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Wet Years (wet + year)
Selected AbstractsEvolution and features of global land June,August dry/wet periods during 1920,2000INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 12 2004Neng Shi Abstract Dry/wet features for the globe and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are investigated in terms of 1920,2000 June,August (JJA) global land precipitation data. The weighted mean JJA precipitation anomaly index and the weighted mean JJA dry/wet area index are used to describe the extent of global dryness/wetness. It is pointed out that 1988 (1930) was the globally wettest (driest) year in 1920,2000, and 1954 (1976) was the second wettest (driest). The dryness/wetness of the globe and Northern and Southern Hemispheres has shown distinctive interdecadal changes: during the 1920s, global dryness occurred in JJA frequently; from the 1920s to the 1940s global wetness occurred infrequently in JJA; the 1950s,1960s was a period of frequent global JJA wetness; and the 1970s to 2000 was a period of frequent global JJA dryness/wetness, with the number of dry years greater than that of wet years. The dry/wet features of the Northern Hemisphere are comparatively consistent with those of the globe, but there is no obvious relation between JJA mean precipitation anomalies of the two hemispheres. The analyses of the simultaneous and last winter sea-surface temperature anomalies of global dry/wet years reveal that there is clear correlation of JJA global dry/wet change with sea-surface temperature variations and El Niño,southern oscillation (ENSO) events. Global JJA dryness occurs when the summer ENSO (El Niño) is weaker, and global JJA wetness occurs when the summer ENSO is strong. The largest difference between the last winter sea-surface temperature fields for global dry and wet years is that the sea-surface temperature in the North Pacific and North Atlantic for wet years is substantially higher than that for dry years. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society [source] SCALES: a large-scale assessment model of soil erosion hazard in Basse-Normandie (northern-western France)EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 8 2010P. Le Gouée Abstract The cartography of erosion risk is mainly based on the development of models, which evaluate in a qualitative and quantitative manner the physical reproduction of the erosion processes (CORINE, EHU, INRA). These models are mainly semi-quantitative but can be physically based and spatially distributed (the Pan-European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment, PESERA). They are characterized by their simplicity and their applicability potential at large temporal and spatial scales. In developing our model SCALES (Spatialisation d'éChelle fine de l'ALéa Erosion des Sols/large-scale assessment and mapping model of soil erosion hazard), we had in mind several objectives: (1) to map soil erosion at a regional scale with the guarantee of a large accuracy on the local level, (2) to envisage an applicability of the model in European oceanic areas, (3) to focus the erosion hazard estimation on the level of source areas (on-site erosion), which are the agricultural parcels, (4) to take into account the weight of the temporality of agricultural practices (land-use concept). Because of these objectives, the nature of variables, which characterize the erosion factors and because of its structure, SCALES differs from other models. Tested in Basse-Normandie (Calvados 5500,km2) SCALES reveals a strong predisposition of the study area to the soil erosion which should require to be expressed in a wet year. Apart from an internal validation, we tried an intermediate one by comparing our results with those from INRA and PESERA. It appeared that these models under estimate medium erosion levels and differ in the spatial localization of areas with the highest erosion risks. SCALES underlines here the limitations in the use of pedo-transfer functions and the interpolation of input data with a low resolution. One must not forget however that these models are mainly focused on an interregional comparative approach. Therefore the comparison of SCALES data with those of the INRA and PESERA models cannot result on a convincing validation of our model. For the moment the validation is based on the opinion of local experts, who agree with the qualitative indications delivered by our cartography. An external validation of SCALES is foreseen, which will be based on a thorough inventory of erosion signals in areas with different hazard levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Physiological responses of two contrasting desert plant species to precipitation variability are differentially regulated by soil moisture and nitrogen dynamicsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2009LISA D. PATRICK Abstract Alterations in global and regional precipitation patterns are expected to affect plant and ecosystem productivity, especially in water-limited ecosystems. This study examined the effects of natural and supplemental (25% increase) seasonal precipitation on a sotol grassland ecosystem in Big Bend National Park in the Chihuahuan Desert. Physiological responses , leaf photosynthesis at saturating light (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf nitrogen [N] , of two species differing in their life form and physiological strategies (Dasylirion leiophyllum, a C3 shrub; Bouteloua curtipendula, a C4 grass) were measured over 3 years (2004,2006) that differed greatly in their annual and seasonal precipitation patterns (2004: wet, 2005: average, 2006: dry). Precipitation inputs are likely to affect leaf-level physiology through the direct effects of altered soil water and soil nitrogen. Thus, the effects of precipitation, watering treatment, soil moisture, and nitrogen were quantified via multivariate hierarchical Bayesian models that explicitly linked the leaf and soil responses. The two species differed in their physiological responses to precipitation and were differentially controlled by soil water vs. soil nitrogen. In the relatively deeply rooted C3 shrub, D. leiophyllum, Asat was highest in moist periods and was primarily regulated by deep (16,30 cm) soil water. In the shallow-rooted C4 grass, B. curtipendula, Asat was only coupled to leaf [N], both of which increased in dry periods when soil [N] was highest. Supplemental watering during the wet year generally decreased Asat and leaf [N] in D. leiophyllum, perhaps due to nutrient limitation, and physiological responses in this species were influenced by the cumulative effects of 5 years of supplemental watering. Both species are common in this ecosystem and responded strongly, yet differently, to soil moisture and nitrogen, suggesting that changes in the timing and magnitude of precipitation may have consequences for plant carbon gain, with the potential to alter community composition. [source] Effects of ultraviolet radiation on litter decomposition depend on precipitation and litter chemistry in a shortgrass steppe ecosystemGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2007LESLIE A. BRANDT Abstract We examined the effect of altered levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (280,400 nm) and different amounts of precipitation on the decomposition rates of litter of contrasting carbon to nitrogen ratio (C : N) in a 3-year field experiment in a shortgrass steppe (SGS) ecosystem. UV radiation was either blocked or passed under clear plastic tents where precipitation was applied to simulate a very dry or very wet year. These treatments minimized or maximized the abiotic component (UV) or the biotic component (biological activity of decomposer organisms) of decomposition to assess potential interactions between the two. Initial litter chemistry varied in response to having been grown under ambient or elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. While precipitation and litter chemistry were the most important drivers in decomposition in this system, UV radiation increased decomposition rates under dry conditions in litter with higher C : N ratios. Exposure to UV radiation slightly increased the amount of holocellulose that was lost from the litter. UV exposure did not affect the decomposition of the lignin fraction. Increased decomposition with UV radiation was accompanied by a decrease in N immobilization over the summer months. These results suggest that the effects of UV radiation on decomposition rates may be primarily abiotic, caused by direct photochemical degradation of the litter. Our results demonstrate that the role of UV radiation in litter decomposition in semiarid systems depends on the aridity of the system and the chemistry of the litter. [source] Long-term carbon exchange in a sparse, seasonally dry tussock grasslandGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2004John E. Hunt Abstract Rainfall and its seasonal distribution can alter carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange and the sustainability of grassland ecosystems. Using eddy covariance, CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and a sparse grassland was measured for 2 years at Twizel, New Zealand. The years had contrasting distributions of rain and falls (446 mm followed by 933 mm; long-term mean=646 mm). The vegetation was sparse with total above-ground biomass of only 1410 g m,2. During the dry year, leaf area index peaked in spring (November) at 0.7, but it was <0.2 by early summer. The maximum daily net CO2 uptake rate was only 1.5 g C m,2 day,1, and it occurred before mid-summer in both years. On an annual basis, for the dry year, 9 g C m,2 was lost to the atmosphere. During the wet year, 41 g C m,2 was sequestered from the atmosphere. The net exchange rates were determined mostly by the timing and intensity of spring rainfall. The components of ecosystem respiration were measured using chambers. Combining scaled-up measurements with the eddy CO2 effluxes, it was estimated that 85% of ecosystem respiration emanated from the soil surface. Under well-watered conditions, 26% of the soil surface CO2 efflux came from soil microbial activity. Rates of soil microbial CO2 production and net mineral-N production were low and indicative of substrate limitation. Soil respiration declined by a factor of four as the soil water content declined from field capacity (0.21 m3 m,3) to the driest value obtained (0.04 m3 m,3). Rainfall after periods of drought resulted in large, but short-lived, respiration pulses that were curvilinearly related to the increase in root-zone water content. Coupled with the low leaf area and high root : shoot ratio, this sparse grassland had a limited capacity to sequester and store carbon. Assuming a proportionality between carbon gain and rainfall during the summer, rainfall distribution statistics suggest that the ecosystem is sustainable in the long term. [source] Atmospheric impact of bioenergy based on perennial crop (reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinaceae, L.) cultivation on a drained boreal organic soilGCB BIOENERGY, Issue 3 2010NARASINHA J. SHURPALI Abstract Marginal organic soils, abundant in the boreal region, are being increasingly used for bioenergy crop cultivation. Using long-term field experimental data on greenhouse gas (GHG) balance from a perennial bioenergy crop [reed canary grass (RCG), Phalaris arundinaceae L.] cultivated on a drained organic soil as an example, we show here for the first time that, with a proper cultivation and land-use practice, environmentally sound bioenergy production is possible on these problematic soil types. We performed a life cycle assessment (LCA) for RCG on this organic soil. We found that, on an average, this system produces 40% less CO2 -equivalents per MWh of energy in comparison with a conventional energy source such as coal. Climatic conditions regulating the RCG carbon exchange processes have a high impact on the benefits from this bioenergy production system. Under appropriate hydrological conditions, this system can even be carbon-negative. An LCA sensitivity analysis revealed that net ecosystem CO2 exchange and crop yield are the major LCA components, while non-CO2 GHG emissions and costs associated with crop production are the minor ones. Net bioenergy GHG emissions resulting from restricted net CO2 uptake and low crop yields, due to climatic and moisture stress during dry years, were comparable with coal emissions. However, net bioenergy emissions during wet years with high net uptake and crop yield were only a third of the coal emissions. As long-term experimental data on GHG balance of bioenergy production are scarce, scientific data stemming from field experiments are needed in shaping renewable energy source policies. [source] Photosynthetic responses of Mojave Desert shrubs to free air CO2 enrichment are greatest during wet yearsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Elke Naumburg Abstract It has been suggested that desert vegetation will show the strongest response to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide due to strong water limitations in these systems that may be ameliorated by both photosynthetic enhancements and reductions in stomatal conductance. Here, we report the long-term effect of 55 Pa atmospheric CO2 on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance for three Mojave Desert shrubs of differing leaf phenology (Ambrosia dumosa,drought-deciduous, Krameria erecta,winter-deciduous, Larrea tridentata,evergreen). The shrubs were growing in an undisturbed ecosystem fumigated using FACE technology and were measured over a four-year period that included both above and below-average precipitation. Daily integrated photosynthesis (Aday) was significantly enhanced by elevated CO2 for all three species, although Krameria erecta showed the greatest enhancements (63% vs. 32% for the other species) enhancements were constant throughout the entire measurement period. Only one species, Larrea tridentata, decreased stomatal conductance by 25,50% in response to elevated CO2, and then only at the onset of the summer dry season and following late summer convective precipitation. Similarly, reductions in the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco were limited to Larrea during spring. These results suggest that the elevated CO2 response of desert vegetation is a function of complex interactions between species functional types and prevailing environmental conditions. Elevated CO2 did not extend the active growing season into the summer dry season because of overall negligible stomatal conductance responses that did not result in significant water conservation. Overall, we expect the greatest response of desert vegetation during years with above-average precipitation when the active growing season is not limited to ,2 months and, consequently, the effects of increased photosynthesis can accumulate over a biologically significant time period. [source] Modelling the interannual variability of net ecosystem CO2 exchange at a subarctic sedge fenGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2001Timothy J. Griffis Abstract This paper presents an empirical model of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) developed for a subarctic fen near Churchill, Manitoba. The model with observed data helps explain the interannual variability in growing season NEE. Five years of tower-flux data are used to test and examine the seasonal behaviour of the model simulations. Processes controlling the observed interannual variability of CO2 exchange at the fen are examined by exploring the sensitivity of the model to changes in air temperature, precipitation and leaf area index. Results indicate that the sensitivity of NEE to changing environmental controls is complex and varies interannually depending on the initial conditions of the wetland. Changes in air temperature and the timing of precipitation events have a strong influence on NEE, which is largely manifest in gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP). Climate change scenarios indicate that warmer air temperatures will increase carbon acquisition during wet years but may act to reduce wetland carbon storage in years that experience a large water deficit early in the growing season. Model simulations for this subarctic sedge fen indicate that carbon acquisition is greatest during wet and warm conditions. This suggests therefore that carbon accumulation was greatest at this subarctic fen during its early developmental stages when hydroclimatic conditions were relatively wet and warm at approximately 2500 years before present. [source] Asymmetric Abstraction and Allocation: The Israeli-Palestinian Water Pumping RecordGROUND WATER, Issue 1 2009Mark Zeitoun The increased attention given to international transboundary aquifers may be nowhere more pressing than on the western bank of the Jordan River. Hydropolitical analysis of six decades of Israeli and Palestinian pumping records reveals how ground water abstraction rates are as asymmetrical as are water allocations. The particular hydrogeology of the region, notably the variability in depth to ground water, variations in ground water quality, and the vulnerability of the aquifer, also affect the outcome. The records confirm previously drawn conclusions of the influence of the agricultural lobby in maintaining a supply-side water management paradigm. Comparison of water consumption rates divulges that water consumed by all sectors of the farming-based Palestinian economy is less than half of Israeli domestic consumption. The overwhelming majority of "reserve" flows from wet years are sold at subsidized rates to the Israeli agricultural sector, while very minor amounts are sold at normal rates to the Palestinian side for drinking water. An apparent coevolution of water resource variability and politics serves to explain increased Israeli pumping prior to negotiations in the early 1990s. The abstraction record from the Western Aquifer Basin discloses that the effective limit set by the terms of the 1995 Oslo II Agreement is regularly violated by the Israeli side, thereby putting the aquifer at risk. The picture that emerges is one of a transboundary water regime that is much more exploitative than cooperative and that risks spoiling the resource as it poisons international relations. [source] El Niño Southern Oscillation link to the Blue Nile River Basin hydrologyHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 26 2009Wossenu Abtew Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationships of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices and the Blue Nile River Basin hydrology using a new approach that tracks cumulative ENSO indices. The results of this study can be applied for water resources management decision making to mitigate drought or flood impacts with a lead time of at least few months. ENSO tracking and forecasting is relatively easier than predicting hydrology. ENSO teleconnections to the Blue Nile River Basin hydrology were evaluated using spatial average basin rainfall and Blue Nile flows at Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The ENSO indices were sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in region Niño 3·4 and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The analysis indicates that the Upper Blue Nile Basin rainfall and flows are teleconnected to the ENSO indices. Based on event correspondence and correlation analysis, high rainfall and high flows are likely to occur during La Niña years and dry years are likely to occur during El Niño years at a confidence level of 90%. Extreme dry and wet years are very likely to correspond with ENSO events as given above. The great Ethiopian famine of 1888,1892 corresponds to one of the strongest El Niño years, 1888. The recent drought years in Ethiopia correspond to strong El Niño years and wet years correspond to La Niña years. In this paper, a new approach is proposed on how to classify the strength of ENSO events by tracking consecutive monthly events through a year. A cumulative SST index value of ,5 and cumulative SOI value of , ,7 indicate strong El Niño. A cumulative SST index value of ,,5 and cumulative SOI index of ,7 indicate strong La Niña. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Study of indices for drought characterization in KBK districts in Orissa (India)HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 12 2008R. P. Pandey Abstract Drought is a temporary, random and regional climatic phenomenon, originating due to lack of precipitation leading to water deficit and causing economic loss. Success in drought alleviation depends on how well droughts are defined and their severity quantified. A quantitative definition identifies the beginning, end, spatial extent and the severity of drought. Among the available indices, no single index is capable of fully describing all the physical characteristics of drought. Therefore, in most cases it is useful and necessary to consider several indices, examine their sensitivity and accuracy, and investigate for correlation among them. In this study, the geographical information system-based Spatial and Time Series Information Modeling (SPATSIM) and Daily Water Resources Assessment Modeling (DWRAM) software were used for drought analysis on monthly and daily bases respectively and its spatial distribution in both dry and wet years. SPATSIM utilizes standardized precipitation index (SPI), effective drought index (EDI), deciles index and departure from long-term mean and median; and DWRAM employs only EDI. The analysis of data from the Kalahandi and Nuapada districts of Orissa (India) revealed that (a) droughts in this region occurred with a frequency of once in every 3 to 4 years, (b) droughts occurred in the year when the ratio of annual rainfall to potential evapotranspiration (Pae/PET) was less than 0·6, (c) EDI better represented the droughts in the area than any other index; (d) all SPI, EDI and annual deviation from the mean showed a similar trend of drought severity. The comparison of all indices and results of analysis led to several useful and pragmatic inferences in understanding the drought attributes of the study area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pre-rainy season moisture build-up and storm precipitation delivery in the West African SahelINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 7 2008J. Bayo Omotosho Abstract The salient differences between the years of above and below normal precipitation, particularly within the long period of 1972,1990 with persistently decreasing Sahelian rainfall, are investigated for Kano, a Nigerian station within the Sahel. Daily rainfall data from 1916 to 2000, storm records from 1951 to 2000 and radiosonde data for three dry and three wet years are used in this study. Results confirm previous findings that the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) located in the 700,600 mb layer is stronger during the dry than in wet years. Significantly, however, it is shown that during the wet years, there is stronger and deeper early season (April,June) build-up of moisture below the AEJ. Furthermore, throughout the period from April to August, the middle troposphere was almost always drier than normal during the dry years and moist than normal in the wet years. Consequent upon these, the storms, which deliver almost all the rainfall in the Sahel, produce at least 150% more precipitation during the wet than in the dry years, though the June to September or annual total number of storms differs by only about 30%. Finally, during the dry years, the onset of rainfall is found to be generally very late compared to the long-term mean, with shorter length of the rainy season. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Evolution and features of global land June,August dry/wet periods during 1920,2000INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 12 2004Neng Shi Abstract Dry/wet features for the globe and the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are investigated in terms of 1920,2000 June,August (JJA) global land precipitation data. The weighted mean JJA precipitation anomaly index and the weighted mean JJA dry/wet area index are used to describe the extent of global dryness/wetness. It is pointed out that 1988 (1930) was the globally wettest (driest) year in 1920,2000, and 1954 (1976) was the second wettest (driest). The dryness/wetness of the globe and Northern and Southern Hemispheres has shown distinctive interdecadal changes: during the 1920s, global dryness occurred in JJA frequently; from the 1920s to the 1940s global wetness occurred infrequently in JJA; the 1950s,1960s was a period of frequent global JJA wetness; and the 1970s to 2000 was a period of frequent global JJA dryness/wetness, with the number of dry years greater than that of wet years. The dry/wet features of the Northern Hemisphere are comparatively consistent with those of the globe, but there is no obvious relation between JJA mean precipitation anomalies of the two hemispheres. The analyses of the simultaneous and last winter sea-surface temperature anomalies of global dry/wet years reveal that there is clear correlation of JJA global dry/wet change with sea-surface temperature variations and El Niño,southern oscillation (ENSO) events. Global JJA dryness occurs when the summer ENSO (El Niño) is weaker, and global JJA wetness occurs when the summer ENSO is strong. The largest difference between the last winter sea-surface temperature fields for global dry and wet years is that the sea-surface temperature in the North Pacific and North Atlantic for wet years is substantially higher than that for dry years. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Climate variability in Malawi, part 2: sensitivity and prediction of lake levelsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 11 2002M. R. Jury Abstract Southern Africa has only a few large lakes, one of which is Lake Malawi. It forms part of the lower Zambezi catchment and the Great Rift Valley. The lake provides food, energy, transport and recreation to the local people. Inflow to the lake increases through summer (December to April) when the equatorial convection zone lies overhead. An analysis of lake levels in the period 1937,95 has been conducted and changes are related to variations in rainfall and atmospheric conditions. Interannual cycles in the time series are consistent with those found for Zambezi River streamflows, suggesting a degree of regional coherence. Years with high inflow are contrasted with mean conditions using the National Centres for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data for the period since 1958. Composite anomalies of wind fields for wet years reveal a zonal overturning circulation. Low (upper) level westerlies (easterlies) link with a sub-tropical trough in the Mozambique Channel to enhance regional convection and lake inflows. The results provide input to predictive models for Lake Malawi to plan better the management of water resources in this part of Africa. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society. [source] Influence of climate and reproductive timing on demography of little brown myotis Myotis lucifugusJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Winifred F. Frick Summary 1. Estimating variation in demographic rates, such as survival and fecundity, is important for testing life-history theory and identifying conservation and management goals. 2. We used 16 years (1993,2008) of mark,recapture data to estimate age-specific survival and breeding probabilities of the little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus LeConte in southern New Hampshire, USA. Using Kendall & Nichols' (1995) full-likelihood approach of the robust design to account for temporary emigration, we tested whether survival and breeding propensity is influenced by regional weather patterns and timing of reproduction. 3. Our results demonstrate that adult female survival of M. lucifugus ranged from 0·63 (95% CL = 0·56, 0·68) to 0·90 (95% CL = 0·77, 0·94), and was highest in wet years with high cumulative summer precipitation. First-year survival [range: 0·23 (95% CL = 0·14, 0·35) to 0·46 (95% CL = 0·34, 0·57)] was considerably lower than adult survival and depended on pup date of birth, such that young born earlier in the summer (c. late May) had a significantly higher probability of surviving their first year than young born later in the summer (c. mid-July). Similarly, the probability of young females returning to the maternity colony to breed in the summer following their birth year was higher for individuals born earlier in the summer [range: 0·23 (95% CL = 0·08, 0·50) to 0·53 (95% CL = 0·30, 0·75)]. 4. The positive influence of early parturition on 1st-year survival and breeding propensity demonstrates significant fitness benefits to reproductive timing in this temperate insectivorous bat. 5. Climatic factors can have important consequences for population dynamics of temperate bats, which may be negatively affected by summer drying patterns associated with global climate change. 6. Understanding long-term demographic trends will be important in the face of a novel disease phenomenon (White-Nose Syndrome) that is associated with massive mortalities in hibernating bat species, including M. lucifugus, in the northeastern United States. [source] Twenty years of rest returns grazing potential, but not palatable plant diversity, to Karoo rangeland, South AfricaJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Colleen L. Seymour Summary 1.,Up to 73% of the world's rangelands are degraded, and increasing demand for meat in developing countries and a growing human population are likely to exert even greater pressures on rangelands in the next 20,50 years. Restoration of rangeland grazing potential and resilience is therefore important, particularly in the face of climate change. 2.,We investigated the influence of past stocking rates (from 1910 to 1987), rainfall, and current grazing regimes (from 1988 to 2008) on plant assemblages, grazing potential, and diversity of palatable species in southern Karoo rangelands, South Africa. 3.,We used herbivore exclusion experiments to test whether resting rangeland for 20 years enables recovery of plant assemblages (where seed sources are present within 50 m), regardless of previous grazing history. Mean annual rainfall over this period was 15% higher than the mean annual rainfall for the preceding 80 years and included two exceptionally wet years. 4.,While rainfall was a primary driver of total vegetation cover, grazing history explained differences in plant species composition: plots with shared historical grazing intensity were more similar than plots with the same grazing regimes between 1988 and 2008. 5.,In historically heavily-grazed exclusion plots, cover of the palatable species Tripteris sinuata (formerly Osteospermum sinuatum) returned to levels comparable to that in both exclusion and lightly-grazed plots with a moderate grazing history. Five palatable species (Pteronia empetrifolia, Tetragonia spicata, Berkheya spinosa, Hereroa latipetala and Ruschia spinosa) failed to re-establish, however, despite the presence of seed-producing plants nearby. Furthermore, only cover of P. empetrifolia increased significantly in historically moderately-grazed plots. Cover of unpalatable plants (e.g. Pteronia pallens) increased in all plots over time. 6.Synthesis and applications. These findings suggest that present species composition of arid shrublands reflects historical management at time scales greater than 20 years. Despite high rainfall enabling the return of grazing potential through recovery of a single forage species, rest alone did not ensure the return of all palatable species, with implications for rangeland resilience. Restoring the full suite of palatable species over management timeframes will require more complex interventions such as reseeding or selective clearing. [source] Spatial differences in breeding success in the pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta: effects of habitat on hatching success and chick survivalJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Szabolcs Lengyel I studied the breeding biology of pied avocets Recurvirostra avosetta in natural habitats (alkaline lakes), and in semi-natural sites (dry fishpond, reconstructed wetlands) in Hungary to relate habitat selection patterns to spatial and temporal variation in breeding success. Colonies were initiated earlier in semi-natural sites than in natural habitats, and earlier on islands than on the mainland. Hatching success was higher on islands than on the mainland, in semi-natural sites than in natural habitats, in colonies of at least 15 pairs than in smaller colonies, and for nests initiated earlier than later within a colony. Fledging success was higher in the wet years (1999,2000) than in the dry year (1998), decreased strongly by season in both habitats and increased with average daily temperature in the first week post-hatch in 1999,2000. Most pairs hatching young in semi-natural sites attempted to lead their chicks to feeding areas in natural habitats, whereas no such movement occurred in the opposite direction. Chick mortality due to predation was high during brood movements and only 23% of the pairs moving their young produced fledglings, compared to 43% for pairs remaining in semi-natural sites and 68% for pairs hatching and rearing young in natural habitats (total n=192 broods). These results suggest that semi-natural sites were more suitable for nesting, whereas natural habitats were more suitable for chick-rearing. The opposing trends in habitat-related breeding success between nesting and chick-rearing suggest sub-optimal habitat selection by Pied Avocets due to an incorrect assessment of the potential for successful reproduction of semi-natural sites, which may thus function as ecological traps. [source] Natural regeneration and population dynamics of the tree Afzelia quanzensis in woodlands in Southern AfricaAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Karin Gerhardt Abstract The logging of tree species of high commercial value is increasing throughout the African continent, yet the ecology of these species is generally poorly known. We studied the regeneration pattern and size class distribution of Afzelia quanzensis populations in northern South Africa over a 5-year period. Recruitment was low as the annual seedling mortality was >65%. Seedlings were located under the canopy and were affected by drought and browsing. The adults were scattered or were in a clump-dispersed pattern, which would result in higher recruitment of offspring near parents. Individuals of 0,10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were few, while there were 32 trees ha,1 at >10 cm DBH with an annual mortality of 0.8%. Annual diameter increments varied between 0.06 and 0.28 cm. It appears that the transition from the sapling into the juvenile stage could be a bottleneck in the regeneration of the species. A longer study, including more rainfall cycles, may reveal other patterns as dry and wet years have different impacts on dynamics. Résumé La coupe d'espèces d'arbres de grande valeur commerciale augmente dans tout le continent africain, pourtant l'écologie de ces espèces est généralement mal connue. Nous avons étudié le schéma de régénération et la distribution des classes d'âge des populations d'Afzelia quanzensis dans le nord de l'Afrique du Sud pendant cinq ans. Le recrutement était faible car la mortalité annuelle des jeunes plants était de plus de 65%. Les jeunes plans se trouvaient sous la canopée et étaient affectés par la sécheresse et par le broutage des animaux. Les adultes étaient dispersés ou se trouvaient en un schéma en bosquet, qui résulte en un plus fort recrutement de la progéniture près des parents. Les individus de 0,10 cm DBH étaient rares, alors qu'il y avait32 arbres ha,1à >10 cm DBH, avec une mortalité annuelle de 0,8%. L'incrément annuel du diamètre variait entre 0,06 et 0,28 cm. Il semble que la transition entre le stade de jeune arbre et celui de juvénile pourrait bien constituer un étranglement dans la régénération de l'espèce. Une étude plus longue, comprenant plus de cycles de pluies, pourrait révéler un autre schéma étant donné que les années sèches et humides ont des impacts différents sur cette dynamique. [source] Nitrogen Sources and Sinks Within the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 4 2007Gretchen P. Oelsner Abstract:, Relationships between discharge, land use, and nitrogen sources and sinks were developed using 5 years of synoptic sampling along a 300 km reach of the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. Average river discharge was higher during 2001 and 2005 "wet years" (15 m3/s) than during the drought years of 2002-04 "dry years" (8.9 m3/s), but there were no differences in nitrogen loading from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which were the largest and most consistent source of nitrogen to the river (1,330 kg/day). Average total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) concentrations remained elevated for 180 km downstream of the Albuquerque WWTP averaging 1.2 mg/l in wet years and 0.52 mg/l in dry years. Possible explanations for the constant elevated TDN concentrations downstream of the major point source include reduced nitrogen retention capacity, minimal contact with riparian or channel vegetation, large suspended sediment loads, and low algal biomass. Somewhat surprisingly, agricultural return flows had lower average nitrogen concentrations than river water originally diverted to agriculture in both wet (0.81 mg/l) and dry years (0.19 mg/l), indicating that the agricultural system is a sink for nitrogen. Lower average nitrogen concentrations in the river during the dry years can be explained by the input of agricultural returns which comprise the majority of river flow in dry years. [source] Using farmers' knowledge for defining criteria for land qualities in biophysical land evaluationLAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2001I. Messing Abstract The objective of this paper is to present a way of complementing empirical results with farmers' perceptions in defining limiting biophysical land properties in a land suitability evaluation using the FAO framework methodology. The farmers' perceptions were identified using rapid and participatory rural appraisal (RRA/PRA) tools. The study catchment, having a semiarid continental climate and located on the Loess Plateau in northern China, covered an area of 3.5 km2. Most of the land users were dependent on subsistence agriculture. There were important topographic variations in the catchment and arable cropping on steep slopes brought about degradation of land due to water erosion. The biophysical monitoring, soil survey and RRA/PRA survey, carried out one year prior to the present investigation, supplied the data needed for identification of preliminary limiting land properties and land evaluation units. The land properties that needed further investigation in the present study were slope aspect, soil workability, flooding hazard and farmers' criteria on choice of land-use type. The farmers were able to give a comprehensive picture of the spatial and temporal variation and the importance for land-use options of the land properties concerned, and thereby complement the information gained from empirical results (measurements). In order to guarantee good production for dry as well as wet years, both south- and north-facing sites were chosen for most crops, and the slope aspect did not need to be differentiated in the final land suitability evaluation for arable crops. Grassland, however, was considered to be more suitable than woodland on south-facing sites. Hard soil layers were found to be important, since they affected soil workability and erosion negatively, giving slightly reduced suitability for the land units in which they occurred. Flooding events affecting crops on alluvial soils negatively were considered to occur once every 5 to 10 years, which is considered to be a low rate, so this property was therefore not included in the final suitability evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Long-term influence of manure and mineral nitrogen applications on plant and soil 15N and 13C values from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment,RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 11 2008Mehmet Senbayram The Broadbalk Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted Research in the UK provides a unique opportunity to investigate the long-term impacts of environmental change and agronomic practices on plants and soils. We examined the influence of manure and mineral fertiliser applications on temporal trends in the stable N (15N) and C (13C) isotopes of wheat collected during 1968,1979 and 1996,2005, and of soil collected in 1966 and 2000. The soil ,15N values in 1966 and 2000 were higher in manure than the mineral N supplied soil; the latter had similar or higher ,15N values than non-fertilised soil. The straw ,15N values significantly decreased in all N treatments during 1968 to 1979, but not for 1996,2005. The straw ,15N values decreased under the highest mineral N supply (192,kg,N,ha,1,year,1) by 3, from 1968 to 1979. Mineral N supply significantly increased to straw ,13C values in dry years, but not in wet years. Significant correlations existed between wheat straw ,13C values with cumulative rainfall (March to June). The cultivar Hereward (grown 1996,2005) was less affected by changes in environmental conditions (i.e. water stress and fertiliser regime) than Cappelle Desprez (1968,1979). We conclude that, in addition to fertiliser type and application rates, water stress and, importantly, plant variety influenced plant ,13C and ,15N values. Hence, water stress and differential variety response should be considered in plant studies using plant ,13C and ,15N trends to delineate past or recent environmental or agronomic changes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Sampling Techniques Influence Understory Plant Trajectories After Restoration: An Example from Ponderosa Pine RestorationRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Julie E. Korb Abstract Although there is no one correct technique for sampling vegetation, the sampling design chosen may greatly influence the conclusions researchers can draw from restoration treatments. Considerations when designing vegetation sampling protocol include determining what sampling attributes to measure, the size and shape of the sampling plot, the number of replicates and their location within the study area, and the frequency of sampling. We installed 20 point-intercept transects (50-m long), 8 belt transects (10 × 50 m), 10 adapted Daubenmire transects (four 0.5 × 2-m plots), and 4 modified-Whittaker plots (20 × 50 m with smaller nested plots) in treatment and control units to measure understory herbaceous response in a forest restoration experiment that tested different treatments. Point-intercept transects on average recorded at least twice as much plant cover as did adapted Daubenmire transects and modified-Whittaker plots taken at the same location for all control and treatment units. Point-intercept transects and adapted Daubenmire plots on average captured fewer rare and exotic species in the control and treatment units in comparison with the belt transects and modified-Whittaker plots. Modified-Whittaker plots captured the highest species richness in all units. Early successional understory response to restoration treatments was likely masked by the response of the herbaceous community to yearly climatic variation (dry vs. wet years). Species richness and abundance were higher in wet years than dry years for all control and treatment units. Our results illustrate that sampling techniques can greatly influence perceptions of understory plant trajectories and therefore the interpretation of whether restoration goals have been achieved. In addition, our results suggest that restoration monitoring needs to be conducted for a sufficient length of time so that restoration treatment responses can be detected. [source] Effects of diseases on the growth and yield of spring linseed (Linum usitatissimum), 1988,1998ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000S A M PERRYMAN Summary In spring linseed field experiments with fungicides at Rothamsted from 1988 to 1998, substantial yield losses assoeiated with diseases occurred in three years and slight losses could be associated with diseases in other years. These yield losses were related to decreases in yield components (thousand grain weights and number of capsules). Leaf browning was observed each year and percentage leaf area with browning was the disease factor most consistently related to yield losses (in five years). Yield loss relationships for these five years suggested that for each 10% increase in percentage leaf area with browning there was a yield loss of 0.10 to 0.18 t ha,1. Stem browning, lesions on capsules and powdery mildew were associated with yield losses in two years, three years and one year, respectively. Yield losses were greatest in years when the period of flowering and early capsule development in June and July was wetter than average; the predominant disease was grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in wet years up to 1996, whereas pasmo (Mycosphaerella linicola) was most important in 1997 and 1998. Observed yield losses were small in hot, dry years when powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca lini) and verticillium (Verticillium dahliae) were the predominant diseases. [source] Effects of leaf litter and precipitation on germination and seedling survival of the endangered tree Beilschmiedia miersiiAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 2 2004Pablo I. Becerra Abstract Question: What effects do leaf litter and rainfall regime have on seed germination (time and probability) and seedling survival of the endangered tree species Beilschmiedia miersii (Lauraceae)? Location: The species is a native tree from the mediterranean climate region of Chile. Seeds were collected from La Campana National Park (Chile). The study was carried out under controlled conditions at the Laboratory of Ecology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Methods: During April 2001,200 seeds were assigned to four experimental treatments: high precipitation, with and without litter and low precipitation, with and without litter. Each treatment had 50 individual seeds, each seed in an individual pot. For statistical purposes, we considered each seed as one replicate. High and low values of artificial rainfall corresponded to mean dry and wet years, respectively, for the period 1958,1993 in the central zone of Chile. Results: Seeds germinated earlier, and in higher proportion, in the presence of leaf litter, but only under low rainfall. Seedling survival was insensitive to both litter and precipitation. Conclusions: We conclude that the presence of litter in native populations facilitates seed germination and recruitment of B. miersii, particularly during dry years. We suggest that the reduction of leaf litter due to extraction for gardens and horticultural activities might preclude regeneration of this endangered species. [source] Wing shape variation in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis): an ecomorphological approachBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2009BIEKE VANHOOYDONCK Wing design in birds is subject to a suite of interacting selective pressures. As different performance traits are favoured in different ecological settings, a tight link is generally expected between variation in wing morphology and variation in ecological parameters. In the present study, we document aspects of variation in wing morphology in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) on Isla Santa Cruz in the Galápagos. We compare variation in body size, simple morphometric traits (body mass, last primary length, wing length, wing chord, and wing area) and functional traits (wing loading, aspect ratio and wing pointedness) across years, among populations, and between sexes. Functional traits are found to covary across years with differences in climatic conditions, and to covary among populations with differences in habitat structure. In dry years and arid locations, wing aspect ratios are highest and wings are more pointed, consistent with a need for a low cost of transport. In wet years and cluttered habitats, wing loading is lowest and wings are more rounded, suggesting enhanced capabilities for manoeuvrability. Sexes differ in wing loading, with males having lower wing loadings than females. Superior manoeverability might be favoured in males for efficient territory maintenance. Lastly, in contrast to functional traits, we found little consistent inter-annual or inter-site variation in simple morphometric traits. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 129,138. [source] Climate Change and Pastoral Economy in Kenya: A Blinking FutureACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 5 2009Julius M. HUHO Abstract: The present paper examines the changing climatic scenarios and associated effects on livestock farming (pastoralism) in the arid and semi arid lands (ASAL) of Kenya, which cover over 80% of the country. The study was carried out in the semi arid Mukogodo Division of Laikipia District in Kenya. This division received a mean annual rainfall of approximately 507.8 mm and the main source of livelihood was pastoralism. Questionnaire, structured interview, observation and literature review were the main methods of data collection. Rainfall was used in delineating changes in climate. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Markov process were used in analyzing drought severity and persistence, respectively. Approximately 38% of all droughts between 1975 and 2005 were prolonged and extremely severe, with cumulative severity indices ranging between ,2.54 and ,6.49. The probability that normal climatic conditions persisted for two or more consecutive years in Mukogodo Division remained constant at approximately 52%. However, the probability of wet years persisting for two or more years showed a declining trend, while persistence of dry years increased with duration. A drying climatic trend was established. This drying trend in the area led to increased land degradation and encroachment of invasive nonpalatable bushes. The net effect on pastoralism was large-scale livestock loss through starvation, disease and cattle rustling. Proper drought monitoring and accurate forecasts, community participation in all government interventions, infrastructural development in the ASAL and allocation of adequate resources for livestock development are some of the measures necessary for mitigating the dwindling pastoral economy in Kenya and other parts of the world. [source] |