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Wettable Powder (wettable + powder)
Selected AbstractsField evaluation of an avian risk assessment modelENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2006Nimish B. Vyas Abstract We conducted two laboratory subacute dietary toxicity tests and one outdoor subacute dietary toxicity test to determine the effectiveness of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's deterministic risk assessment model for evaluating the potential of adverse effects to birds in the field. We tested technical-grade diazinon and its D·Z·N® 50W (50% diazinon active ingredient wettable powder) formulation on Canada goose (Branta canadensis) goslings. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was measured, and the feathers and skin, feet, and gastrointestinal contents were analyzed for diazinon residues. The dose,response curves showed that diazinon was significantly more toxic to goslings in the outdoor test than in the laboratory tests. The deterministic risk assessment method identified the potential for risk to birds in general, but the factors associated with extrapolating from the laboratory to the field, and from the laboratory test species to other species, resulted in the underestimation of risk to the goslings. The present study indicates that laboratory-based risk quotients should be interpreted with caution. [source] Formulation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B190 for Control of Lily Grey Mould (Botrytis elliptica)JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2003A. L. Chiou Abstract Calcium hydroxide (0.1%) significantly increased the growth of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B190, inhibited completely the germination of Botrytis elliptica, and decreased the disease severity caused by B. elliptica on lily. Spraying B. amyloliquefaciens B190 mixed with either 0.025% calcium hydroxide, 0.05% sodium carbonate or 0.025% ammonium nitrate decreased the grey mould disease on lily leaves. B. amyloliquefaciens B190 mixed with 0.025% calcium hydroxide and 0.05% sodium carbonate, or mixed with 0.025% calcium hydroxide and 0.025% ammonium nitrate controlled lily grey mould completely. When the concentration of tested adjuvants was below 0.1% (v/v), adhesive adjuvant, i.e. carboxymethyl cellulose and spreader, i.e. Tween 80 were equally effective to assist B. amyloliquefaciens B190 to control lily grey mould. Calcium hydroxide (0.025%) and 0.05% sodium carbonate mixed with 0.1% Tween 80 significantly controlled lily grey mould. B. amyloliquefaciens B190 mixed with 0.025% calcium hydroxide and 0.05% sodium carbonate, and these two chemicals plus or without 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.05% mineral oil (i.e. emulsion and wettable powder, respectively) was consistently able to control grey mould on lily as well as 100 p.p.m. flusilazole in greenhouse and field trials, respectively. [source] Effect of additives in aqueous formulation on the foliar uptake of dimethomorph by cucumbersPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 4 2009Ju-Hyun Yu Abstract BACKGROUND: The efficacy enhancement of dimethomorph formulation by several adjuvants is thought to be through increased foliar uptake. In order to identify the most effective adjuvants, the adjuvancy of 36 additives was examined in aqueous formulations in relation to the absorption of dimethomorph by cucumber leaves. RESULTS: Polyethylene glycol monohexadecyl ethers with ethylene oxide (EO) contents of between 7 and 20, polyethylene glycol monooctadecyl ethers with EO contents of between 10 and 20 and polyethylene glycol monooctadecenyl ethers with EO contents of between 6 and 20 were effective adjuvants for promoting dimethomorph uptake from both aqueous acetone solutions and aqueous wettable powder (WP) suspensions into cucumber leaves. Polyethylene glycol monododecyl ethers with EO contents of between 7 and 9 were effective in promoting dimethomorph uptake from aqueous WP suspensions but less effective relative to the other adjuvants tested with aqueous acetone solutions. Foliar uptake of dimethomorph was also facilitated by the addition of methyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecenoate and methyl octadecadienoate. CONCLUSIONS: Although the foliar uptake of dimethomorph from both aqueous WP suspensions and aqueous acetone solutions was greatest in the presence of fatty alcohol ethoxylates generally having a C16 or C18 lipophile, uptake from aqueous surfactant,acetone solutions was, on average, 7.6-fold greater than that from aqueous WP suspensions containing surfactant. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effect of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, its formulation materials and benzothiadiazole on systemic resistance to alternaria leaf spot in cottonPLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2000E.S. Colson-Hanks A wettable powder (WP) formulation providing 5,25 ,g mL,1 of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and 15,75 ,g mL,1 of WP applied to cotton cotyledons significantly increased the resistance of the next two leaves to challenge inoculation by Alternaria macrospora. The wettable powder alone at 15,75 ,g mL,1 had a lesser effect. A wettable granule (WG) formulation supplying 35 ,g mL,1 of benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) and 35 ,g mL,1 of WG, applied as a cotyledonary treatment, significantly reduced the formation of lesions on the subsequent two leaves when challenged with A. macrospora. The WG control had no effect. Each treatment except for the WG control also raised the activities of ,-1,3-glucanase in unchallenged leaf and stem tissue. Each of the components of the wettable powder without INA applied to cotyledons raised enzyme activities in the next leaves. Individual components, as suspensions of silicic acid and kaolin and solutions of the detergent Attisol II, the wetting agent Ultravon W300 and pure INA, applied to cotyledons increased the resistance of the next leaves to A. macrospora. The responsiveness of cotton to BTH and to each of the components of formulated INA is discussed in relation to knowledge of the effects of BTH and INA on other plants and to possible ways in which the other components of the wettable powder may affect the process of signalling for systemic resistance to disease. [source] An evaluation of biological and abiotic controls for grapevine powdery mildew.AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006Abstract Grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) affects grape yield and fruit quality worldwide. Managers of conventional vineyards rely mainly on synthetic fungicides and sulfur to control powdery mildew, while in organic vineyards sulfur is the main control agent, often in rotation with canola-based oils, bicarbonates and biological control agents. The efficacy of those materials has not been evaluated critically under field conditions in Australia. Accordingly, a range of materials showing most promise in previous greenhouse trials (Crisp et al. 2006 Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research12, pp. 192,202) were assessed via field trials in commercial vineyards. Applications of either milk or whey (alone, or mixed with a canola oil-based product), as well as applications of potassium bicarbonate (commercial formulation), all reduced the severity of powdery mildew compared with untreated vines. Eight applications of a 1:10 dilution of milk, 45 g/L whey powder or programs comprising rotations of potassium bicarbonate plus oil and whey, applied at 10,14 day intervals, reduced the severity of powdery mildew to levels not significantly different from that on vines sprayed with sulfur (wettable powder, 3,6 g/L). However, the relative control of powdery mildew by the test materials in field trials was dependent on the susceptibility of the grapevine cultivar and the extent of spray coverage achieved. In vineyards where highly susceptible cultivars were planted, and spray coverage was compromised, the resultant control of powdery mildew was reduced; and sometimes to commercially unacceptable levels. [source] | |||||||||||||