (7.9%). The use of second-generation sulfonylureas increased, and use of first-generation sulfonylureas decreased over the 10-year time period. Combination antidiabetic therapy and metformin use was infrequent throughout the study. Multivariate analyses revealed that, at baseline, African Americans were nearly twice as likely (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.46,2.54) to receive any antidiabetic medication as their white counterparts. Other significant (P<.05) factors were hypertension (AOR=1.38, 95% CI=1.03,1.84), stroke (AOR=1.98, 95% CI=1.43,2.73), one or more mobility difficulties (AOR=1.29, 95% CI=1.01,1.66), continuity of care (AOR=1.74, 95% CI=1.20,2.54), and multiple doctor visits (1,4 visits, AOR=1.69, 95% CI=1.08,2.65; ,5 visits, AOR=3.15, 95% CI=1.95,5.07). Being underweight (AOR=0.45, 95% CI=0.30,0.67) and being cognitively impaired (AOR=0.60, 95% CI=0.41,0.87) were factors significantly (P<.05) associated with a decreased risk of antidiabetic medication use. At the 10-year follow-up, similar trends were seen associating these sociodemographic, health-status, and access-to-healthcare factors with antidiabetic medication use. Conclusion: Antidiabetic medication use is common and increases over time for community-dwelling elderly. Race is significantly associated with antidiabetic medication use, even after controlling for other sociodemographic, health-status, and access-to-healthcare variables. [source] THE ENTANGLEMENT OF RACE AND COGNITIVE DIS/ABILITYMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 3-4 2009ANNA STUBBLEFIELD Abstract: To consider blackness and cognitive disability together is paradoxical. On one hand, supposed black intellectual deficit has been used by white elites as a justification for antiblack oppression. On the other, both black children who are struggling in school and black adults labeled with developmental disabilities are less likely than their white counterparts to access the best support services available. These problems cut across a commonly drawn,but, I argue, erroneous,divide between the "judgment" categories of mild cognitive impairment into which black children are disproportionately placed and the "organic" categories of severe cognitive impairment. This division is itself part of the contemporary collective denial of the racialized history and construction of our notion of intellect that ends up harming black Americans. [source] Psychosocial Differences Between Whites and African Americans Living With HIV/AIDS in Rural Areas of 13 US StatesTHE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2006Bernadette Davantes Heckman PhD ABSTRACT:,Context: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevalence rates are increasing rapidly in rural areas of the United States. As rural African Americans are increasingly affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it is important to identify psychosocial factors unique to this group so that AIDS mental health interventions can be culturally contextualized to meet their unique needs. Purpose: The current study characterized psychosocial functioning in 43 rural African Americans living with HIV/AIDS and compared their levels of functioning to those of 196 HIV-infected rural white persons. Methods: All participants were recruited through AIDS service organizations in 13 US states. Surveys were completed as part of a preintervention phase of a randomized clinical trial evaluating 2 mental health interventions for HIV-infected rural persons. Findings: Compared to their white counterparts, fewer African Americans had progressed to AIDS. African American participants also reported higher levels of coping self-efficacy, more support from family members, and marginally fewer depressive symptoms, and they engaged in more active coping. African Americans who had greater HIV disease severity also received less support from family members and experienced more loneliness. Conclusions: Study findings caution that rural African Americans and whites living with HIV disease should not be considered a homogeneous group. [source] Reliance on erythema scores may mask severe atopic dermatitis in black children compared with their white counterpartsBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2002M.A. Ben-Gashir SummaryBackground The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been shown to be higher in London-born black Caribbean children than in their white counterparts, but little is known about the severity of the disease. Objectives To carry out a longitudinal survey to investigate potential risk factors for AD severity in children. We report our findings in relation to differences in disease severity between white and black children and the effect of inclusion and exclusion of erythema scores on this comparison. Methods The recruited children were identified by their general practitioners (GPs) as having presented with AD, and the U.K. diagnostic criteria for AD were used to verify the diagnosis. Interview and clinical examination of children took place up to four times, 6 months apart. Each time, the same observer assessed AD severity using the SCORAD (SCORe Atopic Dermatitis) index. Potential risk factors and confounders were evaluated with a five-page questionnaire. Non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis and the study participant remained the unit of the analysis. Results In total, 137 children (82 urban and 55 rural) were recruited, and each seen up to four times. This gave 380 observations (69% of an expected 548). The urban population contained 42 (51%) white children, 26 (32%) black children and 14 (17%) from other races. The rural population was entirely white. The 14 children from other races were completely excluded from the statistical analysis. The black children were all born in the U.K. On crude analysis, children with black skin showed a non-significantly lower risk of severe disease when compared with white children (odds ratio, OR 0·84; 95% confidence interval, CI 0·4,1·76; P = 0·65), while a highly significantly increased risk was found after adjusting for erythema score (OR 5·93; 95% CI 1·94,18·12; P = 0·002). The difference remained significant even after controlling for other potential confounders. Conclusions Black children with AD are about six times more at risk of having severe AD than their white counterparts. GPs and dermatologists should note that erythema can be a misleading indicator of severity in black children. Difficulties of assessment due to skin pigmentation might mean that severe cases are not being detected and appropriately treated. [source] Influence of family history and preventive health behaviors on colorectal cancer screening in African AmericansCANCER, Issue 2 2008CRNP, Kathleen A. Griffith PhD Abstract BACKGROUND. African Americans (AAs) have low rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. To the authors' knowledge, factors that influence their participation, especially individuals with a family history of CRC ("family history"), are not well understood. METHODS. A secondary analysis of the 2002 Maryland Cancer Survey data examined predictors of risk-appropriate, timely CRC screening ("screening") in AAs with a family history and in individuals without a family history. Predictors that were evaluated included age, sex, family history, mammogram or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, body mass index, activity, fruit/vegetable consumption, alcohol, smoking, perceived risk of cancer, education, employment, insurance, access to a healthcare provider, and healthcare provider recommendation of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and/or sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy. RESULTS. In individuals without a family history of CRC (N = 492), recommendation for FOBT (odds ratio [OR] of 11.90; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.84,20.71) and sigmoidoscopy/colonscopy (OR of 7.06; 95% CI, 4.11,12.14), moderate/vigorous activity (OR of 1.74; 95% CI, 1.06,2.28), and PSA screening history (OR of 2.68; 95% CI, 1.01,7.81) were found to be predictive of screening. In individuals with a family history (N = 88), recommendation for sigmoidoscopy/colonscopy (OR of 24.3; 95%, CI 5.30,111.34) and vigorous activity (OR of 5.21; 95% CI, 1.09,24.88) were found to be predictive of screening. However, family history did not predict screening when the analysis was controlled for age, education, and insurance. AAs who had a family history were less likely to screen compared with their white counterparts (N = 293) and compared with AAs who were at average risk for CRC (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS. Regardless of family history, healthcare provider recommendation and activity level were important predictors of screening. Lower screening rates were observed in AAs who had a family history compared with individuals who did not. The authors believe that, for AAs who have a family history, further examination of barriers and facilitators to CRC screening within the cultural context is warranted. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society. [source] | |||||||||||||