We Know (we + know)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


MECHANISMS MEDIATING PRESSURE NATRIURESIS: WHAT WE KNOW and WHAT WE NEED TO FIND OUT

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5-6 2005
Roger G Evans
SUMMARY 1.,It is well established that pressure natriuresis plays a key role in long-term blood pressure regulation, but our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process is incomplete. 2.,Pressure natriuresis is chiefly mediated by inhibition of tubular sodium reabsorption, because both total renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate are efficiently autoregulated. Inhibition of active sodium transport within both the proximal and distal tubules likely makes a contribution. Increased renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) likely inhibits sodium reabsorption by altering passive diffusion through paracellular pathways in ,leaky' tubular elements. 3.,Nitric oxide and products of cytochrome P450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism are key signalling mechanisms in pressure natriuresis, although their precise roles remain to be determined. 4.,The key unresolved question is, how is increased renal artery pressure ,sensed' by the kidney? One proposal rests on the notion that blood flow in the renal medulla is poorly autoregulated, so that increased renal artery pressure leads to increased renal medullary blood flow (MBF), which, in turn, leads to increased RIHP. An alternative proposal is that the process of autoregulation of renal blood flow leads to increased shear stress in the preglomerular vasculature and, so, release of nitric oxide and perhaps products of cytochrome P450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism, which, in turn, drive the cascade of events that inhibit sodium reabsorption. 5.,Central to the arguments underlying these opposing hypotheses is the extent to which MBF is autoregulated. This remains highly controversial, largely because of the limitations of presently available methods for measurement of MBF. [source]


The Effects of Weather and Climate on the Seasonality of Influenza: What We Know and What We Need to Know

GEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 7 2010
Christopher Fuhrmann
Influenza is one of the most deadly of all airborne and upper-respiratory infections. On average, 22,000 deaths and over 3 million hospitalizations in USA are attributed to influenza each year. The distinct seasonality of influenza suggests a climate connection, but the wide range of methodologies used to explore this connection makes it difficult to elucidate a definitive relationship. Much of what is known about the effects of weather and climate on the seasonality of influenza stems from research conducted by members of the public health and medical communities, with few contributions from other physical and social science fields. Most of these studies are either based on experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions or on the broad-scale patterns of morbidity and mortality and their relationship to large-scale climate signals. What remains largely unknown is the suitability of these results for the development of early warning systems and for determining the dynamics of viral transmission on multiple space and time scales. [source]


Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next?

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 1-2 2001
Murray R. Barrick
As we begin the new millennium, it is an appropriate time to examine what we have learned about personality-performance relationships over the past century and to embark on new directions for research. In this study we quantitatively summarize the results of 15 prior meta-analytic studies that have investigated the relationship between the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and job performance. Results support the previous findings that conscientiousness is a valid predictor across performance measures in all occupations studied. Emotional stability was also found to be a generalizable predictor when overall work performance was the criterion, but its relationship to specific performance criteria and occupations was less consistent than was conscientiousness. Though the other three Big Five traits (extraversion, openness and agreeableness) did not predict overall work performance, they did predict success in specific occupations or relate to specific criteria. The studies upon which these results are based comprise most of the research that has been conducted on this topic in the past century. Consequently, we call for a moratorium on meta-analytic studies of the type reviewed in our study and recommend that researchers embark on a new research agenda designed to further our understanding of personality-performance linkages. [source]


Because People Matter: Studying Global Political Economy

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 4 2001
Ronnie D. Lipschutz
The 1990s were hard on our traditional theories of International Relations and International Political Economy, and the Millennium has brought the End of Meta-Narrative as We Know It. In this article, I discuss and dissect three of the past decade's meta-narratives, and show how they were no more than failed efforts to shore up the decomposing corpus of mainstream theories. In their stead, I offer a preliminary description of a contextual and contingent approach to thinking about and analyzing global political economy. I place people at the center of my framework, and use the tools of historical materialism, feminist theory, and agency-structure analysis to generate an understanding of the relationship between what I call the "social individual" and global politics and political economy. [source]


International Organization: What Do We Know and How Do We Pass on Our Knowledge?

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 3 2003
Kent J. Kille
First page of article [source]


Surrogate Alcohol: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 10 2007
Dirk W. Lachenmeier
Background:, Consumption of surrogate alcohols (i.e., nonbeverage alcohols and illegally produced alcohols) was shown to impact on different causes of death, not only poisoning or liver disease, and appears to be a major public health problem in Russia and elsewhere. Methods:, A computer-assisted literature review on chemical composition and health consequences of "surrogate alcohol" was conducted and more than 70 references were identified. A wider definition of the term "surrogate alcohol" was derived, including both nonbeverage alcohols and illegally produced alcohols that contain nonbeverage alcohols. Results:, Surrogate alcohol may contain substances that cause severe health consequences including death. Known toxic constituents include lead, which may lead to chronic toxicity, and methanol, which leads to acute poisoning. On the other hand, the role of higher alcohols (e.g., propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol) in the etiology of surrogate-associated diseases is currently unclear. Whether other constituents of surrogates have contributed to the high all-cause mortality over and above the effect of ethanol in recent studies also remains unclear. Conclusions:, Given the high public health importance associated with the consumption of surrogate alcohols, further knowledge on its chemical composition is required as well as research on its links to various disease endpoints should be undertaken with priority. Some interventions to reduce the harm resulting from surrogate alcohol could be undertaken already at this point. For example, the use of methanol or methanol-containing wood alcohol should be abolished in denatured alcohol. Other possible surrogates (e.g., automobile products) should be treated with bittering agents to avoid consumption. [source]


The Validity of DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 2 2003
Deborah S. Hasin
This article presents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2002 RSA Meeting in San Francisco, California. Deborah S. Hasin organized the symposium and co-chaired it with Marc Schuckit. The purpose of the symposium was to provide an overview of what is known about the validity of DSM-IV and ICD-10 alcohol dependence and abuse, with a focus on work done since 1994. Presentations included: (1) Validity of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in adolescents, by Christopher S. Martin; (2) Reliability and validity of DSM and ICD formulations of alcohol use disorders: findings from epidemiology, by Bridget F. Grant; (3) Validity and reliability of the alcohol-dependence phenotype in the context of genetic studies, by Kathleen K. Bucholz; and (4) DSM-IV and beyond: uniting the clinical utility of categories with the precision of dimensions, by John E. Helzer. The findings supported the validity of DSM-IV alcohol dependence across numerous study designs and samples, suggested some value in a dimensional dependence measure, and raised questions about the validity of the diagnosis of alcohol abuse as currently defined. Marc Schuckit, as discussant for the symposium, placed the issues in perspective for the upcoming DSM-V. [source]


Reading Comprehension in Adolescents with LD: What We Know; What We Need to Learn

LEARNING DISABILITIES RESEARCH & PRACTICE, Issue 2 2008
Michael N. Faggella-Luby
The changing job market requires a sophisticated array of literacy skills that adolescents with learning disabilities reading below grade level have not yet acquired. This summary of the research on reading comprehension highlights emerging findings and related instructional conditions necessary to achieve optimal student outcomes with limited instructional time. Limitations in the existing evidence base are addressed via four factors for future research and development agendas: (a) use theory to inform research and practice, (b) study the role that dosage plays as an independent variable, (c) study tiered models of instruction that are applicable for use in middle and high school settings, and (d) study factors that can enhance scaling of reading comprehension interventions. [source]


The Role of Friends' Appearance and Behavior on Evaluations of Individuals on Facebook: Are We Known by the Company We Keep?

HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008
Joseph B. Walther
This research explores how cues deposited by social partners onto one's online networking profile affect observers' impressions of the profile owner. An experiment tested the relationships between both (a) what one's associates say about a person on a social network site via "wall postings," where friends leave public messages, and (b) the physical attractiveness of one's associates reflected in the photos that accompany their wall postings on the attractiveness and credibility observers attribute to the target profile owner. Results indicated that profile owners' friends' attractiveness affected their own in an assimilative pattern. Favorable or unfavorable statements about the targets interacted with target gender: Negatively valenced messages about certain moral behaviors increased male profile owners' perceived physical attractiveness, although they caused females to be viewed as less attractive. Résumé Le rôle de l'apparence et du comportement des amis dans l'évaluation d,individus sur Facebook : Notre entourage nous connaît-il? Cette recherche explore la façon dont des indices déposés par des partenaires sociaux sur le profil de réseautage en ligne d'une personne ont un effet sur les impressions qu,ont les observateurs du propriétaire de ce profil. Une expérience a testé la relation entre 1) ce que les amis d'une personne disent de celle-ci sur un site de réseautage social par le biais de messages publics laissés par ces amis sur son «Wall» (« mur » virtuel servant à afficher des messages) et 2) l,attrait physique des amis d'une personne telle que reflété par les photos qui accompagnent leurs messages publiés sur le «Wall», sur l,attrait et la crédibilité que des observateurs attribuent au propriétaire du profil ciblé. Les résultats indiquent que l'attrait des amis des propriétaires de profils a un impact sur le leur, selon un schéma d,assimilation. Des affirmations favorables ou défavorables aux cibles ont interagi avec le genre de la cible : des messages à valence négative à propos de certains comportements moraux ont augmenté l'attrait physique perçu des propriétaires de profils masculins, alors qu,ils faisaient en sorte que les propriétaires de sexe féminin étaient considérées moins attirantes. Abstract Die Rolle des Erscheinungsbildes und Verhaltens von Freunden bei der Evaluation von Personen bei Facebook: Was verraten die anderen über uns? Diese Studie untersucht, wie der Eindruck bezüglich des Profilinhabers durch Nachrichten, die auf Online-Networking-Profilen hinterlassen werden, beeinflusst wird. In einem Experiment untersuchten wir den Einfluss von 1) dem, was die Bekannten einer Person über diese via öffentlich lesbaren Pinnwandbotschaften sagen und 2) der physischen Attraktivität eines Freundes auf den beigefügten Fotos auf die Attraktivität und Glaubwürdigkeit, die Beobachter dem Profilbesitzer zuschreiben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Attraktivität des Freundes die Attraktivität des Profilbesitzers auf vergleichbare Art und Weise beeinflusste. Positive oder negative Bemerkungen über das Zielprofil interagierten mit dem Geschlecht des Zielprofils. Negativ konnotierte Botschaften über das moralische Verhalten erhöhten bei männlichen Profilbesitzern die wahrgenommene physische Attraktivität, während sie bei weiblichen Profilbesitzern dazu führte, dass diese als weniger attraktiv wahrgenommen wurden. Resumen El Rol de la Apariencia y el Comportamiento de los Amigos sobre las Evaluaciones Individuales en Facebook: ¿Somos Conocidos por la Compañía que Mantenemos? Esta investigación explora cómo las claves depositadas por los compañeros sociales en el perfil de red online de uno mismo afectan las impresiones que los observadores tienen sobre el dueño de dicho perfil. Un experimento puso a prueba la relación entre (1) lo que sus asociados dicen acerca de una persona en la red social a través de los "mensajes de pared" donde los amigos dejan mensajes públicos, y (2) el atractivo físico de los asociados reflejado en las fotos que acompañan sus mensajes de pared, sobre el atractivo físico y la credibilidad que los observadores atribuyen al dueño del perfil. Los resultados indicaron que el atractivo físico de los amigos del dueño del perfil afectó el suyo propio en una pauta asimilativa. Las declaraciones favorables ó desfavorables sobre los perfiles metas interactuaron con el género meta: los mensajes de valencia negativa sobre ciertos comportamientos morales incrementaron la atracción física percibida del perfil masculino de los dueños, mientras que causó que las mujeres sean vistas como menos atractivas. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source]