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Water Extract (water + extract)
Kinds of Water Extract Selected AbstractsHPLC Analysis of Catechins, Theaflavins, and Alkaloids in Commercial Teas and Green Tea Dietary Supplements: Comparison of Water and 80% Ethanol/Water ExtractsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006Mendel Friedman ABSTRACT:, To help meet the needs of consumers, producers of dietary tea supplements, and researchers for information on health-promoting tea compounds, we compared the following conditions for the extraction of tea leaves and green tea-containing dietary supplements: 80% ethanol/water at 60 °C for 15 min and boiled water for 5 min. The following 7 catechins, 4 theaflavins, and 3 alkaloids were separated in a 70-min single HPLC analysis: (,)-epigallocatechin, (,)-catechin, (+)-epicatechin, (,)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (,),gallocatechin-3-gallate, (,)-epicatechin-3-gallate, (,)-catechin-3-gallate, theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3,-gallate, theaflavin-3,3,-digallate, caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. The following ranges of concentrations of flavonoids (catechins plus theaflavins) in the tea leaves extracted with 80% ethanol were observed (in mg/g): in 32 black teas, 19.8 to 115.1; in 24 green teas, 12.3 to 136.3; in 14 specialty teas, 4.9 to 118.5; in 7 herbal teas, 0 to 46.0. Total alkaloids in all teas ranged from 0 to 32.6 mg/g. Significantly greater amounts of flavonoids were extracted from the tea leaves with aqueous ethanol than with boiled water. Levels of tea catechins in 10 capsules sold as dietary supplements were about 50 to 75% lower than the amounts listed on the labels. Catechin content of 4 commercial green tea extracts ranged from 96 to 696 mg/g. The results make it possible to maximize the extraction of tea compounds to better relate the flavonoid and alkaloid content of teas and dietary tea supplements to their health-promoting effects. [source] ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF WATER EXTRACTS FROM PARCHING GREEN TEAJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2010SHENG-DUN LIN ABSTRACT Cold and hot water extracts (2, 6 and 10%) were prepared from parching green tea and its antioxidant properties studied and potential antioxidant components determined. Yields of hot water extracts (17.53,28.63%) were significantly higher than those of cold water extracts (13.34,16.14%). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values in antioxidant activity and reducing power were 2.17,2.75 and 0.22,0.30 mg/mL, respectively. Scavenging abilities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were comparable. EC50 values in scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals and chelating ability on ferrous ions were 3.31,4.54 and 1.63,3.09 mg/mL, respectively. Contents of total phenols were 220.52,339.83 mg/g whereas those of total catechins in cold and hot water extracts were 130.22,146.28 mg/g and 136.40,191.33 mg/g, respectively. Based on the results obtained, hot water extracts were more effective in antioxidant activity, reducing power and scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals but less effective in chelating ability on ferrous ions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Tea is one of popular drinks in the world. The consumption of green tea is especially popular in Asia, mainly for its health benefits. Parched tea is a Chinese style green tea, which is different from the Japanese style steamed tea. Recently, the tea prepared by brewing tea leaves in cold water has become a new choice in Taiwan in addition to traditionally hot water-brewed tea. Results from this research, the cold and hot water extracts of green tea are good antioxidant. Besides, green tea is also reported to reduce serum cholesterol levels and inhibit hypertension, mutagenesis, and tumourigenesis in several experiments in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the extract of green tea has the potential to be developed into new health foods, and the cold brewing would be a new alternative way to make a tea. [source] Screening of Garlic Water Extract for Binding Activity with Cholera Toxin B Pentamer by NMR Spectroscopy , An Old Remedy Giving a New SurpriseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2006Matteo Politi Abstract Binding between a component of the crude hot water extract obtained from Allium sativum crushed bulbs (ASw) and cholera toxin B pentamer (CTB) was detected by STD NMR experiments. Bioassay-oriented fractionation allowed the partial identification of a high molecular weight polysaccharide mainly composed of galactose as the bioactive complex against CTB. This work represents the first example of screening of a medicinal plant by NMR against a specific disease, and corroborates traditional medical uses of the species. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Mutagenicity and Safety Evaluation of Water Extract of,Coriander sativum,LeavesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Mariana Ramírez Reyes ABSTRACT:, Coriander has been used as a spice and medicinal plant for centuries. Several studies have described its biological properties and some reports have indicated its pharmacological actions in some human pathology. However, data on its toxicity and metabolism are limited or null, and no research has been conducted with mammalian cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutagenicity and safety of,Coriandrum sativum,extract. The mutagenic effects of,C. sativum,extract were evaluated by Ames test. Mutagenicity was present when the,C. sativum,extract was used in high concentrations in both tested strains (Salmonella typhimurium,TA97 and TA102). Our research showed that,C. sativum,extract reduced the cell survival of human cell lines (WRL-68 and 293Q cells) by inducing apoptosis and necrosis in the cases where extract concentration was the highest. The,C. sativum,extract altered the cell cycle; it increased the G1 phase of hepatic cells and reduced the G2+M phase in both cell lines in a dose-response manner. These results showed correlation with a reduction in the mitotic index. The extract also induced severe malformations during embryonic development. Exposure of chicken embryos to the,C. sativum,extract resulted in a dose-dependent increase of anomalies. Present results show that,C. sativum,extract reduced the axial skeleton and affected the neural tube, the somites, the cardiovascular structures, and the eye. According to the present results, the,C. sativum,aqueous extract cannot be considered safe. These results indicate that some significant adverse effects of,C. sativum,extract could be observed,in vivo. [source] Water extract of Cordyceps sinensis (WECS) inhibits the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiationBIOFACTORS, Issue 2 2007Yoko Mizuha Abstract It has been reported that Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, has various pharmacological effects. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of water extract of Cordyceps sinensis (WECS) on osteoclast differentiation in vitro. In mouse bone marrow cells and monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7, WECS dose-dependently inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-,B) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. In fact, cytotoxic effect was not observed in the RAW264.7 cells treated with WECS. Moreover, the mRNA expression of osteoclast related genes (calcitonin receptor, cathepsin K, matrix metalloprotease 9 and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1) was also inhibited by WECS. Investigation of inhibitory mechanism by using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Western blot analysis revealed that WECS inhibited the activation of NF-,B through the prevention of I,B, phosphorylation. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate for the first time that WECS is a potent inhibitor of the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through a mechanism involving the NF-,B pathway. [source] INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF WINE AND TEA AGAINST ,-AMYLASE AND ,-GLUCOSIDASE FOR MANAGEMENT OF HYPERGLYCEMIA LINKED TO TYPE 2 DIABETESJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2008YOUNG-IN KWON ABSTRACT Natural ,-amylase and ,-glucosidase inhibitors from food-grade plants offer an attractive strategy to manage postprandial hyperglycemia for type 2 diabetes management via control of starch breakdown and intestinal glucose absorption. In this study, four random sources of red and white wines as well as four types of teas were investigated for ,-amylase and ,-glucosidase inhibitory potential. Water extracts of black tea had the highest ,-glucosidase inhibitory activity, followed by white tea and oolong tea. All the randomly selected red wines had significant ,-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared to white wine. The ,-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the tea and wines correlated to the phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of the extracts. Further, these extracts had less or no ,-amylase inhibitory activity, indicating potential to overcome the side effects of undigested starch. This research has relevance for managing hyperglycemia and related oxidation-linked dysfunction and concurrently reducing problems of undigested starch. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In this study anti-diabetic-relevant potential of wines and teas were confirmed in four types of red and white wines as well as four types of commonly available teas using in vitro enzyme assays for alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities. In vitro inhibitory activities of these enzymes provide a strong biochemical rationale for further in vivo studies and dietary management strategy for type 2 diabetes through the control of glucose absorption. Further this phenolic antioxidant-enriched dietary strategy using specific beverage combinations can generate a whole food profile that has the potential to reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis and also associated complications linked to cellular oxidation stress. [source] In-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant activity of different extracts of the leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp in the ratJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 12 2003D. Rajlakshmi ABSTRACT The in-vitro antioxidant activities of different concentrations of the water, alcoholic, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the dried leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp, and in-vivo antioxidant activity of the water extract was studied in experimental rat models. The results obtained from in-vitro lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4 -ascorbate in rat liver homogenate showed a significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation by different extracts of C. colebrookianum leaf. Water extracts at concentrations (w/v) of 1:30, 1:50, 1:200 and 1:1000 showed the strongest inhibitory activity over the other organic extracts, suggesting maximum antioxidant effect. Chronic feeding of the water extract to Wistar albino rats (both sexes, 150,200g) in 1 or 2g kg,1/day doses for 14 days significantly increased the ferric reducing ability of plasma by 19% and 40% on the seventh day, and by 45% and 57% on the fourteenth day of treatment, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and some cellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) were estimated in heart, liver and kidney. There was a significant reduction in hepatic and renal TBARS with both the doses, without any change in myocardial TBARS. There was no change in the level of antioxidants in heart, liver and kidney, except for the hepatic superoxide dismutase. The findings of this study showed that the leaf extract of C. colebrookianum increased the antioxidant capacity of blood and had an inhibitory effect on the basal level of lipid peroxidation of liver and kidney. This lends scientific support to the therapeutic use of the plant leaves, as claimed by the tribal medicine of North-East India. [source] Radical scavenging activities, endogenous oxidative enzymes and total phenols in edible mushrooms commonly consumed in EuropeJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 12 2007Ana Cristina Ramírez-Anguiano Abstract Edible mushrooms are a good source of antioxidants. Methanol extracts of mushrooms such as Pleurotus sp., Agaricus bisporus, Morchella esculenta, Boletus edulis (approx. 2 mg mL,1) showed a high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity close to 90%. Water extracts showed even higher antioxidant activity. In this case, B. edulis, Lentinus edodes and Amanita cesarea showed the highest 2,2,-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity at approx. 0.14 mg mL,1. Other mushrooms such as Lactarius deliciosus and Cantharellus cibarius showed lower antioxidant activity in both extracts. Oxidative enzymes (peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases) present in the water fractions reduced their antioxidant activity by different extents since the phenols responsible for the antioxidant activity were not only those substrates of the oxidative enzymes. Other phenolic compounds and low-molecular-weight compounds were also involved in the antioxidant activity and differed depending on mushroom species. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Black teeth: beauty or caries prevention?COMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Practice, beliefs of the Kammu people Abstract , Background:, To be beautiful and caries-free, Kammu women in Laos and Vietnam habitually paint their teeth black. Although this practice existed for many generations, it is now known only among the elderly. Objectives:, To describe how the tooth-blackening procedure is performed and to test the black stain for possible antimicrobial effects in laboratory experiments. Methods:, Information on how to blacken teeth was obtained by interviewing groups of elderly Kammu people living in different villages in Laos and Vietnam. Water extracts of the stain were placed in wells in agar plates and the plates incubated with Streptococcus mutans or S. sobrinus. The stain was also let such that it covered half of the strip test-side of the Dentocult SM® Strip Mutans test kit and incubated with saliva from five persons known to carry mutans streptococci in their saliva. Results:, Interviews revealed that three plants were commonly used: Dracontomelon dao nuts (DD nuts), Cratoxylum formosum (CF) wood or Croton cascarilloides (CC) wood. The parts (nut, wood) were burned and soot collected on metal plates. The fresh soot, which had a viscous consistency, was applied to teeth with the index finger. Extracts of soot of the DD nuts had no effect on the streptococci on agar plates but inhibited the growth of salivary mutans streptococci on strips. Controls using soot from birch tree (Betula pendula) had no effect. Conclusions:, The procedure was simple and resulted in black, beautiful (?) teeth. The soot of DD nuts effectively inhibited growth of salivary mutans streptococci in in vitro experiments. [source] Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on Cell-mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancerPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2006N. Kormosh Abstract The influence of a plant preparation AdMax (Nulab Inc., Clearwater, FL, USA) on immunity in ovarian cancer patients was studied. The preparation is a combination of dried ethanol/water extracts from roots of Leuzea carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus and fruits of Schizandra chinensis. Twenty eight patients with stage III,IV epithelial ovarian cancer were treated once with 75 mg/m2 cisplatin and 600 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Peripheral blood was collected 4 weeks after the chemotherapy. Subclasses of T, B and NK lymphocytes were tested for in the blood samples: CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD11B, CD16, CD20, CD25, CD38, CD45RA, CD50, CD71 and CD95. Immunoglobulin G, A and M concentrations were also determined. Changes were observed in the following T cell subclasses: CD3, CD4, CD5 and CD8. In patients who took AdMax (270 mg a day) for 4 weeks following the chemotherapy, the mean numbers of the four T cell subclasses were increased in comparison with the mean numbers of the T cell subclasses in patients who did not take AdMax. In patients who took AdMax, the mean amounts of IgG and IgM were also increased. The obtained results suggest that the combination of extracts from adaptogenic plants may boost the suppressed immunity in ovarian cancer patients who are subject to chemotherapy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Structural Studies of the O-Chain Polysaccharide from Plesiomonas shigelloides Strain 302,73 (Serotype O1)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2008Giuseppina Pieretti Abstract Plesiomonas shigelloides is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It has been found in an aquatic environment in the tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for many gastrointestinal infections in humans, which take place from drinking untreated water or eating uncooked shellfish. Plesiomonas shigelloides has also been reported to provoke extraintestinal infections such as meningitis and bacteremia in immunocompromised adults and neonates. Despite the emerging importance of this pathogenic microorganism, only three different O-antigens have been characterised so far. The structure of the O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Plesiomonasshigelloides strain 302,73 (serotype O1) was determined by chemical analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The polysaccharide was constituted by a linear pentasaccharidic repeating unit as follows: ,3)-,- L -PneNAc4OAc(1,4)-,- L -FucNAc(1,4)-,- L -FucNAc(1,4)-,- L -FucNAc(1,3)-,- D -QuiNAc4NHb(1, (PneNAc = 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-talose, Hb = (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl) PneNAc O -acetylation was not stoichiometric and was found to be about 75,%. The position of the O -acetyl group and the amount of acetylation were deduced by NMR spectroscopic analysis. All the monosaccharides included in the repeating unit were deoxyamino sugars, which most probably, together with the presence of O -acetyl groups, were responsible for the recovery of the LPS in the phenol layer of the phenol/water extract of dried bacteria cells.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Acute toxicity investigations of ester-based lubricants by using biotests with algae and bacteriaENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 4 2004K. Michel Abstract Although ester-based lubricants are ecologically acceptable due to their good biodegradability, there are still some environmental ecotoxicological impacts that have to be considered. Information on the acute ecotoxicological behavior of lubricants is obtained in this work using several single species bioassays. In previous studies it was observed that lubricating fluids containing additives for the enhancement of their technical performance were more problematic than base fluids especially with respect to algae growth inhibition. In order to clarify the influence of additives, the anti-wear additive tri- n -butyl phosphate was tested. It was very toxic to algae though not to bacteria. Additionally, a mixture of this additive with a base fluid is characterized. Despite the high toxicity of the single additive, the water extract of the mixture of tri- n -butyl phosphate with hydraulic base fluid caused almost no toxicity. Therefore, tri- n -butyl phosphate cannot explain the effect observed for the toxicity of water extracts of the commercially available lubricants. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 445,448, 2004. [source] Antioxidative activity of water extracts from the yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) tuber mucilage tororoEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF LIPID SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Takeshi Nagai Abstract A water extract as a viscous solution was obtained from the yam Dioscorea opposita tuber mucilage tororo, and its functional properties were demonstrated. The protein content was about 280,,g/mL extract, and the main protein bands with an MW of ,33,kDa without 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and ,31,kDa with 2-ME were detected by SDS-PAGE. The water extract possessed high antioxidative activity and scavenging activities against superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. However, it showed no inhibitory activity against angiotensin,I-converting enzyme. The yam tuber contains relatively high contents of vitamins, different micro- and macroelements, enzymes, and dietary fibers. The yam D.,opposita tuber will be increasingly regarded as a health-promoting food. [source] Screening of Garlic Water Extract for Binding Activity with Cholera Toxin B Pentamer by NMR Spectroscopy , An Old Remedy Giving a New SurpriseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2006Matteo Politi Abstract Binding between a component of the crude hot water extract obtained from Allium sativum crushed bulbs (ASw) and cholera toxin B pentamer (CTB) was detected by STD NMR experiments. Bioassay-oriented fractionation allowed the partial identification of a high molecular weight polysaccharide mainly composed of galactose as the bioactive complex against CTB. This work represents the first example of screening of a medicinal plant by NMR against a specific disease, and corroborates traditional medical uses of the species. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] The inhibitory effect of the components of Cornus officinalis on melanogenesisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Yasuhiko Nawa Five known compounds were isolated from a Cornus officinalis 50% ethanol extract (C. officinalis extract) and a hot water extract. We investigated the photochemical and pharmacological active compounds of C. officinalis hot water extract and ethanol extract. We understood that C. officinalis is a medicinal plant with potent free-radical-scavenging activity not only against reactive oxygen species (H2O2, superoxiside anion, hydroxyl radical, etc.) in a narrow sense, but also against many other free radicals (peroxynitrate, peroxyradical). It is estimated that the reduction effect with C. officinalis extract can block oxidative reaction on melanogenesis. Loganin and cornuside, the components in C. officinalis, showed a significant free-radical-scavenging activity and inhibitory effects on melanogenesis. We report to prove the inhibitory effect of UVB-induced pigmentation in C. officinalis extract through its radical scavenging activity. [source] Evaluation of pre-heating and extraction solvents in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic, and their application in fresh pork pattiesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Sung Y. Park Summary The objectives of this study were to screen the optimum conditions for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic as affected by pre-heating and different extraction solvents, and to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of these extracts in ground meat during refrigerated storage. Methanol extracted garlic had a greater total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity and reducing power than water extracted one (P < 0.05), whereas the latter had a greater yield and iron chelating ability than the former (P < 0.05). Moreover, water extract from fresh garlic (WEFG) and methanol extract from heated garlic (MEHG) produced an inhibition zone against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The addition of garlic extracts (WEFG, MEHG and their combinations WEFMEHG)) to pork patties decreased the pH, hunter a values (redness), thiobarbituric acid substances values and the number of total plate count and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05), while the hunter b values (yellowness) increased (P < 0.05). Results of this study indicated that the use of the garlic extracts was able to control lipid oxidation and microbial growth in pork patties. [source] Production of the green lacewing Chrysoperla caranea (Steph.) (Neuropt., Chrysopidae) reared on semi-artificial diet based on the algae, Chlorella vulgarisJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1-2 2001F. N. Zaki The larvae of the aphid lion Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) were reared on a semi-artificial diet for laboratory rearing. Algae, Chlorella vulgaris Beij was used as a source of protein for the nutrition of the predator. Feeding the newly hatched larvae of the predator on water extract of the algae by using a small piece of sponge, extended the larval duration up to 30 days, and the larvae failed to pupate. The addition of carbohydrates, salts and vitamins was necessary to the larvae to complete their development to reach the pupal and adult stages. Normal adult longevity and egg deposition were obtained after the addition of the carbohydrates, salts and vitamins. [source] Acute toxicity of water extract of Tephrosia vogelii Hook to species relevant in aquaculture ponds: rotifers, Cyclops, mosquito larvae and fishJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 6 2004A. Agbon Summary Rotenone is used to clear ponds of unwanted organisms and trash fish which may predate on fish when the ponds are stocked. Toxicity tests using water extract of the leaves of Tephrosia vogelii Hook, which contains rotenone, were conducted on rotifers (Brachionus species), Cyclops, mosquito larvae (Culex species) and fish (Aphyosemion gardneri nigerianum) in static bioassays. The 48-h LC50s were derived from probit curves using the probit-analysis method, while chi-square was used to test for significant differences between observed mean mortalities and predicted mean mortality values. These showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). The variance ratio of the replicates in each treatment also showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The 48-h LC50s were found to be 2.89, 1.04, 4.48 and 0.24 mg L,1 for rotifers, Cyclops, mosquito larvae and fish, respectively. The probit mortalities were positively correlated with the log-concentration, except for the rotifers bioassay, which was negative. The fish, A. gardneri nigerianum, was the most sensitive; the mosquito larvae were the least sensitive. [source] Chemical Characteristics of Low-Fat Soymilk Prepared by Low-Speed Centrifugal Fractionation of the Raw SoymilkJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 5 2010Zhi-Sheng Liu Abstract:, Large oil,protein particles (2 to 60 ,m) were found in raw soymilk (or water extract of soybean), which was prepared in specific conditions. The large particles could be separated by sedimentation by centrifuging raw soymilk for 5 to 30 min at a low gravitational force ranging from 96 to 2410 ×,g. Chemical analysis showed that 80% to 90% of the total lipids and 30% to 40% of the total proteins were located in the precipitated fraction. The supernatant fraction had a dramatically higher protein-to-lipid ratio than the whole soymilk. The ratio of 11S/7S proteins and the ratio of 11S acidic/basic subunits were significantly (P,< 0.05) higher in the precipitate than that either in the whole soymilk or in the supernatant. Besides centrifuging conditions, other factors, including soymilk concentration, grinding method, soybean variety, and soybean storage, also significantly (P,< 0.05) affected the centrifugal fractionation. This study showed that low-speed centrifugation facilitated the separation of oil-protein particles from raw soymilk, and can be used as an innovative method for preparing low-fat soymilk and 11S protein-enriched ingredients. The findings also increased our understanding of the association or aggregation between proteins and lipids in raw soymilk after grinding. Practical Application:, Soymilk has become a popular beverage in the Western world due to its health benefits. Consumer demands for low-fat and organic foods have been increasing in the recent years. Currently, there are no alternative methods for manufacturing low-fat soymilk from whole soybeans. We found that most, if not all, of lipids in the raw soymilk were located in large particles, which could be separated by low-speed centrifugation. This centrifugal fractionation was investigated by varying processing parameters, soybean varieties, and soybean storage conditions. The approach has potential to be used for manufacturing low-fat soymilk. This study also has increased our understanding of the interactions between lipid and protein in raw soymilk. [source] The Potential Antioxidant Capacity and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Monascus -Fermented Soybean Extracts: Evaluation of Monascus -Fermented Soybean Extracts as Multifunctional Food AdditivesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Y.-H. Pyo ABSTRACT:, The potential antioxidant capacity and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Monascus -fermented soybean extracts (MFSE) were investigated. The average antioxidant capacities of 70% ethanol extracts from soybean after fermenting for 15 d at 30 °C were increased by a 5.2 to 7.4-fold (0.26 mM trolox equivalent/g dry weight, 91.7% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical scavenging effect at 3 mg/mL) when compared with those of the unfermented soybean extracts (P < 0.01). The potentially significant antioxidant properties of MFSE are associated with its content of bioactive mevinolins (r= 0.85) and isoflavone aglycones (r= 0.98), which were derived from the soybean during Monascus -fermentation. It was also found that the water extract having a molecular mass 1 to 3 kDa showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity (65.3%), which was remarkably greater (6.5 times) than the control. [source] Hypoglycaemic effect of Calamintha officinalis Moench. in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic ratsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 6 2004A. Lemhadri The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a water extract from the aerial parts of Calamintha officinalis Moench., after either a single dose or daily oral administration for 15 days, on plasma blood glucose concentrations and basal insulin levels in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (STZ diabetic rats). The results clearly demonstrated the hypoglycaemic effect of this plant extract in both normal and STZ diabetic rats. In addition, no changes were observed in basal plasma insulin concentrations after treatment with this plant in normal or STZ diabetic rats, indicating that the underlying mechanism of the plant's pharmacological action seems to be independent of insulin secretion. We conclude that the aqueous C. officinalis extract exhibits a significant hypoglycaemic effect in normal and STZ diabetic rats without affecting basal plasma insulin concentrations, and supports, therefore, its traditional use by the Moroccan population. [source] In-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant activity of different extracts of the leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp in the ratJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 12 2003D. Rajlakshmi ABSTRACT The in-vitro antioxidant activities of different concentrations of the water, alcoholic, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the dried leaves of Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp, and in-vivo antioxidant activity of the water extract was studied in experimental rat models. The results obtained from in-vitro lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4 -ascorbate in rat liver homogenate showed a significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation by different extracts of C. colebrookianum leaf. Water extracts at concentrations (w/v) of 1:30, 1:50, 1:200 and 1:1000 showed the strongest inhibitory activity over the other organic extracts, suggesting maximum antioxidant effect. Chronic feeding of the water extract to Wistar albino rats (both sexes, 150,200g) in 1 or 2g kg,1/day doses for 14 days significantly increased the ferric reducing ability of plasma by 19% and 40% on the seventh day, and by 45% and 57% on the fourteenth day of treatment, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as a marker of lipid peroxidation, and some cellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) were estimated in heart, liver and kidney. There was a significant reduction in hepatic and renal TBARS with both the doses, without any change in myocardial TBARS. There was no change in the level of antioxidants in heart, liver and kidney, except for the hepatic superoxide dismutase. The findings of this study showed that the leaf extract of C. colebrookianum increased the antioxidant capacity of blood and had an inhibitory effect on the basal level of lipid peroxidation of liver and kidney. This lends scientific support to the therapeutic use of the plant leaves, as claimed by the tribal medicine of North-East India. [source] A Suspension Culture Method for the Rapid Mass Culture of Cistella japonica MyceliumJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2006T. Yamanobe Abstract Different methods were investigated for the rapid mass culture of Cistella japonica by using water extracts of some nutritional sources. In an agar culture test, there was little difference in mycelial growth in water extracts of wheat bran, rice bran and potato. In suspension culture with wheat bran extract, which is easily and cheaply available, the mycelium of C. japonica increased seven times more than that in agar culture after a month's incubation. C. japonica from suspension culture was pathogenic to Chamaecyparis obtusa. These results suggest that suspension culture in water extract of wheat bran can be adopted for the rapid mass culturing of C. japonica for use in inoculation tests. [source] Chemical composition and antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities of Periploca laevigata root bark extractsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 5 2009Hajji Mohamed Abstract BACKGROUND: The root powder of Periploca laevigata is used for preparing soft drinks and as an aromatic in Tunisia. The infusion or decoction of its root bark has widespread use in folk medicine. The plant is used to treat digestive disorders and hypertensive effects as well as other health problems. RESULTS: The antioxidant activities of extracts of P. laevigata root bark obtained with solvents of different polarity were investigated using assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, ferric-reducing capacity, ,-carotene-bleaching ability, hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition. The methanol extract, with the highest amount of total phenolics and flavonoids, showed the highest antioxidant activities in all assays, followed by the water extract. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to determine the composition of the water and methanol extracts. Thirty-four compounds were identified in the methanol extract, with proflavine (516.2 g kg,1 dry matter (DM)) and 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (198.3 g kg,1 DM) being the most abundant. Sixteen compounds were identified in the water extract, of which 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethylene glycol (351.2 g kg,1 DM) was the main component. CONCLUSION: As far as is known, this is the first report on the chemical composition and biological activities of phenolic extracts from P. laevigata. The results of the study indicate that the root bark of this plant might be a good candidate for further investigation in developing new antioxidants. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Polygonum cognatum Meissn extractsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2003Ali Y Abstract The antioxidant activities, reducing powers, 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities, total phenolic compound contents and antimicrobial activities of ether, ethanol and hot water extracts of Polygonum cognatum Meissn were studied in vitro. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the water extract. However, there were no statistically significant differences among 15,µg,ml,1 extract-containing samples in linoleic acid emulsion (0.02,M, pH 7.0) during 120,h of incubation (P,>,0.05). The reducing power of the water extract was the highest, but its reducing power was markedly lower than that of ascorbic acid. The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was found in the water extract, with 50% DPPH radical scavenging at a concentration of 100,µg,ml,1 dried water extract, while at the same concentration of dried ethanol extract the value was 12%. Surprisingly, no DPPH radical-scavenging activity was observed in the ether extract. The concentrations of phenolic compounds found were 0.48, 0.50 and 0.01,µg,ml,1 gallic acid equivalent in 10,µg,ml,1 water, ethanol and ether extracts respectively. The ether and ethanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The water extract did not show antimicrobial activity against the studied micro-organisms. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Preparative separation of the saponin lancemaside a from Codonopsis lanceolata by centrifugal partition chromatographyPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 5 2008Osamu Shirota Abstract Introduction. Lancemaside A is a saponin that inhibits decreases in blood testosterone level and thus prevents or ameliorates symptoms associated with male climacteric disorder. Our initial attempt to preparative isolation of lancemaside A from the saponin fraction of Codonopsis lanceolata roots by a preparative HPLC did not give a clear result. Objective. To develop a simple and efficient method for the preparative isolation of lancemaside A from the hot water extract of C. lanceolata roots using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Methodology. The saponin fraction obtained from the hot water extract of C. lanceolata roots was used as the sample for preparative-scale separation of lancemasides by CPC using n -hexane:n -butanol:methanol:0.1% aqueous formic acid (3:4:1:6, v/v) as the two-phase solvent system. The upper phase (organic phase) of the two-phase solvent system was used as the mobile phase, and 0.5 g of saponin fraction was applied for separation by CPC. Each fraction that was separated by CPC was analysed by HPLC, and the fractions containing each of the separated compounds were pooled together, and then were purified by simple preparative HPLC. Results. The demonstrated separation sequence, hot water extraction, DIAION HP-20 column chromatography, CPC and preparative HPLC, yielded lancemaside A, foetidissimoside A and astersaponin Hb in their pure forms. Conclusion. The simple and efficient method for the preparative isolation of lancemaside A along with two other saponins, foetidissimoside A and astersaponin Hb, from the saponin fraction of C. lanceolata was established using CPC. [source] Amelioration of oxidative stress by dandelion extract through CYP2E1 suppression against acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in sprague-dawley ratsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010Chung Mu Park Abstract The protective effects of common dandelion leaf water extract (DLWE) were investigated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatitis in Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into five groups: normal control, DLWE control, CCl4 control, and two DLWE groups (0.5 and 2,g/kg bw). After 1 week of administering corresponding vehicle or DLWE, a single dose of CCl4 (50% CCl4/olive oil; 0.5,mL/kg bw) was administered 24,h before killing in order to produce acute liver injury. The DLWE treatment significantly decreased CCl4 -induced hepatic enzyme activities (AST, ALT and LDH) in a dose dependent manner. Also, the obstructed release of TG and cholesterol into the serum was repaired by DLWE administration. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was elevated while the GSH content and antioxidative enzyme activities were reduced in the liver as a result of CCl4 administration, which were counteracted by DLWE administration. Furthermore, the hepatocytotoxic effects of CCl4 were confirmed by significantly elevated Fas and TNF-? mRNA expression levels, but DLWE down-regulated these expressions to the levels of the normal control. Highly up-regulated cytochrome P450 2E1 was also lowered significantly in the DLWE groups. These results indicate that DLWE has a protective effect against CCl4 -induced hepatic damage with at least part of its effect being attributable to the attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes resulting from cytochrome P450 activation by CCl4. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Neuroprotective effects of Brazilian green propolis and its main constituents against oxygen-glucose deprivation Stress, with a gene-expression analysisPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 10 2009Yoshimi Nakajima Abstract Our purpose was to investigate the neuroprotective effects (and the underlying mechanism) exerted by water extract of Brazilian green propolis (WEP) and its main constituents against the neuronal damage induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation in retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5, a rat ganglion cell-line transformed using E1A virus). Cell damage was induced by OGD 4 h plus reoxygenation 18 h exposure. In RGC-5, and also in PC12 (rat pheochromocytoma, neuronal cells), WEP and some of its main constituents attenuated the cell damage. At the end of the period of OGD/reoxygenation, RNA was extracted and DNA microarray analysis was performed to examine the gene-expression profile in RGC-5. Expression of casein kinase 2 (CK2) was down-regulated and that of Bcl-2-related ovarian killer protein (Bok) was up-regulated following OGD stress, results that were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR). These effects were normalized by WEP. Our findings indicate that WEP has neuroprotective effects against OGD/reoxygenation-induced cell damage and that certain constituents of WEP (caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, artepillin C, and p -coumaric acid) may be partly responsible for its neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, the protective mechanism may involve normalization of the expressions of antioxidant- and apoptosis-related genes (such as CK2 and Bok, respectively). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Herba Epimedii water extract elevates estrogen level and improves lipid metabolism in postmenopausal womenPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2008Fang-Fang Yan Abstract Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can ameliorate lipid metabolism after menopause, but it is not suitable for long-term use because of serious side effects. Herba Epimedii is a widely used herbal medicine in many Asian countries, it potentially treats menopausal syndrome and its complications with few side effects and good curative effects. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Herba Epimedii water extract on blood lipid and sex hormone levels. Ninety subjects were randomly divided into two groups: a trial group which received Herba Epimedii water extract and a control group which was administered an equal amount of water placebo. At the baseline and after 6 months of medication, serum estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), testosterone (T), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were measured. The results indicated that Herba Epimedii water extract decreased the TC and TG levels (p < 0.01). Furthermore, Herba Epimedii water extract significantly increased the serum level of E2 (p < 0.01) compared with the pre-treatment level. In conclusion, Herba Epimedii water extract produces its beneficial actions in postmenopausal women. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Protective effect of Lycium barbarum on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicityPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 11 2007Yan-Fei Xin Abstract The objective of this work was to explore the hypothesis that Lycium barbarum (LB) may be protective against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity through antioxidant-mediated mechanisms. Male SD rats were treated with distilled water or a water extract of LB (25 mg/kg, p.o.) daily and saline or DOX (5 mg/kg, i.v.) weekly for 3 weeks. Mortality, general condition and body weight were observed during the experiment. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was assessed by electrocardiograph, heart antioxidant activity, serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and histopathological change. The DOX group showed higher mortality (38%) and worse physical characterization. Moreover, DOX caused myocardial injury manifested by arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities in ECG (increased QT and ST intervals and ST elevation), a decrease of heart antioxidant activity, an increase of serum CK and AST, as well as myocardial lesions. Pretreatment with LB significantly prevented the loss of myofibrils and improved the heart function of the DOX-treated rats as evidenced from lower mortality (13%), normalization of antioxidative activity and serum AST and CK, as well as improving arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. These results suggested that LB elicited a typical cardioprotective effect on DOX-related oxidative stress. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxic study showed the antitumor activity of DOX was not compromised by LB. It is possible that LB could be used as a useful adjunct in combination with DOX chemotherapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||