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Kinds of White Terms modified by White Selected AbstractsAnti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody inhibits autoimmune responses in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosusIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Bailin Liang Summary Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease resulting from dysregulation of the immune system. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine produced by macrophages, monocytes and T and B cells. It stimulates B-cell differentiation/maturation, immunoglobulin secretion, and T-cell functions. Elevated levels of IL-6 in serum, urine and renal glomeruli were detected in patients with active SLE and in murine models of SLE. Our study investigated the role of IL-6 in an SLE-like disease in New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W) F1 mice by administration of an anti-murine IL-6 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Intraperitoneal administration of the anti-IL-6 mAb suppressed the production of anti-dsDNA autoantibody. B-cell proliferation induced by anti-IgM and anti-CD40 was lower in the anti-IL-6 mAb-treated mice, ex vivo studies demonstrated that anti-IL-6 mAb treatment inhibited anti-dsDNA production. Anti-CD3-induced T-cell proliferation and mixed lymphocyte reactions were inhibited by anti-IL-6 mAb treatment, indicating a partial down-regulation of T cells. Histological analysis showed that treatment with anti-IL-6 mAb prevented the development of severe kidney disease. These results suggest that treatment with anti-IL-6 mAb has a beneficial effect on autoimmunity in murine SLE and that autoreactive B cells may be the primary target for anti-IL-6 mAb treatment; its effect on autoreactive T cells is also indicated. [source] ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION AND CHANGES IN HOMICIDE ARREST RATES FOR WHITE AND BLACK YOUTHS, 1967,1998: A NATIONAL TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2001STEVEN F. MESSNER Using time-series techniques with national data for 1967,98, we model the effects on changes in age-race-specific arrest rates of changes in indicators of economic deprivation. A measure of child poverty is positively related to juvenile arrest rates for both races, whereas changing unemployment (lagged) yields a surprising negative effect on youth offending. Measures of intraracial income inequality are also associated with changes in juvenile arrest rates, but the effects differ by race. Between-race inequality is unrelated to changes in arrest rates for both races. Our general conclusion is that fluctuations in juvenile homicide offending over recent decades can be understood, at least in part, with reference to the macro-economic environment confronting young people and their families. [source] 3. THE PUBLIC RELEVANCE OF HISTORICAL STUDIES: A REJOINDER TO HAYDEN WHITE,HISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2005A. DIRK MOSES ABSTRACT Hayden White wants history to serve life by having it inspire an ethical consciousness, by which he means that in facing the existential questions of life, death, trauma, and suffering posed by human history, people are moved to formulate answers to them rather than to feel that they have no power to choose how they live. The ethical historian should craft narratives that inspire people to live meaningfully rather than try to provide explanations or reconstructions of past events that make them feel as if they cannot control their destiny. This Nietzschean-inspired vision of history is inadequate because it cannot gainsay that a genocidal vision of history is immoral. White may be right that cultural relativism results in cultural pluralism and toleration, but what if most people are not cultural relativists, and believe fervently in their right to specific lands at the expense of other peoples? White does not think historiography or perhaps any moral system can provide an answer. Is he right? This rejoinder argues that the communicative rationality implicit in the human sciences does provide norms about the moral use of history because it institutionalizes an intersubjectivity in which the use of the past is governed by norms of impartiality and fair-mindedness, and protocols of evidence based on honest research. Max Weber, equally influenced by Nietzsche, developed an alternative vision of teaching and research that is still relevant today. [source] THE ENDURING POWER OF RACISM: A RECONSIDERATION OF WINTHROP JORDAN'S WHITE OVER BLACKHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 2 2005LAURENCE SHORE ABSTRACT As a history of the origins and development of American racism, White over Black received great acclaim upon its publication in 1968. Deeply researched and covering some 650 pages, it eschewed professional jargon and offered a deft prose style and close attention to matters of sexuality in revealing the origins and lasting influence of racist attitudes arising from Englishmen's impressions of blacks before they became, preeminently, slaves in North America. Jordan's careful weighing of evidence and causation made readers appreciate what he believed his evidence repeatedly demonstrated about white Americans' attitudes toward African-Americans: "the power of irrationality in men." Despite the initial acclaim and scholarly achievement, White over Black soon lost pace with the curve of politics and academic fashion. By the mid-1970s, the post-World War II liberal consensus on racial issues had disintegrated, and professional historians were writing principally for other professional historians. Within a decade after its publication, White over Black was relegated to the wasteland of the "suggested supplemental reading list." However, the book's grasp of the fundamental historical issues requiring explanation has received recent affirmation from influential scholarly and political quarters. A dispassionate review of the literature leading up to and following White over Black's publication indicates that Jordan's emphasis on the causal contribution of racist attitudes to the rise of African slavery in British North America was on target. Moreover, Jordan's appreciation that academic historians should write for nonprofessionals is now widely held inside the academy. The historical accuracy and cogency of expression of Jordan's perspective on race and slavery make White over Black worth reexamining. [source] EFFECT OF HOT WATER IMMERSION ON PEEL COLOR OF PEARS AND ON WHITE ROT CAUSED BY BOTRYOSPHAERIA BERENGERIANAJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 5 2003MUHAMMAD IMRAN AL-HAQ After HWI at 40, 45, 48, 50, 52 and 54C for varying immersion periods, the pears were held at 20C, , 90% RH (simulated retail conditions). The peel color (L*, a*, b*) was determined before and after HWI treatment. The dominant role of L* suggested that peel darkening was the major factor in color change of the HWI treated pears. The L* value of 54 was judged as the border line for acceptability and less than 51 resulted in browning. Similarly the critical points for a*, b*, chroma, hue and ,E* were found to be ,6, 34, 35, 100, and 8, respectively. Disease incidence recorded 7 days after treatment revealed that High Temperature Short Time (HTST) treatment of 54C for 3 min reduced incidence about 85% with good retention of color. Both temperature and immersion period are to be carefully selected to prolong shelf-life and retain the peel color quality of ,La-France'pears. [source] FR VICTOR WHITE, O. P. THE STORY OF JUNG'S ,WHITE RAVEN' by Clodagh WeldonNEW BLACKFRIARS, Issue 1022 2008AIDAN NICHOLS OP No abstract is available for this article. [source] BLACK AND WHITE AND THE INVERTED SPECTRUMTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 227 2007Justin Broackes To the familiar idea of an undetectable spectrum inversion some have added the idea of inverted earth. This new combination of ideas is even harder to make coherent, particularly as it applies to a supposed inversion of black and white counteracted by an environmental switch of these. Black and white exhibit asymmetries in their connections with illumination, shadow and visibility, which rule out their being reversed. And since the most saturated yellow is light and the most saturated blue dark, yellow and blue could not be reversed unless light and dark could be. The difficulties suggest some more general morals for how to think of the role of "qualia" in colour perception. [source] ON THE WHITE AND COLOURED MARBLES OF THE ROMAN TOWN OF CUICUL (DJEMILA, ALGERIA)ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 4 2010F. ANTONELLI This paper reports the results of an archaeometric study of the local and imported marbles found in the Roman town of Cuicul (now Djemila, Algeria), a research project funded by the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Union. Of the few imported coloured lithotypes that have been found, four are of Greek origin and one was imported from Asia Minor. In addition, two other classical Roman coloured stones found on the site are probably of local North African origin (most likely one from Numidia and one from Algeria). With regard to the grey and white marbles employed in the statuary and architecture, petrographic study in thin section and the ,13C and ,18O isotopic data emphasize the frequent use of the local fine-grained lithotype from Filfila (Skikda) together with imported Greek lithotypes (i.e., Pentelic marble, the dolomitic variety of Thasian marble, and Parian marble from Lakkoi) as well as different varieties of the so-called ,greco scritto', whose provenance in some cases still remains uncertain. In fact, the petrographic and geochemical features of the marbles do not always match those known for the classical ,greco scritto' from the quarry of Cap de Garde, near Annaba (Algeria). [source] Developing a Multicultural Curriculum in a Predominantly White Teaching Context: Lessons From an African American Teacher in a Suburban English ClassroomCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 4 2005H. RICHARD MILNER ABSTRACT The author sought to understand an African American English teacher's multicultural curriculum transformation and teaching in a suburban, mostly White, high school. Building on Banks's (1998) model of multicultural curriculum integration, the study focused on a context that might otherwise be ignored because there was not a large student-of-color representation in the school. The teacher in the study was operating at one of the highest levels of Banks's model, the transformational approach. Although the teacher shared characteristics with many of the Black teachers explored in the literature, there was one important difference: much of the research and theory about Black teachers and their instruction focus on Black teachers and their effectiveness in predominantly Black settings. The Black teacher in this study taught in a predominantly White teaching context. The study suggested that even teachers highly conscious of race, culture, gender, and ethnicity may find it difficult to reach the highest level of Banks's model: the social action approach. Implications of this study suggest that multicultural curricula can be well developed and received in a predominantly White setting as long as the curriculum is thoughtfully and carefully transformed. However, the study pointed out that the pervasive discourses and belief systems against multicultural education in a school can discourage highly effective curriculum transformers, and there is a great need to help critically minded teachers persevere in the face of such adversity. [source] Making White: Constructing Race in a South African High SchoolCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 1 2002Nadine Dolby As a social and cultural phenomenon, race is continually remade within changing circumstances and is constructed and located, in part, in institutions' pedagogical practices and discourses. In this article I examine how the administration of a multiracial, working-class high school in Durban, South Africa produces "white" in an era of political and social transition. As the population of Fernwood High School (a pseudonym) shifts from majority white working class to black working class, the school administration strives to reposition the school as "white," despite its predominantly black student population. This whiteness is not only a carryover from the apartheid era, but is actively produced within a new set of circumstances. Using the discourses and practices of sports and standards, the school administration attempts to create a whiteness that separates the school from the newly democratic nation-state of South Africa. Despite students' and some staff's general complacency and outright resistance, rugby and athletics are heralded as critical nodes of the school's "white" identity, connecting the school to other, local white schools, and disconnecting it from black schools. Dress standards function in a similar manner, creating an imagined equivalence between Fernwood and other white schools in Durban (and elite schools around the world), and disassociating Fernwood from black schools in South Africa and the "third world" writ large. This pedagogy of whiteness forms the core of the administration's relationship with Fernwood students, and maps how race is remade within a changing national context. [source] The commonly used marker ELAV is transiently expressed in neuroblasts and glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic CNSDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 12 2007Christian Berger Abstract Glial cells in the Drosophila embryonic nervous system can be monitored with the marker Reversed-polarity (Repo), whereas neurons lack Repo and express the RNA-binding protein ELAV (Embryonic Lethal, Abnormal Vision). Since the first description of the ELAV protein distribution in 1991 (Robinow and White), it is believed that ELAV is an exclusive neuronal and postmitotic marker. Looking at ELAV expression, we unexpectedly observed that, in addition to neurons, ELAV is transiently expressed in embryonic glial cells. Furthermore, it is transiently present in the proliferating longitudinal glioblast, and it is transcribed in embryonic neuroblasts. Likewise, elav -Gal4 lines, which are generally used as postmitotic neuronal driver lines, show expression in neural progenitor cells and nearly all embryonic glial cells. Thus, in the embryo, elav can no longer be considered an exclusive marker or driver for postmitotic neurons. elav loss-of-function mutants show no obvious effects on the number and pattern of embryonic glia. Developmental Dynamics 236:3562,3568, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] On the tail of Errivaspis and the condition of the caudal fin in heterostracansACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2009Elga Mark-Kurik Abstract Articulated caudal fins of heterostracans are preserved in very rare cases. Their morphology and internal structure are completely unknown for the majority of species. One of the few preserved caudal fins belongs to the Early Devonian pteraspidid Errivaspis waynensis from the Welsh Borderland, UK. There are two different reconstructions of the tail: (1) strongly asymmetric, with a considerably longer ventral lobe, and a rather concave posterior margin (e.g. White 1935); and (2) almost symmetrical with an only slightly longer ventral lobe and a small notch in the posterior margin (e.g. Blieck 1984). A new reconstruction of the Errivaspis caudal fin, based on a detailed study of White's specimens is presented here. The ventral lobe is longer than the dorsal one but not so much as in White's reconstruction, and the notch in the posterior margin of the fin is less deep. The comparatively massive ventral lobe and ,en echelon' arrangement of three digitations, supporting the fin web and branching off from this lobe, indicate the hypocercal condition of the asymmetrical tail. The same internal structure is present in other heterostracans with nearly symmetrical caudal fins (e.g. Doryaspis, Nahanniaspis, Dinaspidella and Athenaegis) where all, or most, of the intermediate digitations branch off from the ventral lobe. [source] Feuding and Peace-Making in Eleventh-Century France by Stephen D. WhiteEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 1 2007JONATHAN JARRETT No abstract is available for this article. [source] Sexual conflicts, loss of flight, and fitness gains in locomotion of polymorphic water stridersENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2007Pablo Perez Goodwyn Abstract In insect wing polymorphism, morphs with fully developed, intermediate, and without wings are recognized. The morphs are interpreted as a trade-off between flight and flightlessness; the benefits of flight are counterbalanced by the costs of development and the maintenance of wings and flight muscles. Such a trade-off has been widely shown for reproductive and developmental parameters, and wing reduction is associated with species of stable habitats. However, in this context, the role of water locomotion performance has not been well explored. We chose seven water striders (Heteroptera: Gerridae) as a model to study this trade-off and its relation to sexual conflicts, namely, Aquarius elongatus (Uhler), Aquarius paludum (Fabr.), Gerris insularis (Motschulsky), Gerris nepalensis Distant, Gerris latiabdominis Miyamoto, Metrocoris histrio (White), and Rhagadotarsus kraepelini Breddin. We estimated the locomotion performance as the legs' stroke force, measured on tethered specimens placed on water with a force transducer attached to their backs. By dividing force by body weight, we made performance comparisons. We found a positive relationship between weight and force, and a negative one between weight and the force-to-weight ratio among species. The trade-off between water and flight locomotion was manifested as differences in performance in terms of the force/weight ratio. However, the bias toward winged or wing-reduced morphs was species dependent, and presumably related to habitat preference. Water strider species favouring a permanent habitat (G. nepalensis) showed higher performance in the apterous morph, but in those favouring temporary habitats (A. paludum and R. kraepelini) morphs' performance did not differ significantly. Males had higher performance than females in all but three species studied (namely, A. elongatus, G. nepalensis, and R. kraepelini); these three have a type II mating strategy with minimized mating struggle. We hypothesized that in type I mating system, in which males must struggle strongly to subdue the female, males should outperform females to copulate successfully. This was not necessarily true among males of species with type II mating. [source] Mortality dynamics and population regulation in Bemisia tabaciENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2 2005Steven E. Naranjo Abstract Natural mortality is an important determinant of the population dynamics of a species, and an understanding of mortality forces should aid in the development of better management strategies for insect pests. An in situ, observational method was used to construct cohort-based life tables for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) over 14 generations on cotton in central Arizona, USA, from 1997 to 1999. In descending order, median marginal rates of mortality were highest for predation, dislodgment, unknown causes, egg inviability, and parasitism. The highest mortality occurred during the 4th nymphal stadium, and the median rate of immature survival over 14 generations was 6.6%. Predation during the 4th nymphal stadium was the primary key factor. Irreplaceable mortality was highest for predation and dislodgment, with the absence of these mortality factors leading to the greatest increases in estimated net reproduction. There was little evidence of direct or delayed density-dependence for any mortality factor. Wind, rainfall, and predator densities were associated with dislodgment, and rates of predation were related to densities of Geocoris spp., Orius tristicolor (White), Chrysoperla carnea s.l. Stephens, and Lygus hesperus Knight. Simulations suggest that immigration and emigration play important roles in site-specific dynamics by explaining departures from observed population trajectories based solely on endogenous reproduction and mortality. By a direct measurement of these mortality factors and indirect evidence of adult movement, we conclude that efficient pest management may be best accomplished by fostering greater mortality during the 4th stadium, largely through a conservation of predators and by managing immigrating adult populations at their sources. [source] Captures of the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae on spheres of different coloursENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2 2001Byron I. Katsoyannos Abstract Alighting and capture of wild olive fruit flies, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera, Tephritidae), on spheres of seven different colours was studied on Chios island, Greece. The 70-mm-diam plastic spheres, coated with adhesive, were suspended on olive trees. Yellow and orange spheres trapped the greatest number of males while red and black spheres trapped the greatest number of females. White and blue spheres were the least effective for both sexes. Peak captures occurred in the late afternoon and especially around sunset. Since mating takes place in the last hours of the photophase, the increased captures during that period may be related to the sexual behaviour of the fly. When red spheres were assessed against glass McPhail traps baited with 2% ammonium sulphate, which consist a standard tool for monitoring the olive fruit fly in Greece, there were no significant differences in male captures. However, spheres trapped almost three times as many females as McPhail traps. The possible mechanisms underlying colour discrimination, the motivation of alighting flies and the possible use of red spheres for monitoring and controlling B. oleae are discussed. [source] The lethal effects of gamma irradiation on larvae of the Huhu beetle, Prionoplus reticularis: a potential quarantine treatment for New Zealand export pine treesENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2000Philip J. Lester Abstract Gamma irradiation was investigated as a possible method for disinfestation of huhu beetle larvae, Prionoplus reticularis White, in Pinus radiata D. Don. Larvae of four representative size classes were irradiated at six doses, and the lethal dose (LD99) calculated from mortality data 3 days and 10 days post treatment. All larval size classes showed a similar sensitivity to gamma irradiation and required 3677 Gray (Gy) and 2476 Gy for a LD99 3 and 10 days post-treatment, respectively. The penetration of gamma irradiation into pine wood was found to be lowest in freshly cut logs, and decreased linearly at a rate of 0.698 Gy mm,1 of wood. The penetration was greatest in wood that had been stored for 2 years, and decreased 0.512 Gy mm,1 of wood. These results are likely to be correlated with wood moisture content. Gamma irradiation appears to be a potential alternative method to fumigation for quarantine treatment of P. reticularis. [source] Occurrence, ecology and potential impact of the New Zealand wheat bug Nysius huttoni White (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) in BelgiumEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2010J. Bonte In 2002 the New Zealand wheat bug Nysius huttoni White was observed for the first time in the Netherlands and Belgium. The introduction of N. huttoni to these regions presumably occurred via overseas transport of apple and kiwi fruits from New Zealand. Laboratory experiments showed that both eggs and adults of N. huttoni were capable of surviving cold conditions similar to those in overseas transportation. Specimens were sampled in Belgium and the Netherlands, and a DNA sequence analysis indicated a 100% similarity with N. huttoni material collected in Christchurch, New Zealand. The distribution of the lygaeid in Belgium in 2008 was studied based on a systematic sampling at 105 locations. The bug had been able to spread over most of the Belgian territory, with the exception of the most southern and eastern provinces. Given the poor flight capacity of Belgian N. huttoni populations, other methods of dispersal may be involved. N. huttoni occurred primarily in ruderal habitats, and its weedy host plants belong to very common plant families. Several observations support N. huttoni not being a threat for agricultural crops in Belgium under the present conditions of climate and soil usage. [source] Construct validity and generalizability of the Carver,White behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system scalesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 5 2001Luigi Leone The factorial structure and invariance of the BIS/BAS scales of Carver and White were assessed across three samples from the USA, UK, and Italy. Previous validation studies of the BIS/BAS scales relied on individual samples drawn from English-speaking populations only and failed to formally assess generalizability. The current study shows that the four-factor structure proposed by Carver and White,i.e. one BIS and three BAS facets,achieved satisfactory psychometric properties in all three samples and that measurement invariance was obtained across countries. Latent mean differences due to gender and country were also investigated. Theoretical issues concerning the validity of the BIS/BAS scales are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The influence of stereotypes on decisions to shootEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Joshua Correll Using a videogame to simulate encounters with potentially hostile targets, three studies tested a model in which racial bias in shoot/don't-shoot decisions reflects accessibility of the stereotype linking Blacks to danger. Study 1 experimentally manipulated the race-danger association by asking participants to read newspaper stories about Black (vs. White) criminals. As predicted, exposure to stories concerning Black criminals increased bias in the decision to shoot. Studies 2 and 3 manipulated the number of White and Black targets with and without guns in the context of the videogame itself. As predicted, frequent presentation of stereotypic (vs. counterstereotypic) targets exacerbated bias (Study 2) and,consistent with our process account,rendered stereotypes more accessible (Study 3). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The lost dream of ecological determinism: Time to say goodbye?EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Or a White Queen's proposal? Abstract ",What is the matter?' she [Alice] said, as soon as there was a chance of making herself heard. ,Have you pricked your finger?' ,I haven't pricked it yet,' the [White] Queen said, ,but I soon shall , oh, oh, oh!'" (emphasis as in1:82) [source] Introduction to the Special Section,Continuing Narrative Ideas and Practices: Drawing Inspiration from the Legacy of Michael WhiteFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 3 2009VICTORIA C. DICKERSON PH.D. First page of article [source] Black Women and White Women: Do Perceptions of Childhood Family Environment Differ?FAMILY PROCESS, Issue 2 2007CASSANDRA M. CLAY M.S.W. Introduction: Few studies have examined racial differences in perceptions of childhood. Little is known about how Blacks perceive their own families, particularly the family environment that they experienced in childhood. Methods: A community sample of 290 women (55% White, 45% Black) from two-parent families, heterogeneous in age and social class, was examined using a self-administered questionnaire, including the Family Environment Scale (FES), followed by a focused interview. Siblings were used as collateral informants. Results: The psychometric properties of the FES showed remarkably little variation by race: The internal scale reliability, correlations between scales, and factor structures were quite similar. Although both White and Black women reported good childhood family environments, Black women when compared with White women rated their families of origin as more cohesive, organized, and expressive, and lower in conflict. Sibling responses corroborated these findings. Discussion: This study addresses a gap in the research literature and provides important evidence of strengths in Black family relationships as reported by a community sample of women. The psychometric properties of the FES, found to be strong for families of both races, lends support to our findings and those of other researchers who have used this measure. [source] Relationship Quality and Changes in Depressive Symptoms Among Urban, Married African Americans, Hispanics, and WhitesFAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 3 2009Jay Fagan Bivariate analyses showed that continuously married urban African American, non-Hispanic White, and Hispanic fathers and mothers reporting greater marital support and less relational control experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Multiple regression showed a stronger association between concurrent marital support and decreased depressive symptoms for mothers than fathers. African American and Hispanic fathers reporting higher levels of spousal relationship support when children were infants reported a larger decrease in depressive symptoms when children were age 3 compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Relationship control at age 3 was positively related to increased depressive symptoms among all groups except African American fathers and White mothers. African American and Hispanic fathers with marital problems may need additional support services. [source] Examining Risk Factors Associated With Family Reunification for Runaway Youth: Does Ethnicity Matter?FAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 3 2003Sanna J. Thompson This study investigated the likelihood of family reunification across ethnic groups of 14,419 youth using runaway shelter services nationwide. Among White, African American, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian ethnic groups, youths who reported abuse or neglect by their parental figures or had parent(s) who were unemployed were less likely to reunify following a runaway episode. However, completing youth shelter services markedly increased the likelihood of reunification. Implications for cultural sensitivity in service delivery, particularly regarding family issues, are discussed. [source] Intracellular trafficking and release of intact edible mushroom lectin from HT29 human colon cancer cellsFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 7 2000Lu-Gang Yu Our previous studies have shown that the Gal,1,3GalNAc,- (Thomsen,Friedenreich antigen)-binding lectin from the common edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus (ABL) reversibly inhibits cell proliferation, and this effect is a consequence of inhibition of nuclear localization sequence-dependent nuclear protein import after ABL internalization [Yu, L.G., Fernig, D.G., White, M.R.H., Spiller, D.G., Appleton, P., Evans, R.C., Grierson, I., Smith, J.A., Davies, H., Gerasimenko, O.V., Petersen, O.H., Milton, J.D. & Rhodes, J.M. (1999) J. Biol. Chem.274, 4890,4899]. Here, we have investigated further the intracellular trafficking and fate of ABL after internalization in HT29 human colon cancer cells. Internalization of 125I-ABL occurred within 30 min of the lectin being bound to the cell surface. Subcellular fractionation after pulse labelling of the cells with 125I-ABL for 2 h at 4 °C followed by culture of the cells at 37 °C demonstrated a steady increase in radioactivity in a crude nuclear extract. The radioactivity in this extract reached a maximum after 10 h and declined after 20 h. Release of ABL from the cell, after pulse labelling, was assessed using both fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled ABL and 125I-ABL and was slow, with a t1/2 of 48 h. Most of the 125I-ABL both inside cells and in the medium remained intact, as determined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation and SDS/PAGE, and after 48 h only 22 ± 2% of ABL in the medium and 14 ± 2% inside the cells was degraded. This study suggests that the reversibility of the antiproliferative effect of ABL is associated with its release from cells after internalization. The internalization and subsequent slow release, with little degradation of ABL, reflects the tendency of lectins to resist biodegradation and implies that other endogenous or exogenous lectins may be processed in this way by intestinal epithelial cells. [source] Why does Candida albicans switch?FEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 7 2009David R. Soll Abstract White,opaque switching in Candida albicans was first discovered in 1987. Fifteen years later, and three years after the discovery of the mating system, it was demonstrated that the switch from white to opaque was an essential step in the mating process. But this latter discovery did not reveal why C. albicans had this requirement, when Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other hemiascomycetes did not. The discovery that mating-competent opaque cells signaled mating-incompetent white cells, through the release of pheromones, to become adhesive and form biofilms provided a clue to this fundamental question. Opaque cells appeared to signal white cells to form biofilms that facilitated mating by protecting the fragile gradients of the pheromone that directed chemotropism, a process necessary for fusion. Here, we explore the discoveries and observations that have led to this hypothesis, and the ancillary questions that have risen that are related to the regulation of the unique pheromone response, the evolution of this response and the relationship between pheromone-enhanced white cell biofilms and ,asexual' biofilms formed by a/, cells. This discussion, therefore, focuses on a unique and complex component of the basic biology of C. albicans that relates switching, mating and pathogenesis. [source] Incomplete movement of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 within a vegetative compatibility type of Cryphonectria parasitica in natural cankers on grafted American chestnut treesFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2002E. P. Hogan Summary American chestnut trees, grafted in 1980 from large survivors, were inoculated in 1982 and 1983 with four white (European) hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria parasitica, infected with C. hypovirus 1 (CHV1); this hypovirus has been shown to be capable of moving rapidly within the mycelium of a vegetative compatibility (vc) type of C. parasitica in blight cankers. Using a 49-cell lattice plot, 17.8×17.8 cm, the spatial patterns and frequencies of white and pigmented isolates and white and pigmented vc types were investigated within superficial cankers on the grafts located outside the hypovirulent-strain-inoculated zone. Four of six cankers assayed contained white isolates, and three of the four had random spatial patterns of white isolates, based on join-count statistics. Vc tests, using pigmented isolates and pigmented single-spore colonies of white isolates, indicated that the majority of white and pigmented isolates recovered from each of two cankers assayed were in one vc type. White and pigmented lattice-plot cells of the same vc type were frequently in contact with each other, indicating incomplete movement of CHV1 within a vc type. Nine and 10 vc types were found in the two cankers; it is hypothesized that small, white vc type areas in each canker may be a source of CHV1 transmission to the major vc types. Based on join-count statistics, the spatial pattern of the single, major vc type in one canker was non-random (aggregated), whereas the other canker had a random major vc type pattern. White and pigmented in vitro variants (sectors) of C. parasitica, that resemble white and pigmented in vivo variants in spatial contact and vc compatibility, were intermediate hypovirulent and virulent on forest American chestnuts, and dsRNA positive and negative, respectively. Incomplete movement of CHV1 within a vc type could be a major cause of the prevalence of pigmented isolates in superficial cankers on chestnut trees. Résumé Des châtaigniers américains greffés en 1980 à partir de grands arbres survivants, ont été inoculés en 1982 et 1983 avec quatre souches blanches (européennes) hypovirulentes de Cryphonectria parasitica, infectées par l'hypovirus 1 (CHV 1). Cet hypovirus avait été montré capable de migrer rapidement dans le mycélium végétativement compatible (vc) de C. parasitica dans des chancres. Grâce un dispositif à 49 cellules (17,8×17,8 cm), la répartition spatiale et la fréquence des isolats blancs et pigmentés, et des GCV, ont étéétudiées dans des chancres superficiels chez les greffons, en dehors de la zone inoculée par les souches hypovirulentes. Quatre des six chancres étudiés contenaient des isolats blancs, dont la répartition spatiale était erratique chez trois d'entre eux. Les tests de compatibilité végétative, utilisant des isolats pigmentés et des colonies pigmentées mono-sporées d'isolats blancs, ont montré que la majorité des isolats blancs et des isolats colorés trouvés dans chacun des deux chancres analysés, était d'un seul type végétatif. Les cellules du dispositif, blanches ou pigmentées du même GCV, étaient fréquemment en contact, ce qui indique un mouvement incomplet de CHV1 dans un GCV. Neuf et dix GCV ont été trouvés dans les deux chancres et on avance l'hypothèse que de petites zones à GCV blancs dans chaque chancre peuvent être une source de transmission de CHV1 aux types végétatifs majoritaires. L'unique GCV majoritaire dans un des chancres n'était pas réparti au hasard (agrégé), mais il l'était dans l'autre chancre. Les variants blancs et pigmentés in vitro (secteurs) de C. parasitica, qui ressemblent aux variants blancs et pigmentés in vivo en contact spatial, étaient intermédiaires en hypovirulence et en virulence sur les châtaigniers américains, et respectivement positifs et négatifs pour le dsRNA. Un mouvement incomplet de CHV1 dans un GCV pourrait être la principale cause de la prévalence d'isolats pigmentés dans des chancres superficiels. Zusammenfassung Amerikanische Kastanien (Castanea dentata), die im Jahr 1980 von adulten überlebenden Exemplaren veredelt worden waren, wurden 1982 und 1983 mit vier unpigmentierten, hypovirulenten Stämmen von Cryphonectria parasitica aus Europa inokuliert, die mit dem Cryphonectria parasitica - hypovirus 1 (CHV 1) infiziert waren. Es war nachgewiesen, dass sich dieses Hypovirus rasch innerhalb des Myzels eines vc-Typs von C. parasitica in Krebsen ausbreiten konnte. Bei oberflächlichen Krebsen an veredelten Bäumen ausserhalb der mit dem hypovirulenten Stamm inokulierten Zone wurde auf einer 17,8×17,8 cm grossen Fläche (die in 49 Quadrate unterteilt wurde) die räumliche Verteilung und die Häufigkeit von unpigmentierten und pigmentierten Isolaten sowie der vc-Typen untersucht. Vier von sechs analysierten Krebsen enthielten weisse Isolate und drei davon zeigten zufällige Verteilungsmuster der Isolate (gemäss Joint-Count-Statistik). Vc-Tests mit pigmentierten Isolaten und pigmentierten Einzelsporkulturen von weissen Isolaten zeigten, dass die Mehrheit der weissen und der pigmentierten Isolate von zwei Krebsen zur gleichen vc-Gruppe gehörten. Weisse und pigmentierte Probepunkte mit dem gleichen vc-Typ waren häufig benachbart, was eine unvollständige Ausbreitung des CHV 1 innerhalb eines vc-Typs anzeigt. In den 2 Krebsen wurden 9 bzw. 10 vc-Typen nachgewiesen und es wird vermutet, dass kleine Bereiche mit weissem vc-Typ innerhalb eines Krebses als Reservoir für die Übertragung des Virus zu den dominanten vc-Typen fungieren können. Mit Hilfe der Joint-Count-Statistik wurde nachgewiesen, dass das räumliche Muster des einen, dominanten vc-Typs in einem Krebs nicht zufällig, sondern aggregiert war, während der andere Krebs ein zufälliges Verteilungsmuster der vc-Typen aufwies. Weisse und pigmentierte Varianten von C. parasitica, die in vitro auftraten (Sektoren), und die den weissen und pigmentierten Varianten sehr ähnlich sind, die in der Natur in räumlichem Kontakt zueinander auftreten, und die vegetativ kompatibel sind, zeigten in Feldversuchen auf C. sativa eine mittlere Hypovirulenz bzw. Virulenz. Ausserdem waren sie dsRNA positiv bzw. negativ. Die unvollständige Ausbreitung des CHV 1 innerhalb einer vc-Typs könnte das überwiegen pigmentierter Isolate in oberflächlichen Krebsen erklären. [source] Reconstruction of the Ross Ice Drainage System, Antarctica, at the Last Glacial MaximumGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES A: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2-3 2000George H. Denton We present here a revised reconstruction of the Ross ice drainage system of Antarctica at the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on a recent convergence of terrestrial and marine data. The Ross drainage system includes all ice flowlines that enter the marine Ross Embayment. Today, it encompasses one-fourth of the ice-sheet surface, extending far inland into both East and West Antarctica. Grounding lines now situated in the inner Ross Embayment advanced seaward at the LGM (radiocarbon chronology in Denton and Marchant 2000 and in Hall and Denton 2000a, b), resulting in a thick grounded ice sheet across the Ross continental shelf. In response to this grounding in the Ross (and Weddell) Embayment, ice-surface elevations of the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet were somewhat higher at the LGM than at present (Steig and White 1997; Borns et al. 1998; Ackert et al. 1999). At the same time, surface elevations of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet inland of the Transantarctic Mountains were slightly lower than now, except near outlet glaciers that were dammed by grounded ice in the Ross Embayment. The probable reason for this contrasting behavior is that lowered global sea level at the LGM, from growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, caused widespread grounding of the marine portion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, whereas decreased LGM accumulation led to slight surface lowering of the interior terrestrial ice sheet in East Antarctica. Rising sea level after the LGM tripped grounding-line recession in the Ross Embayment, which has probably continued to the present day (Conway et al. 1999). Hence, gravitational collapse of the grounded ice sheet from the Ross Embayment, accompanied by lowering of the interior West Antarctic ice surface and of outlet glaciers in the Transantarctic Mountains, occurred largely during the Holocene. At the same time, increased Holocene accumulation caused a slight rise of the inland East Antarctic ice surface. [source] Effects of pore aspect ratios on velocity prediction from well-log dataGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 3 2002Jun Yan ABSTRACT We develop a semi-empirical model which combines the theoretical model of Xu and White and the empirical formula of Han, Nur and Morgan in sand,clay environments. This new model may be used for petrophysical interpretation of P- and S-wave velocities. In particular, we are able to obtain an independent estimation of aspect ratios based on log data and seismic velocity, and also the relationship between velocities and other reservoir parameters (e.g. porosity and clay content), thus providing a prediction of shear-wave velocity. To achieve this, we first use Kuster and Toksöz's theory to derive bulk and shear moduli in a sand,clay mixture. Secondly, Xu and White's model is combined with an artificial neural network to invert the depth-dependent variation of pore aspect ratios. Finally these aspect ratio results are linked to the empirical formula of Han, Nur and Morgan, using a multiple regression algorithm for petrophysical interpretation. Tests on field data from a North Sea reservoir show that this semi-empirical model provides simple but satisfactory results for the prediction of shear-wave velocities and the estimation of reservoir parameters. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||