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Water Bath (water + bath)
Selected AbstractsSpeciation of arsenic compounds in fish and oyster tissues by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometryELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 7-8 2005Ching-Fen Yeh Abstract A capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (CE-ICP-MS) method for the speciation of six arsenic compounds, namely arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine and arsenocholine is described. The separation has been achieved on a 70,cm length×75,µm,ID fused-silica capillary. The electrophoretic buffer used was 15,mM Tris (pH,9.0) containing 15,mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), while the applied voltage was set at +22,kV. The arsenic species in biological tissues were extracted into 80%,v/v methanol-water mixture, put in a closed centrifuge tube and kept in a water bath, using microwaves at 80°C for 3,min. The extraction efficiencies of individual arsenic species added to the sample at 0.5,µg As/g level were between 96% and 107%, except for As(III), for which it was 89% and 77% for oyster and fish samples, respectively. The detection limits of the species studied were in the range 0.3,0.5,ng As/mL. The procedure has been applied for the speciation analysis of two reference materials, namely dogfish muscle tissue (NRCC DORM-2) and oyster tissue (NIST SRM 1566a), and two real-world samples. [source] Loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting the apxIVA gene for detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeFEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 1 2009Wang Yang Abstract Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel nucleic acid amplification method performed under isothermal conditions with high specificity and efficiency. We developed a diagnostic method based on LAMP for detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Using six specific primers targeting the apxIVA gene, the LAMP assay rapidly amplified the target gene within 30 min, requiring only a laboratory water bath for the reaction to occur. The resulting amplificon was visualized by adding SYBR Green I to the mixture. The results obtained from testing 15 A. pleuropneumoniae reference strains and other seven bacterial species strains showed that the LAMP was as specific as and 10 times more sensitive than nested PCR. Sixty-five tonsil samples were collected from 65 healthy pigs. All the samples were negative for A. pleuropneumoniae by immunomagnetic separation-based (IMS) bacterial isolation, nested PCR and LAMP, respectively. Meanwhile, 115 tonsil samples were also collected from 115 pigs with apparent respiratory problems. Twenty-two were positive by IMS bacterial isolation. All the samples that were positive by IMS bacterial isolation were also positive by nested PCR and LAMP. The LAMP assay demonstrated exceptionally higher sensitivity than nested PCR by picking up 14 additional positive cases (,2 test, P<0.0001); we concluded that LAMP was a highly sensitive and reliable method for detection of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. [source] Effects of induced hyperthermia on pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine in ratsFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Romain Guilhaumou Abstract Ropivacaine is a local anaesthetic used for epidural anaesthesia and postoperative pain relief. Hyperthermia is a very common sign of infection associated with variations in physiological parameters, which may influence drugs pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of induced hyperthermia on ropivacaine pharmacokinetics in rats. Two groups of six rats were given a single subcutaneous ropivacaine injection. Hyperthermia-induced animals were placed in a water bath to obtain a stable mean core temperature of 39.7 °C. After blood samples collection, ropivacaine serum concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Two other groups of six rats were sacrificed 30 min after ropivacaine injection to determine serum and tissues (brain and heart) concentrations. Our results (median ± inter quartile range) reveal a significant increase of the total apparent clearance (0.0151 ± 0.000800 L/min vs. 0.0134 ± 0.00134 L/min), apparent volume of distribution (Vd) (2.19 ± 0.27 L vs. 1.57 ± 0.73 L) and a significant decrease in exposure (488 ± 50.6 mg.min/L vs. 572 ± 110 mg.min/L) in induced-hyperthermia group. We observed a significant increase in brain ropivacaine concentration in hyperthermic rats (8.39 ± 8.42 ,g/g vs. 3.48 ± 3.26 ,g/g) and no significant difference between cardiac concentrations in the two groups (5.38 ± 4.83 ,g/g vs. 3.73 ± 2.44 ,g/g). Results suggest a higher tissular distribution of ropivacaine and an increase in blood,brain barrier permeability during hyperthermia. The hyperthermia-induced increase in Vd could be responsible for an increase in cerebral ropivacaine toxicity. These experimental data provide a basis for future clinical investigations in relation to local anaesthetic use in hyperthermic patients. [source] Periapical biomechanics and the role of cyclic biting force in apical retrograde fluid movementINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 9 2005A. Kishen Abstract Aim, To investigate the stress distribution pattern in the periapical region caused by biting forces and to study the role of cyclic biting loads on periapical fluid movement. Methodology, In the first part, a digital photoelastic experiment was conducted to study stress distribution in the periapical region. In the second, 20 maxillary central incisors were selected and divided into three main groups: normal intact teeth (group 1), tooth specimens in which the root canal was enlarged and maintained wet (group 2), and tooth specimens in which the root canal was enlarged and maintained dry (group 3). The tooth specimens were placed in a polycarbonate support with a cavity filled with a sponge soaked in methylene blue solution to simulate a periapical defect with exudate. During testing, the specimens were placed in a water bath at 37 °C, and were loaded cyclically with a load of 20 N, at a rate of 72 cycles min,1, to a maximum of 20 000 cycles. The specimens were then sectioned and evaluated for retrograde fluid movement using light microscopy. The data were analysed using one-way anova (post hoc tests). Results, Digital photoelastic experiments showed that the compression of teeth produced bending stresses in the periapical region. Testing with cyclic loads demonstrated retrograde fluid movement into the apical portion of the root canal and extraradicular region in all groups. There was a significant difference amongst the apical retrograde fluid movement displayed by different groups (<0.01). Group 2, in which the root canal was enlarged and maintained wet showed maximum retrograde fluid movement, whilst group 3, in which the root canal was enlarged and maintained dry showed the least retrograde fluid movement. Conclusions, Biting forces would cause bending of the periapical bone and cyclic biting forces would contribute to retrograde fluid movement into the root canal space and extraradicular region. [source] Heat shocking of Philippine green mussels, Perna viridisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2005Ma. Patricia V. Azanza Summary The use of different methods of heat shocking for green mussels was evaluated. These methods were heat treatment at 60 and 100 °C either in a hot water bath, in water-saturated air or in dry heat. It was established that relaxation of the adductor muscles, which facilitates shucking, was quickest for the hot water bath treatment at both test temperatures. This treatment caused 100% of the mussels to be open at either 60 or 100 °C in 3,5 and 0.33,1 min exposure times respectively. The sensory acceptability of all the heat-shocked mussel meats ranged from dislike slightly to like slightly. Generally, the increase in pH and water activity of the heat-treated mussels, relative to the untreated mussels, was not statistically significant at the 5% level of significance. [source] Simultaneous determination of maraviroc and raltegravir in human plasma by HPLC-UVIUBMB LIFE, Issue 4 2009Stefania Notari Abstract Therapeutic drug monitoring is pivotal to improve the management of HIV infection. Here, a new HPLC,UV method to quantify simultaneously maraviroc and raltegravir levels in human plasma is reported. Remarkably, this is the first method for maraviroc determination in human plasma. The volume of the plasma sample was 600 ,L. This method involved automated solid-phase extraction with Oasis HLB Cartridge 1 cc (30 mg divinylbenzene and N -vinylpyrrolidone) and evaporation in a water bath under nitrogen stream. The extracted samples were reconstituted with 200 ,L 50/50 of mobile-phase solution (0.01 M KH2PO4 and acetonitrile). Twenty microliters of these samples were injected into a HPLC,UV system, the analytes were eluted on an analytical dC18 Atlantis column (150 mm × 4.6 mm I.D.) with a particle size of 5 ,m. The mobile phase (0.01 M KH2PO4 and acetonitrile) was delivered at 1.0 mL/min with isocratic elution. The total run time for a single analysis was 10 min; maraviroc and raltegravir were detected by UV at 197 and 300 nm. The calibration curves were linear up to 2,500 ng/mL. The absolute recovery ranged between 93 and 100%. The HPLC,UV method reported here has been validated and is currently applied to monitor plasma levels of maraviroc and raltegravir in HIV-infected patients. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(4):470,475, 2009 [source] KINETICS of QUALITY CHANGE DURING COOKING and FRYING of POTATOES: PART I. TEXTUREJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2003F. NOURIAN ABSTRACT Kinetics of texture change during cooking and frying of potatoes were evaluated in this study. Potatoes were cut into cylinders (diameter × height: 20 mm × 20 mm for cooking, and 10 mm × 20 mm for frying) and cooked in a temperature controlled water bath at 80,100C or fried in a commercial fryer at 160,190C for selected times. the cooked samples were water cooled while the fried samples were air cooled immediately after the treatment. Test samples were then subjected to a single cycle compression test in a computer interfaced Universal Testing Machine and three textural properties (hardness, stiffness and firmness) were derived from the resulting force-deformation curves. Texture parameters of cooked potatoes decreased with progress of cooking time and the rate of texture changes associated with each temperature was found to be consistent with two pseudo first-order kinetic mechanisms, one more rapid than the other. Textural values of fried potatoes were found to increase with frying time and also followed a first order kinetic model. Temperature sensitivity of rate constants was adequately described by Arrhenius and z-value models. [source] EXTRACTION YIELD OF SOLUBLE PROTEIN AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF SOYBEAN AFFECTED BY MICROWAVE HEATINGJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 4 2006IL CHOI ABSTRACT A laboratory-scale microwave (MW)-assisted extraction system was constructed and compared with a conventional shaking water bath regarding the extraction of soluble proteins in soybeans. Dynamic reaction was monitored by response surface methodology in the MW-assisted extraction system. The yield of soluble protein increased until either temperature (T) or water/solid (W/S) ratio reached an optimum point (60.1C, 12.6 mL/g), and then decreased with further increase of T or W/S ratio. In addition, the yield of soluble protein increased with time within a range of 30 min, and no critical point was observed. The molecular mass of soluble protein was distributed from 19.3 to 81.3 kDa estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate,polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Scanning electron microscopy showed the destruction of the microstructure of soybean cells, which increased the extraction of soluble soy protein. [source] EFFECT OF COMBINED UNDERWATER PROCESSING AND MILD PRECUT HEAT TREATMENT ON THE SENSORY QUALITY AND STORAGE OF FRESH-CUT CANTALOUPE MELONJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 4 2010KAREN L. BETT-GARBER ABSTRACT Improvement of storage quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe using a combination precut heat treatment and a modified underwater cutting treatment was determined. Eating quality was evaluated using descriptive sensory analysis, and fruit integrity was measured with respiration, cell leakage and product weight loss. Treatments included (1) control (no treatment); (2) making the first longitudinal cut underwater; (3) mild precut heat treatment in a water bath at 60C for 60 min; and (4) combination of precut heat treatment and the underwater cutting methods. Precut heating and processing underwater resulted in more intense fruity/melon flavor compared to conventional processed fresh-cut fruit. Reduced electrolyte leakage and enhanced membrane integrity were observed in all three experimental treatments, as evidenced by lower conductivity measurements. The underwater cut and combined treatments significantly reduced respiration during fresh-cut storage, reflecting less physical stress and membrane damage. Weight loss was not significantly affected by any treatment during fresh-cut storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is a steady increase in the consumption of fresh-cut produce. To enhance the storage quality of fresh-cut cantaloupe melon, two minimal processing techniques were examined separately and combined. The methods are mild heat treatment of the whole melon at 60C for 60 min then cooling to 4C for 24 h, cutting the cantaloupe in half and removing the seeds while submerged in a calcium chloride and water solution, and the combination of the two treatments. These methods are simple and can be utilized by small or large processors to maintain sensory quality and fruit integrity during storage. [source] PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FISH PROTEINS COOKED WITH STARCHES OR PROTEIN ADDITIVES UNDER OHMIC HEATINGJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 5 2007PANIDA PONGVIRAT CHAI ABSTRACT The texture, color and microstructure of surimi seafood gels were investigated to determine the interaction effects of fish proteins with starches or protein additives under ohmic heating, and to compare ohmically cooked gels with conventional water-bath-cooked gels. Gel properties were affected by the type of additive, concentration and cooking method. The effect of starch on gel texture was more pronounced at low concentrations. Compared to wheat starch, potato starch seemed to slightly improve gel strength; however, it decreased the gel whiteness. All nonfish protein additives resulted in better or equal textural properties of gels, whereas there was a slightly negative effect for gel color. Fast ohmic-cooked gels mostly exhibited higher gel strength than conventionally cooked gels. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is a discrepancy between current gel preparation (slow heating by water bath) and current practice of crabstick manufacturing (fast heating). The use of data generated from slow cooking gel preparation for the manufacture of fast cooking crabstick does not make sense. This study demonstrates how starch and protein additives behave at ohmic heating which mimics the fast cooking crabstick manufacture. [source] Effects of Mild Heat Treatment on Microbial Growth and Product Quality of Packaged Fresh-Cut Table GrapesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2007L. Kou ABSTRACT:, The changes in packaged fresh-cut grape quality and microbial growth as affected by mild heat treatments and the retention of grape cap stems during 5 °C storage were evaluated. Each individual grape was either manually pulled off (stemless) from the stems, or cut (cut stem) to allow for a 1- to 2-mm cap stem remaining on the berry. The samples were sanitized in 100 mg/L chlorine solution for 1 min, followed by a mild heat treatment in a water bath (45 °C, 8 min) or an oven (55 °C, 5 min). After cooling, the berries were packaged in rigid trays sealed with a gas permeable film and stored at 5 °C. Product quality and decay rate were evaluated periodically during storage. The results indicate that in the package headspace for hot water treatment of stemless grapes, partial pressures of O2 declined significantly (P < 0.05) less and C2H4 increased significantly (P < 0.001) less than for the control and hot air treatment. Stem removal and heat treatment had significant (P < 0.05) effects on the decay rate of grapes during storage. Hot water treatment maintained a significantly lower decay rate than the control and hot air treatment throughout the entire storage. Color and texture were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by either heat treatment or stem removal. Grapes that retained the cap stems and received hot water treatment had the lowest decay rate and lowest microbial growth with the absence of any negative impact on grape color, texture, and flavor. [source] Chitosan Protects Cooked Ground Beef and Turkey Against Clostridium perfringens Spores During ChillingJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006Vijay K. Juneja ABSTRACT:, We investigated the inhibition of Clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by the biopolymer chitosan during abusive chilling of cooked ground beef (25% fat) and turkey (7% fat) obtained from a retail store. Chitosan was mixed into the thawed beef or turkey at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% (w/w) along with a heat-activated 3-strain spore cocktail to obtain a final spore concentration of 2 to 3 log10 CFU/g. Samples (5 g) of the ground beef or turkey mixtures were then vacuum-packaged and cooked to 60 °C in 1 h in a temperature-controlled water bath. Thereafter, the products were cooled from 54.4 to 7.2 °C in 12, 15, 18, or 21 h, resulting in 4.21, 4.51, 5.03, and 4.70 log10 CFU/g increases, respectively, in C. perfringens populations in the ground beef control samples without chitosan. The corresponding increases for ground turkey were 5.27, 4.52, 5.11, and 5.38 log10 CFU/g. Addition of chitosan to beef or turkey resulted in concentration- and time-dependent inhibition in the C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth. At 3%, chitosan reduced by 4 to 5 log10 CFU/g C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth (P, 0.05) during exponential cooling of the cooked beef or turkey in 12, 15, or 18 h. The reduction was significantly lower (P < 0.05) at a chilling time of 21 h, about 2 log10 CFU/g, that is, 7.56 log10 CFU/g (unsupplemented) compared with 5.59 log10 CFU/g (3% chitosan). The results suggest that incorporation of 3% chitosan into ground beef or turkey may reduce the potential risk of C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth during abusive cooling from 54.4 to 7.2 °C in 12, 15, or 18 h. [source] Thermal Inactivation Kinetics of Salmonella and Listeria in Ground Chicken Breast Meat and Liquid MediumJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 4 2000R.Y. Murphy ABSTRACT: Thermal inactivation of Listeria innocua and 6 Salmonella serotypes in ground chicken breast meat was compared to that in peptone (0.1%) - agar (0.1%) solution. Inoculated samples were packed in a thin-wall metal tube and submerged in a water bath at temperatures ranging from 55.0 to 70.0 °C. For Salmonella and Listeria, the D values in ground chicken breast meat at 55 to 70 °C were higher (p < 0.0001) than those in peptone-agar solution; however, the z values were not significantly different. Complete first-order inactivation models, with Arrhenius temperature dependency, were developed for each inoculum and medium. [source] The effect of thermocycling on peel strength of six soft lining materialsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 6 2002A. Sertgöz The bond strength of two heat-cured and four cold-cured soft lining materials was compared using a peeling test method before and after thermocycling. Tested soft lining materials were Molloplast B, Mollosil, Ufigel P, Ufigel C, Permaquick and Permaflex. Six specimens, 6·5 × 2 × 0·3 cm, for each group were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions. Control groups were stored in a humidor for 24 h, whereas the others were thermocycled in a water bath between the 5 and 55 °C for 5000 cycles. Peel strength of samples were measured using an Instron Universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 5 mm min,1. The types of failure were observed using an electron microscope. The highest peel bond strength values were calculated for Permaflex and Permaquick before and after thermocycling, respectively. Molloplast B, Mollosil, Ufigel P and Permaquick demonstrated an increase in peel strength after thermocycling, with Permaquick lining material having statistically significant increase. However, decrease in peel strength was observed for Ufigel C and Permaflex after thermocycling. Failure mode within the control groups was cohesive for Molloplast B, Permaquick and Permaflex, whereas adhesive for Ufigel P and Ufigel C. Mollosil demonstrated a mixed mode of failure for both thermocycled and control groups. [source] Effect of three adhesive primers for a noble metal on the shear bond strengths of three resin cementsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2001K. Yoshida The purpose of this study was to evaluate the durability and shear bond strengths of the different combinations of three adhesive primers and three resin cements to a silver,palladium,copper,gold (Ag,Pd,Cu,Au) alloy. The adhesive primers Alloy Primer® (AP), Metal PrimerII® (MPII) and Metaltite® (MT), and the resin cements BistiteII® (BRII), Panavia Fluoro Cement® (PFC) and Super-Bond C&B® (SB) were used. Two sizes of casting alloy disks were either non-primed or primed and cemented with each of the three resin cements. The specimens were stored in a 37 °C water bath for 24 h and then immersed alternately in 4 and 60 °C water baths for 1 min each for up to 100 000 thermal cycles. Shear mode testing at a crosshead speed of 0·5 mm/min was then performed. The application of MPII or MT was effective for improving the shear bond strength between each of the three resin cements and the Ag,Pd,Cu,Au alloy compared with non-primed specimens. However, when primed with MPII or MT and cemented with SB, the bond strength at 100 000 thermal cycles was significantly lower than that at thermal cycle 0. When primed with AP, the specimens cemented with BRII or PFC showed lower bond strength than non-primed specimens and failed at the metal,resin cement interface at 100 000 thermal cycles. On the other hand, AP was effective in enhancing the shear bond strength of SB to the Ag,Pd,Cu,Au alloy. The five combined uses of an adhesive metal primer and resin cement (combinations of MPII or MT and BRII or PFC and AP and SB) are applicable to the cementation of prosthodontic restorations without complicated surface modification of the noble alloy. [source] Solutions to a nonlinear Poisson,Nernst,Planck system in an ionic channelMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 15 2010L. Hadjadj Abstract A limiting one-dimensional Poisson,Nernst,Planck (PNP) equations is considered, when the three-dimensional domain shrinks to a line segment, to describe the flows of positively and negatively charged ions through open ion channel. The new model comprises the usual drift diffusion terms and takes into account for each phase, the bulk velocity defined by (4) including the water bath for ions. The existence of global weak solution to this problem is shown. The proof relies on the use of certain embedding theorem of weighted sobolev spaces together with Hardy inequality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hypothermia during the infusion of cryopreserved autologous peripheral stem cell causes electrocardiographical changes: Report of two casesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, Issue 8 2006Fahri Sahin Abstract Currently, autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation used as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of various hematological malignancies is gaining more popularity day by day. In this method, the patient's own peripheral stem cells are collected by a proper method and stored at ,80°C until they are reinfused into the patient after being rewarmed in water bath at 37°C. A number of complications have been reported related to reinfusion of the cryopreserved cells into the patient. These may include noncardiovascular complications such as nausea, vomiting, flushing, abdominal pain, chest discomfort, and headache, as well as cardiovascular complications like arrhythmias, hypotension, and hypertension. Hypothermia related to rapid infusion has been reported as the main factor underlying the cardiovascular complications. Electrocardiographic findings of hypothermia include sinusal bradycardia, prolonged QT and PR intervals, widened QRS complexes, and J wave, which is a ECG abnormality characterized by supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. We here present two cases of giant J wave caused by hypothermia during infusion of cryopreserved autologous peripheral stem cell that is detected by ECG and regressed after infusion ceased. Am. J. Hematol. 81:627,630, 2006. © Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Does the minimal phototoxic dose after 8-methoxypsoralen baths correlate with the individual's skin phototype?PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE, Issue 4 2001Ralf Schiener Background/Aims: Up to now no data have been available concerning whether there is a significant correlation between skin phototypes and the minimum phototoxic dose (MPD) after bath water delivery of 8-MOP. Methods: The skin phototype of each of 46 patients was determined based on the individual past history of solar-induced burning and tanning. In addition, the MPD of each patient was assesed after photosensitization with a warm water bath (37 °C, 98.6 °F) containing 1.0 mg/l 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman rank order correlation. Results: The median MPD in patients with skin phototype II was 2.0 J/cm2 (range ,0.5 to ,3.5) versus 1.5 J/cm2 (range 1.0 to ,3.5) in patients with skin phototype III. There was a considerable overlap between both groups. No significant difference was detected comparing both groups (P=0.7326) and Spearman rank order correlation revealed no correlation between skin phototype and MPD. Conclusion: Erythemal sensitivity in PUVA bath therapy, measured as MPD, is not correlated with sun-reactive skin phototype in skin types II and III. Thus skin phototype is not a suitable indicator for the initial UVA dose in PUVA bath photochemotherapy. [source] Particulate Matter Removal from Diesel Exhaust Gases by a Combination of Corona Discharge and Water or Oil BathPLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS, Issue 9 2006Yoshio Yoshioka Abstract Summary: As an efficient PM removal method from diesel exhausts, we developed a new method using a combination of a DC corona discharge and oil or water trays. The PM removal device generates DC corona discharges on oil or water filled in trays, thereby creating charges on the PMs, which can then be accelerated by an electric field towards the oil or water bath. The amount of PM absorbed in oil is determined by measuring light transmission. The discharge current on water is higher than that on oil. The difference of these discharge currents is considered to be due to the difference in ion mobility of the two liquids. An equation for PM removal characteristics is proposed. Using the equation, the PM removal by our device is estimated to be more than 85%. Experimental system for PM removal from diesel engine exhaust gas. [source] Effect of three adhesive primers for a noble metal on the shear bond strengths of three resin cementsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2001K. Yoshida The purpose of this study was to evaluate the durability and shear bond strengths of the different combinations of three adhesive primers and three resin cements to a silver,palladium,copper,gold (Ag,Pd,Cu,Au) alloy. The adhesive primers Alloy Primer® (AP), Metal PrimerII® (MPII) and Metaltite® (MT), and the resin cements BistiteII® (BRII), Panavia Fluoro Cement® (PFC) and Super-Bond C&B® (SB) were used. Two sizes of casting alloy disks were either non-primed or primed and cemented with each of the three resin cements. The specimens were stored in a 37 °C water bath for 24 h and then immersed alternately in 4 and 60 °C water baths for 1 min each for up to 100 000 thermal cycles. Shear mode testing at a crosshead speed of 0·5 mm/min was then performed. The application of MPII or MT was effective for improving the shear bond strength between each of the three resin cements and the Ag,Pd,Cu,Au alloy compared with non-primed specimens. However, when primed with MPII or MT and cemented with SB, the bond strength at 100 000 thermal cycles was significantly lower than that at thermal cycle 0. When primed with AP, the specimens cemented with BRII or PFC showed lower bond strength than non-primed specimens and failed at the metal,resin cement interface at 100 000 thermal cycles. On the other hand, AP was effective in enhancing the shear bond strength of SB to the Ag,Pd,Cu,Au alloy. The five combined uses of an adhesive metal primer and resin cement (combinations of MPII or MT and BRII or PFC and AP and SB) are applicable to the cementation of prosthodontic restorations without complicated surface modification of the noble alloy. [source] The Diamedica Draw-Over Vaporizer: a comparison of a new vaporizer with the Oxford Miniature VaporizerANAESTHESIA, Issue 1 2009W. A. English Summary The Diamedica Draw-Over Vaporizer (DDV) has been developed as an alternative to the Oxford Miniature Vaporizer (OMV). Both can function as draw-over or plenum vaporizers. The performances of these two vaporizers were compared under conditions simulating intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and continuous flow (CF). Series 1 experiments were conducted with the vaporizers in water baths at 20, 25 and 30 °C. Vaporizers were tested at dial settings of 1,4% over a range of minute volumes (1.75,6 l.min,1) and flow rates (3,8 l.min,1). Series 2 experiments compared output of the vaporizers over time at ambient temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 °C. A minute volume of 6 l.min,1 (IPPV) and a gas flow of 8 l.min,1 (CF) were used with a vaporizer setting of 2%. Vapour concentrations were recorded at 5-min intervals. In series 1 IPPV experiments, the DDV vaporizer was more accurate, producing significantly fewer vapour concentrations 0.5% more than or less than setting (p = 0.013). The OMV tended to produce more favourable results under continuous flow (p = 0.42). In series 2 experiments, the accuracy of both vaporizers was similar but consistency of output over time was better for the DDV and consistency of output according to differences in ambient temperature was better for the DDV. The OMV produced more vapour concentrations that were markedly higher than dial setting, particularly at high ambient temperatures. The DDV is a suitable alternative to the OMV with some distinct advantages. These include a larger reservoir, tendency towards greater accuracy during IPPV and improved consistency of output. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||