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War II (war + ii)
Kinds of War II Selected AbstractsPrehistory of the Japanese Teratology Society: The pioneers of teratology in Japan and the founders of the SocietyCONGENITAL ANOMALIES, Issue 1 2001Yoshiro Kameyama ABSTRACT The significant achievements of teratological research in Japan were traced from the beginning of the 20th century to the foundation of Japanese Teratology Society (JTS) in 1961 as a bird's-eye view of the prehistory of JTS. The activities of the leaders of foresight who contributed to establish the JTS and to consolidate its basis for future growth were introduced in chronological order; Japanese pioneers before 1945, early developing stage of research (1948,1954), study groups furnishing the basis of JTS (1955,1961), and the final step for JTS establishment (1960,1961). Teratological research in Japan was initiated independent of foreign studies and had obtained original findings before World War II. The studies in Japan progressed with their main target the prevention of exogeneous malformations as a feasible approach from the standpoint of practical medicine. Accordingly, a close collaboration between experimental and clinical teratologists, one of the grand traditions of JTS, was in place even before the early stages of JTS foundation. [source] Income Smoothing and Discretionary R&D Expenditures of Japanese Firms,CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 2 2000VIVEK MANDE Abstract During the recent recession (1991 to present), Japanese firms decreased their spending on R&D for the first time since World War II. The decreases have raised concerns that Japanese managers may be making suboptimal allocations to R&D. We test whether Japanese managers adjust R&D based on short-term performance. Our results show that Japanese firms in several industries adjust their R&D budgets to smooth profits. Interestingly, adjustments to R&D are larger in expansion years. These results, similar to those documented with U.S. managers, point to myopic decision making by Japanese managers. [source] The Ideological Implications of Using "Educational" Film to Teach Controversial EventsCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 3 2009JEREMY D. STODDARD ABSTRACT Use of media in today's classrooms, from feature and documentary film to news clips streamed via the Web, has grown exponentially. Film can be a powerful medium for teaching and learning, but is often viewed as a neutral source of information. This collective case study focuses on two teachers who use documentary film to teach about controversial events, with the goal of better understanding teacher selection and use of film as part of pedagogy and the experiences of students who are engaged in deliberative activities with film. In this case, teachers utilized film to help students examine two controversial events in U.S. history, the use of atomic weapons against Japan at the end of World War II and the role of the United States in Vietnam. These cases illustrate a tension that many teachers, who want to engage students in deliberative activities but who also want students to adopt particular moral or political stances, face in today's classrooms. The teachers in these cases utilize film as a neutral source for students to use as evidence for taking a position, despite the value-laden perspectives included in the films, perspectives that aligned with the teachers' own political beliefs. Other findings include student inability to recognize the perspectives in documentary films, the epistemic stances of teachers and students that documentaries are accurate and neutral, and the characteristics of students who are better equipped to recognize ideological perspectives. Implications for teachers, teacher educators, and especially democratic and social studies education researchers are explored. [source] Hospital-treated psychosis and suicide in a rural community (1877,2005).ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2007Part 1: Incidence rates Objective:, To calculate the incidence rates of hospital-treated psychosis and suicide in historical cohorts of a small rural community in southeast Norway, and to compare the local findings with the national ones. Method:, We have carried out a longitudinal epidemiological study, reviewing the patient records at the mental hospitals of people born in the rural community after 1845. Based on these records, we have constructed a local register of psychosis and suicide in this population. The local incidence rates of psychosis and suicide have been compared with the national ones. Results:, The overall local incidence rates of psychosis and suicide were similar to the national ones. The local rates of schizophrenia dropped considerably after World War II. Conclusion:, The overall local incidence rates of psychosis and suicide seem to be representative for the country at large despite frequent endogamy. The recent drop in the incidence rate of schizophrenia seems to be in agreement with several international studies. [source] Lieder machen Leute: Teaching Postwar German Identity through SongDIE UNTERRICHTSPRAXIS/TEACHING GERMAN, Issue 1 2008Christopher Wickham The negotiation of a West German identity in the decades that followed World War II can be traced in the issues and movements that preoccupied the populace. These in turn are documented in the work of socially and politically motivated Liedermacher. Songs thus serve as a point of entry for students into how Germans saw themselves in the Bonn Republic. By focusing on the Wirtschaftswunder, anti-nuclear activity, the environment, and patriotic militarism as addressed in five song texts from 1967 to 1985, this article provides a resource platform from which to build learning units and student projects exploring this era. [source] "Noise and Flutter": American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War IIDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 2 2010Eric D. Pullin First page of article [source] Broken Circle: The Isolation of Franklin D. Roosevelt in World War II*DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 5 2008Frank Costigliola First page of article [source] Be El Caudillo's Guest: The Franco Regime's Quest for Rehabilitation and Dollars after World War II via the Promotion of U.S. Tourism to SpainDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 3 2006Neal Moses Rosendorf First page of article [source] NHS AS STATE FAILURE: LESSONS FROM THE REALITY OF NATIONALISED HEALTHCAREECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2008Helen Evans The British National Health Service is often held up as a beacon of egalitarian healthcare, funded through general taxation and free at the point of use. Instituted by arguably the most socialist government in British history after World War II, it has manifested all the flaws that might be expected from a state monopoly: waste, inefficiency, under-investment, rationing and constant political interference. The result has been poor health outcomes for British citizens compared with other wealthy countries, and a failure by the NHS to live up to its founding principles of comprehensive, unlimited healthcare and egalitarianism. [source] Age,environment model for breast cancerENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 3 2004Nobutane Hanayama Abstract In the field of breast cancer study, it has become accepted that crucial exposures to environmental risks might have occurred years before a malignant tumor is evident in human breasts, while age factors such as ages at menstruation have been known as risks for the disease already. To project trends in two such kinds of risks for the disease, the concept of environment effects is introduced for (age, period)-specific breast cancer mortality rates. Also, a new model, named the age,environment (AE) model, which assumes that the logarithm of the expected rate is a linear function of environment effects and age effects, is proposed. It is shown that, although environment effects have different meanings from period effects or cohort effects, in the age,period,cohort (APC) model, the range space of the design matrix for the AE model is included in that for APC model. It is seen, however, that the AE model provides a better fit to the data for females in Japan and the four Nordic countries than does the APC model in terms of AIC. From the results of ML estimation of the parameters in the AE model based on the data obtained in Japan, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the Sino,Japanese war, World War II and the environmental pollution due to the economy in the recovery period from the defeat. Besides, from those based on the data obtained in the four Nordic countries, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the environment becoming worse after the year of Helsinki Olympics and low levels of them associated with the period including the year of ,Miracle of the Winter War' in Finland. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Undoing Trauma: Reconstructing the Church of Our Lady in DresdenETHOS, Issue 2 2006Jason James This article is an examination of the recent reconstruction of the Church of Our Lady (Frauenkirche) in Dresden, Germany, in relation to a desire for normalcy, which in this case finds expression in a fantasy of resurrection. The reconstruction of a monumental edifice framed as a victim of World War II and socialism both depends on and enacts the fantasy that historical loss can be undone. In addition, the project identifies Germany with German cultural heritage, which appears wholly distinct from the nation's burdened pasts, and offers a monumental symbolic touchstone for narratives of modern German history in which the nation and its citizens figure primarily as suffering victims. In this way, the reconstruction of the church embodies something more complex than mere forgetting. It enacts a fantasy of undoing loss, rendering the work of mourning unnecessary, while at the same time embracing injury and victimhood. [Germany, Dresden, nationalism, architecture, memory] [source] Treatment of the myeloproliferative disorders with 32PEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Nathaniel I. Berlin After World War II when 32P became widely available, it was used extensively to treat the chronic leukemias and polycythemia vera. Its use in the treatment of essential thrombocythemia began later in 1950. Today it is not widely used in the treatment of the chronic leukemia, if at all, its use in polycythemia vera appears to have decreased substantially and replaced by hydroxyurea, and its use in the management of essential thrombocythemia is not widespread. In each instance it has been replaced by a drug developed for use in cancer chemotherapy, and in some instances by interferon. It probably has wider use in polycythemia vera in the rest of Western Europe than in the UK, and there are cogent reasons to suggest that it may be the best tool for the treatment of polycythemia vera. Thus have we discarded a treatment modality that in polycythemia vera may be the best? [source] Security, Social Control, Democracy and Migration within the ,Constitution' of the EUEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2005Dario Melossi Such conditions, and the theory thereof, first developed in North America, and then increasingly in Europe after World War II and especially since the 1970s. From such a comparative-historical perspective, the paper then tries to shed light on the debate that was ignited by Dieter Grimm on the very possibility of a ,democratic constitutionalisation' of Europe. The connections between language, social control, and a (democratic) European constitution are then discussed, and specific attention is given to the nexus that has been constructed in today's Europe between migration, criminalisation and security, as a sort of test bench of those connections. [source] Did lack of spawners cause the collapse of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla?FISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2003W. Dekker Abstract Since the 1980s, a 90% decline in recruitment of European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), has occurred across most of Europe. Whether the continental stock has equally declined is uncertain. This study compiles available landings statistics since the beginning of the 20th century and identifies trends over time and space, using a statistical model that takes varying levels of reporting into account. Landings in the pre-1940s reached over 40 000 tonnes yr,1, declined during World War II, rose to a peak of 40 000 tonnes yr,1 in the 1960s (coincident with a peak in re-stocking) and dropped to an all time low of <20 000 tonnes yr,1 in the 1990s. The decline in recruitment since the early 1980s was preceded by a decline in landings two or more decades earlier, indicating a decline of the continental stock. Considering the continental stock and the spawning stock must have declined in parallel, insufficient spawning stock biomass might have caused the recruitment collapse currently observed. [source] THE SOVIET WAR MEMORIAL IN TREPTOW, BERLIN,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2003PAUL STANGL ABSTRACT. The Soviet War Memorial in Treptow, Berlin, was an important emblem of political power and ideology during and after the cold war. Designed as the Soviet Union's premiere extraterritorial battlefield shrine, the site combines a veterans' cemetery with a large-scale memorial complex celebrating the Soviet victory in World War II. The monument was intended for use in Soviet military commemorative activity and became a key sacred space in the Cult of the Soviet War Dead, but its location in Berlin meant that it served other political purposes. By avoiding definitive statements on key issues the memorial attained a semantic flexibility that enabled it to remain a focal point of commemorative activity for decades. The memorial continues to play a part in contemporary Berlin, though the political overtones are now overshadowed by its role as a shrine to the war dead. [source] The Strength of Perpetrators,The Holocaust in Western Europe, 1940,1944GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2002Wolfgang Seibel On average, two-thirds of the Jews in German-controlled territory during World War II did not survive. However, the degree of victimization varied considerably, depending on the area examined. In Poland, the Baltic States, the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia, Greece, the territories of Yugoslavia and the Netherlands, more than 70 percent of Jews were killed. In Hungary and the occupied territories of the Soviet Union, the number of Jews killed was close to the average. In Belgium, Norway, France, Italy, Luxembourg, and Denmark, a majority of the Jews survived. At the same time, the structure of Nazi rule over Europe before and during World War II was characterized by a wide variety of administrative regimes. So far, research has not systematically linked different degrees of Jewish victimization to different kinds of administrative regimes. Did different forms of administrative regimes result in differing degrees of Jewish victimization during the Holocaust? The present paper presents both evidence and an operationalization for a related general hypothesis. [source] Slinging Doughnuts for the Boys: An American Woman in World War II , By James H. MadisonHISTORY, Issue 316 2009NEIL A. WYNN No abstract is available for this article. [source] History and Story: Unconventional History in Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient and James A. Michener's Tales of the South PacificHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2002Madhumalati Adhikari "Literary history" is a cross between conventional (scientific) history and pure fiction. The resulting hybrid provides access to history that the more conventional sort does not (in particular, a sense of the experiences of the historical actors, and the human meaning of historical events). This claim is demonstrated by an analysis of two novels about World War II, The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje, and Tales of the South Pacific by James Michener. These two very different novels in English are by writers themselves very different from each other, writers from different times, different social and political backgrounds, and different points of view. Their novels examine the effects of the Second World War and the events of 1942 on the human psyche, and suggest how human beings have always searched for the silver lining despite the devastation and devaluation of values. Both novels resist any kind of preaching, and yet the search for peace, balance, and kindness is constantly highlighted. The facts of scientific history are woven into the loom of their unconventional histories. The sense of infirmity created by the formal barriers of traditional history is eased, and new possibilities for historical understanding are unveiled. [source] Defamation Cases against HistoriansHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2002Antoon De Baets Defamation is the act of damaging another's reputation. According to recent legal research, defamation laws may be improperly used in many ways. Some of these uses profoundly affect the historian's work: first, when defamation laws protect reputations of states or nations as such; second, when they prevent legitimate criticism of officials; and, third, when they protect the reputations of deceased persons. The present essay offers two tests of these three abuses in legal cases where historians were defendants. The first test, a short worldwide survey, confirms the occurrence of all three abuses; the second test (an empirical analysis of twenty,one cases (1965,2000) from nine western European countries) the occurrence of the third abuse. Both tests touch on problems central to the historical profession: living versus deceased persons; facts versus opinions; legal versus historical truth; the relationship between human dignity, reputation, and privacy; the role of politicians, veterans, and Holocaust deniers as complainants; the problem of amnestied crimes. The second test,the results of which are based on verdicts, commentaries, and press articles, and presented in a synoptic table,looks closely into the complainants' and defendants' profiles, the allegedly defamatory statements themselves, and the verdicts. All statements deemed defamatory were about such contemporary events as World War II (particularly war crimes, collaboration, and resistance) and colonial wars. Both tests amount to two conclusions. The first one is about historians' professional rights and obligations: historians should make true, but privacy,sensitive or potentially offending, statements only when the public interest is served; otherwise, they should have a right to silence. The second conclusion concerns defamation itself: defamation cases and threats to sue in defamation have a chilling effect on the historical debate; they are often but barely veiled attempts at censorship. [source] The Psychological Basis of Historical Explanation: Reenactment, Simulation, and the Fusion of HorizonsHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 1 2002Karsten R. Stueber In this article I will challenge a received orthodoxy in the philosophy of social science by showing that Collingwood was right in insisting that reenactment is epistemically central for historical explanations of individual agency. Situating Collingwood within the context of the debate between simulation theory and what has come to be called "theory theory" in contemporary philosophy of mind and psychology, I will develop two systematic arguments that attempt to show the essential importance of reenactment for our understanding of rational agency. I will furthermore show that Gadamer's influential critique of the reenactment model distinguishes insufficiently between the interpretation of certain types of texts and the explanation of individual actions. In providing an account of individual agency, we are committed to a realistic understanding of our ordinary scheme of action-explanations and have thus to recognize the centrality of reenactment. Nevertheless, Collingwood's emphasis on reenactment is certainly one-sided. I will demonstrate its limitations even for accounting for individual agency, and show how it has to be supplemented by various theoretical considerations, by analyzing the different explanatory strategies that Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen use to explain the behavior of the ordinary men in Reserve Battalion 101 during World War II. [source] "It's All About Perspective": Using Simulations in Multicultural TeachingHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2006Kat Williams Many feminist pedagogues create a classroom climate that transforms the student from a passive beneficiary of knowledge to an active participant in the classroom community. This objective is accomplished in many different ways and while there is no way to ensure student participation in the classroom and not one technique that works for every situation, the common thread is the rejection of traditional, passive forms of learning in favor of alternative, active teaching methods. History is not experienced the same way by all people , it is not a seamless narrative or a single story, but a series of competing voices. To demonstrate my use of historical simulations in the classroom this article focuses on World War II and the alternative perspectives, including women's baseball, to which students are exposed and ultimately represent in the simulation. [source] Divided Korea at SixtyHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2005Charles K. Armstrong Sixty years after the end of World War II, Korea remains the last country divided by the post-war Allied settlement. Recently new evidence and interpretations have invigorated a number of debates about this history: the question of how Korea became divided into two states between 1945 and 1948; the causes and conduct of the Korean War; and the reasons for Korea's continued division, and in particular the nature and survivability of the North Korean regime. [source] From "Wops and Dagoes and Hunkies" to "Caucasian": Changing Racial Discourse in American Classrooms during World War IIHISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2010Zoë Burkholder First page of article [source] Contribution of PTSD/POW history to behavioral disturbances in dementiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 4 2001Swapna Verma Abstract As many World War II and Korean Conflict veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) grow older, increasing numbers will be diagnosed with dementia. We retrospectively analyzed patients with dementia, comparing the behavioral disturbances of those with PTSD to those without PTSD. We hypothesized that due to the additive effect of the neurobiological and behavioral changes associated with PTSD and dementia, the dementia with PTSD group would show more agitation and disinhibition than the dementia without PTSD group. Sixteen patients with diagnoses of dementia and PTSD were matched on age and Mini-Mental States Examination (MMSE) scores to 16 patients with dementia without PTSD. Demographic characteristics, co-morbid diagnoses, global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), and paranoid items of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) were assessed. The patients with diagnoses of dementia with PTSD did not differ significantly in their clinical presentation, hospital course, and condition at discharge from patients with dementia without PTSD. Chi-square analysis showed that significantly more subjects in the PTSD group were prescribed anti-depressants compared to the non-PTSD group. Interestingly, within the PTSD group, the subgroup of patients who were former prisoners of war had a significantly higher mean score for paranoia and significantly less verbal agitation. This pilot study reveals that a diagnosis of PTSD alone is not sufficient to influence behavior in veterans with dementia; however, we also present provocative results that patients with more severe trauma (POW) do have changes in their behavior. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Social Change and Social Policy in JapanINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF JAPANESE SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Masayuki Fujimura Abstract This paper aims to present and discuss social change and social policy in Japan after the mid-20th century from a sociological viewpoint. Japanese social change and social policy from the mid-20th century onward can be categorized into three models in chronological order: escape from mass poverty by means of industrialization, improvement of the social security system to establish a welfare state, and parallel progress of aspiration for a welfare society and workfare. Defined concretely, these are (1) the period that established and improved social security, which started immediately after the end of World War II and ended in 1973, when Japan began to suffer from low growth after enjoying high growth; (2) the period in which finance for social security was adjusted, halfway through which the country experienced a bubble economy; and (3) the period after the 1990s, in which the structural reform of social security went hand-in-hand with labor policy and the advent of globalization. In each of the three periods, the direction of social policy was affected by factors that caused changes in such areas as industrial structure (the decline of agriculture), demographic structure (an aging society), and family structure and work pattern (the growing trend of nuclear families, single-person households, and irregular employment). In Japan, life security now attracts increasing attention, and employment security rather than social security has been the central issue. As it is greatly affected by globalization, employment security grows less conspicuous and makes the vulnerability of social security grow more conspicuous. Social policy has the potential to become an area with which to struggle for national integration and fissures between social groups. [source] Impact of the post-World War II generation on intensive care needs in NorwayACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2010J. H. LAAKE Background: A high birth rate during the first two decades following World War II has increased the proportion of elderly people in present-day society and, consequently, the demand for health-care services. The impact on intensive care services may become dramatic because the age distribution of critically ill patients is skewed towards the elderly. We have used registry data and population statistics to forecast the demand for intensive care services in Norway up until the year 2025. Methods: Data collected by the Norwegian intensive care registry (NIR), showing the age distribution in Norwegian intensive care units (ICU) during the years 2006 and 2007, were used with three different Norwegian prognostic models of population growth for the years 2008,2025 to compute the expected increase in intensive care unit bed-days (ICU bed-days). Results: The elderly were overrepresented in Norwegian ICUs in 2006,2007, with patients from 60 to 79 years of age occupying 44% of ICU bed-days. Population growth from 2008 to 2025 was estimated to be from 11.1 to 26.4%, depending on the model used. Growth will be much larger in the age group 60,79 years. Other factors kept unchanged, this will result in an increase in the need for intensive care (ICU bed-days) of between 26.1 and 36.9%. Conclusion: The demand for intensive care beds will increase markedly in Norwegian hospitals in the near future. This will have serious implications for the planning of infrastructure, education of health care personnel, as well as financing of our health care system. [source] Theorizing Diaspora: Perspectives on "Classical" and "Contemporary" DiasporaINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 2 2004Michele Reis Cohen (1997) employed the term "classical" diaspora in reference to the Jews. Indeed, a vast corpus of work recognizes the Jewish people as examples of quintessential diasporic groups. However, a broader conceptualization of the term diaspora allows for the inclusion of immigrant communities that would be otherwise sidelined in the conventional literature on diaspora. This study is therefore a departure from the traditional diasporic literature, which tends to use the Jewish Diaspora as the archetype. It favours, rather, the classification of three principal broad historical waves in which the Jewish Diaspora can be interpreted as part of a classical period. The historicizing of diasporization for the purpose of this paper is achieved by an empirical discussion of the three major historical waves that influenced the diasporic process throughout the world: the Classical Period, the Modern Period, and the Contemporary or Late-modern Period. The paper discusses these three critical phases in the following manner: first, reference is made to the Classical Period, which is associated primarily with ancient diaspora and ancient Greece. The second historical phase analyses diaspora in relation to the Modern Period, which can be interpreted as a central historical fact of slavery and colonization. This section can be further subdivided into three large phases: (1) the expansion of European capital (1500,1814), (2) the Industrial Revolution (1815,1914), and (3) the Interwar Period (1914,1945). The final major period of diasporization can be considered a Contemporary or Late-modern phenomenon. It refers to the period immediately after World War II to the present day, specifying the case of the Hispanics in the United States as one key example. The paper outlines some aspects of the impact of the Latin American diaspora on the United States, from a socio-economic and politico-cultural point of view. While the Modern and Late-modern periods are undoubtedly the most critical for an understanding of diaspora in a modern, globalized context, for the purpose of this paper, more emphasis is placed on the latter period, which illustrates the progressive effect of globalization on the phenomenon of diasporization. The second period, the Modern Phase is not examined in this paper, as the focus is on a comparative analysis of the early Classical Period and the Contemporary or Late-modern Period. The incorporation of diaspora as a unit of analysis in the field of international relations has been largely neglected by both recent and critical scholarship on the subject matter. While a growing number of studies focus on the increasing phenomenon of diasporic communities, from the vantage of social sciences, the issue of diaspora appears to be inadequately addressed or ignored altogether. Certain key factors present themselves as limitations to the understanding of the concept, as well as its relevance to the field of international relations and the social sciences as a whole. This paper is meant to clarify some aspects of the definition of diaspora by critiquing the theories in the conventional literature, exposing the lacunae in terms of interpretation of diaspora and in the final analysis, establishing a historiography that may be useful in comparing certain features of "classical" diaspora and "contemporary" diaspora. The latter part of the paper is intended to provide illustrations of a contemporary diasporic community, using the example of Hispanics in the United States. [source] Convergence in Foreigners' Rights and Citizenship Policies?INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2008A Look at Japan Citizenship laws and immigrant rights in rich, democratic countries are widely understood to be converging. Since most accounts of convergence are based on Western examples, Japan is an important test case. I distinguish three theoretical accounts of convergence: global-institutionalist, liberal-democratic, and problem-solving perspectives. I then examine trends in foreigners' rights in Japan since World War II in three domains: entrance, rights of residents, and citizenship. I find that convergence is occurring in the expansion of rights, partially in access to the territory, but not in formal citizenship. While the liberal-democratic perspective fails to account for trends, a combination of global-institutionalist and problem-solving accounts provides the most powerful analytic insight into convergence processes. [source] The Second Generation in Germany: Between School and Labor Market,INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 4 2003Susanne Worbs The German "mode of integration" after World War II has been to include migrants and their offspring into general societal institutions. This can be stated despite differences between federal states in some aspects of migrant integration (e.g., the educational sector). Migrant children normally attend the same schools and classes as their German age peers, they participate in the dual system of vocational training, and there are only a few limitations in labor market access. The second generation in Germany consists mainly of children of the "guestworkers" recruited in southern and southeastern European countries from the 1950s onwards. It is not easy to obtain information about their numbers and their socioeconomic position, as most statistical data distinguish only between foreigners and Germans. The achieved integration status of the second generation varies between areas: obvious problems in the educational system go along with considerable progress in the vocational training system and in the labor market. Children of Turkish migrants are the most disadvantaged group among the second generation. [source] Urban sustainability and governance: issues for the twenty-first centuryINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 193-194 2008Françoise Lieberherr-Gardiol The notion of urban sustainability that emerged at the end of the 1980s falls within the scope of sustainable development, a concept that arose in reaction to the model of technological and economic growth that triumphed after World War II. It comes into play as an attempt to link and put into perspective economic effectiveness, social equity and ecological balance. The sustainability approach focuses on how urban societies organise their space, their way of life and transportation, their technologies of production and consumption, as well as their governance and dynamics. Applied to cities, sustainable development can be defined in terms of concrete objectives: efforts to combat wasted energy, space and natural resources, and to reduce pollution, the problems of sanitation and the degradation of the environment. To the extent that governance is established and maintained with regard to the decision-making powers of public authorities faced with demands by divergent but equally legitimate interest groups, the responsibilities of citizens and the involvement of private stakeholders, sustainable innovations will succeed. The International Platform on Sustainable Urban Development, put in place by S-DEV Geneva 05, makes it possible to illustrate the problem by presenting the priority issues in sustainability, along with experiments undertaken by cities that were invited to present their innovations in renewable energy, soft mobility, green planning, systematic recycling, appropriate sanitation, urban agriculture and participatory governance. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||