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War

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	67%
Medical Sciences	10%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	5%
Psychology	4%
Life Sciences	3%
Engineering	2%
Chemistry	2%
Earth and Environmental Science	2%
6 Other Domains	5%

Distribution within Humanities and Social Sciences

General & Introductory Political Science	16%
General & Introductory History	14%
International Relations	11%
General & Introductory Anthropology	4%
64 Other Subdomains	47%

Kinds of War

Terms modified by War

Selected Abstracts

HOW USEFUL IS THE ECONOMIC MODEL OF CRIME IN ASSISTING THE WAR AGAINST TERRORISM?

ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2002
Dorothy Manning
This article considers whether the economic model of crime can be applied to terrorist activity. It concludes that the model does explain both secular and religiously motivated terrorism: policy-makers wishing to reduce terrorist activity should aim at devising policies which increase costs and/or decrease benefits to change terrorist incentives. The ,war' should continue as long as the probable costs to society incurred by terrorist activity are greater than the costs of abatement. [source]

Sedimentary and crustal structure from the Ellesmere Island and Greenland continental shelves onto the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean

GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2010
H. Ruth Jackson
SUMMARY On the northern passive margin of Ellesmere Island and Greenland, two long wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction (WAR) profiles and a short vertical incident reflection profile were acquired. The WAR seismic source was explosives and the receivers were vertical geophones placed on the sea ice. A 440 km long North-South profile that crossed the shelf, a bathymetric trough and onto the Lomonosov Ridge was completed. In addition, a 110 km long profile along the trough was completed. P -wave velocity models were created by forward and inverse modelling. On the shelf modelling indicates a 12 km deep sedimentary basin consisting of three layers with velocities of 2.1,2.2, 3.1,3.2 and 4.3,5.2 km s,1. Between the 3.1,3.2 km s,1 and 4.3,5.2 km s,1 layers there is a velocity discontinuity that dips seaward, consistent with a regional unconformity. The 4.3,5.2 km s,1 layer is interpreted to be Palaeozoic to Mesozoic age strata, based on local and regional geological constraints. Beneath these layers, velocities of 5.4,5.9 km s,1 are correlated with metasedimentary rocks that outcrop along the coast. These four layers continue from the shelf onto the Lomonosov Ridge. On the Ridge, the bathymetric contours define a plateau 220 km across. The plateau is a basement high, confirmed by short reflection profiles and the velocities of 5.9,6.5 km s,1. Radial magnetic anomalies emanate from the plateau indicating the volcanic nature of this feature. A lower crustal velocity of 6.2,6.7 km s,1, within the range identified on the Lomonosov Ridge near the Pole and typical of rifted continental crust, is interpreted along the entire line. The Moho, based on the WAR data, has significant relief from 17 to 27 km that is confirmed by gravity modelling and consistent with the regional tectonics. In the trough, Moho shallows eastward from a maximum depth of 19,16 km. No indication of oceanic crust was found in the bathymetric trough. [source]

Increased expression of GluR2-flip in the hippocampus of the Wistar audiogenic rat strain after acute and kindled seizures

HIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 1 2010
Daniel Leite Góes Gitaí
Abstract The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) is an epileptic-prone strain developed by genetic selection from a Wistar progenitor based on the pattern of behavioral response to sound stimulation. Chronic acoustic stimulation protocols of WARs (audiogenic kindling) generate limbic epileptogenesis, confirmed by ictal semiology, amygdale, and hippocampal EEG, accompanied by hippocampal and amygdala cell loss, as well as neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). In an effort to identify genes involved in molecular mechanisms underlying epileptic process, we used suppression-subtractive hybridization to construct normalized cDNA library enriched for transcripts expressed in the hippocampus of WARs. The most represented gene among the 133 clones sequenced was the ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit II (GluR2), a member of the ,-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleopropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. Although semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis shows that the hippocampal levels of the GluR2 subunits do not differ between naïve WARs and their Wistar counterparts, we observed that the expression of the transcript encoding the splice-variant GluR2-flip is increased in the hippocampus of WARs submitted to both acute and kindled audiogenic seizures. Moreover, using in situ hybridization, we verified upregulation of GluR2-flip mainly in the CA1 region, among the hippocampal subfields of audiogenic kindled WARs. Our findings on differential upregulation of GluR2-flip isoform in the hippocampus of WARs displaying audiogenic seizures is original and agree with and extend previous immunohistochemical for GluR2 data obtained in the Chinese P77PMC audiogenic rat strain, reinforcing the association of limbic AMPA alterations with epileptic seizures. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

THE RELIGIOUS IN RESPONSES TO MASS ATROCITY: INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES edited by Thomas Brudholm and Thomas Cushman NATIONS HAVE THE RIGHT TO KILL: HITLER, THE HOLOCAUST AND WAR by Richard A. Koenigsberg

JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 4 2009
MATTHEW EDDY
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

THE IDEA OF DEFENSE IN HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY THINKING ABOUT JUST WAR

JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS, Issue 4 2008
James Turner Johnson
ABSTRACT What is, or should be, the role of defense in thinking about the justification of use of armed force? Contemporary just war thinking prioritizes defense as the principal, and perhaps the only, just cause for resorting to armed force. By contrast, classic just war tradition, while recognizing defense as justification for use of force by private persons, did not reason from self-defense to the justification of the use of force on behalf of the political community, but instead rendered the idea of just cause for resort to force in terms of the sovereign's responsibility to maintain justice, vindicating those who had suffered from injustice and punishing evildoers. This paper moves through three major stages in the historical development of just war thinking, first examining a critical phase in the formation of the classical idea of just cause as the responsibility to maintain justice, then discussing the shift, characteristic of the modern period, to an idea of sovereignty as connected to the state and the prioritization of defense of the state as just cause for use of force, and lastly showing how this conception of the priority of defense became part of the recovery of just war thinking in the latter part of the twentieth century. The paper concludes by noting recent changes in thought on international law that tend to emphasize justice at the expense of the right of self-defense, suggesting that the roots of just war thinking imply the need for a similar rethinking of contemporary just war discourse. [source]

CIVILIAN IMMUNITY IN WAR

PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM, Issue 1 2005
IGOR PRIMORATZ
First page of article [source]

INTENTION, PERMISSIBILITY, TERRORISM, AND WAR

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES, Issue 1 2009
Jeff McMahan
First page of article [source]

THE RESPONSIBILITY OF SOLDIERS AND THE ETHICS OF KILLING IN WAR

THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 229 2007
Yitzhak Benbaji
According to the purist war ethic, the killings committed by soldiers fighting in just wars are permissible, but those committed by unjust combatants are nothing but murders. Jeff McMahan asserts that purism is a direct consequence of the justice-based account of self-defence. I argue that this is incorrect: the justice-based conception entails that in many typical cases, killing unjust combatants is morally unjustified. So real purism is much closer to pacifism than its proponents would like it to be. I conclude that the best explanation of the common view that unjust combatants may be defensively killed relies on a rights-based conception of self-defence. [source]

JUST WAR AND THE SUPREME EMERGENCY EXEMPTION

THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 221 2005
Christopher Toner
Recently a number of liberal political theorists, including Rawls and Walzer, have argued for a ,supreme emergency exemption' from the traditional just war principle of discrimination which absolutely prohibits direct attacks against innocent civilians, claiming that a political community threatened with destruction may deliberately target innocents in order to save itself. I argue that this ,supreme emergency exemption' implies that individuals too may kill innocents in supreme emergencies. This is a significant theoretical cost. While it will not constitute a decisive refutation of all arguments for a supreme emergency exemption, my hope is that many will see this cost of endorsing the exemption as unacceptable. [source]

PIZZA WARS: A CASE STUDY ON FALSE ADVERTISING UNDER SECTION 43 OF THE LANHAM ACT

JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES EDUCATION, Issue 2 2002
Steven J. Arsenault
[source]

KANT BETWEEN THE WARS: A REPLY TO HOHENDAHL

PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM, Issue 1-2 2010
ANDREW CHIGNELL
First page of article [source]

THE SOCCER WARS: HISPANIC IMMIGRANTS IN CONFLICT AND ADAPTATION AT THE SOCCER BORDERZONE

ANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2009
Tim Wallace
Soccer is a worldwide sport with fervent fans across the United States, Mexico, and Central America. Recent Hispanic arrivals in the United States find common ground with U.S. American soccer fans, but social and cultural issues are still barriers to better relationships among Hispanics and non-Hispanic residents. Using the concept of "soccer borderzone," I relate the ways in which futból (soccer) is a mechanism by which immigrants from Latin America can relax and adapt to life in their new communities. This article discusses the underlying issues that bring together and divide soccer fans in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina (Raleigh, Chapel Hill, and Durham). It also illustrates different cultural norms in the organization of league play. I use my eight-year experience as the president of a Hispanic Soccer League, La Liga de Raleigh, to explain the cultural norms of Hispanic participation in league play while feeling the effects of being an outsider in a new community. This article concludes by suggesting that in spite of common ground among soccer fans North and South, the recent spike in anti-immigrant rhetoric accompanied by the sinking of the American economy has slowed the process of integration within the soccer borderzone. [source]

Increased expression of GluR2-flip in the hippocampus of the Wistar audiogenic rat strain after acute and kindled seizures

Education in peace agreements, 1989,2005

CONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2008
Kendra E. Dupuy
Education has been on the minds of peacemakers since the end of the Cold War, contrary to expectations. An examination of how education is addressed in full and partial post-Cold War peace agreements shows that education is mentioned in a large number of the agreements. However, the way in which education is addressed and incorporated into peace agreements varies significantly in terms of what is mandated to occur in the education sector after the signing of the peace agreement, including what kind of education will be provided and to whom and how education is viewed in these agreements. [source]

Conservation and Conflict Mitigating the Effects of War on Biodiversity

CONSERVATION, Issue 1 2003
Article first published online: 8 MAR 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

The Imperial Presidency, the War on Terrorism, and the Revolutions of Modernity

CONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 1 2002
Robin Blackburn
First page of article [source]

Her kind: Anne Sexton, the Cold War and the idea of the housewife

CRITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2006
CLARE POLLARD
As a key figure of the 'Confessional' movement, Anne Sexton's work has often been critically assessed only in relation to her life - her history of mental illness and eventual suicide. This article attempts to place Sexton's poetry back into its historical context, arguing that with American suburbia being viewed as a new 'home front' during the Cold War, the persona of 'Housewife-poet' that Sexton adopted was highly politically charged. Seizing the language of pop-culture - from advertising to sci-fi - Sexton used it to expose the nightmare behind the white picket fence, and deconstruct the carefully constructed propaganda of the American housewife. [source]

Israeli Kindergarten Teachers Cope With Terror and War: Two Implicit Models of Resilience

CURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 1 2007
DAVID BRODY
ABSTRACT The resilience of teachers in the face of terror was examined in a narrative study of two Israeli kindergarten teachers over the course of one school year. During this time, there occurred frequent terror attacks as well as the threat of impending war with Iraq and the concomitant threat of chemical warfare. Each teacher's unique pattern of coping based on her own personal theory of resilience was examined. One teacher actively processed with her students stressful news items that the children had encountered. This was based on her belief that children would become more resilient if they had experience dealing with stress in a mediated fashion. The second teacher chose to create what she perceived to be a comfort zone for her students by actively avoiding open discussion about stressful events. She chose to focus on enhancing self-esteem, self-efficacy, and optimism, which she believed would produce greater resilience in her students. In developing these personal resilience theories, both teachers were able to move out of a paralyzed position that is typical of crisis and the immediate posttraumatic period, and move into active coping, thereby incorporating their unique theories of resilience into their personal professional knowledge. These practices were examined in light of current resilience theory. [source]

Contribution of Dermatologic Surgery in War

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 1 2010
MAJOR J. SCOTT HENNING DO
BACKGROUND Despite the large contribution by dermatology to military readiness, there have been no published reports regarding dermatologic surgery or skin cancer in the combat environment. OBJECTIVE To outline the contribution of dermatologic surgery, including skin cancer and benign tumors, to deployed service men and women in Operation Iraqi Freedom. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed of all dermatology visits at the 86th Combat Support Hospital, Ibn Sina, Iraq, between January 15, 2008 and July 15, 2008. RESULTS Two thousand six hundred ninety-six patients were seen in the combat dermatology clinic during the 6-month period reviewed; 8% (205/2,696) of the total visits were for skin cancer, and another 129 patients were treated for actinic keratosis. The specific diagnoses were basal cell carcinoma (n=70), in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (n=68), mycosis fungoides (n=1), bowenoid papulosis (n=1), and in situ and invasive melanoma (n=9). Benign lesions and tumors accounted for 14% (357/2,696) of total patient visits. Three hundred seven surgeries were performed during the 6-month period (178 skin cancers and 129 benign lesions), and 20 patients were referred for Mohs micrographic surgery. The surgical complications included five postoperative wound infections (1 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), one wound dehiscence, and seven allergic contact dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first publication regarding skin cancer and dermatologic surgery in the combat setting. This report outlines the important contribution of dermatologic surgery in the combat environment. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters. [source]

ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL MEDICINES: A HOBBESIAN SOCIAL CONTRACT APPROACH

DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 2 2005
RICHARD E. ASHCROFT
ABSTRACT Medicines that are vital for the saving and preserving of life in conditions of public health emergency or endemic serious disease are known as essential medicines. In many developing world settings such medicines may be unavailable, or unaffordably expensive for the majority of those in need of them. Furthermore, for many serious diseases (such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis) these essential medicines are protected by patents that permit the patent-holder to operate a monopoly on their manufacture and supply, and to price these medicines well above marginal cost. Recent international legal doctrine has placed great stress on the need to globalise intellectual property rights protections, and on the rights of intellectual property rights holders to have their property rights enforced. Although international intellectual property rights law does permit compulsory licensing of protected inventions in the interests of public health, the use of this right by sovereign states has proved highly controversial. In this paper I give an argument in support of states' sovereign right to expropriate private intellectual property in conditions of public health emergency. This argument turns on a social contract argument for the legitimacy of states. The argument shows, further, that under some circumstances states are not merely permitted compulsory to license inventions, but are actually obliged to do so, on pain of failure of their legitimacy as sovereign states. The argument draws freely on a loose interpretation of Thomas Hobbes's arguments in his Leviathan, and on an analogy between his state of War and the situation of public health disasters. [source]

Securing the World and Challenging Civil Society: Before and After the ,War on Terror'

DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2010
Jude Howell
ABSTRACT Following President Bush's declaration of a ,War on Terror' in 2001, governments around the world introduced a range of counter-terrorist legislation, policies and practices. These measures have affected not only human rights and civil liberties but also civil society and aid frameworks. Although the Obama administration has renounced the language of the ,War on Terror' and taken steps to revoke aspects such as water-boarding and the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, the bulk of the legislation and practices associated with the post-9/11 global security framework remain. The cluster of papers which follow provide detailed studies of the effects of the War on Terror regime on civil society in four contexts: the USA, Spain, Kenya and Uzbekistan. In this way it lays a basis for civil society actors and aid agencies to reflect more strategically on how they should engage with security debates and initiatives in a way that best protects the spaces of civil society and the interests of minority and vulnerable groups. This introduction sets out the three key themes pursued throughout the cluster articles, namely, the selective impact of counter-terrorist measures on civil society; the particularity of civil society responsiveness to these measures; and the role of aid and diplomacy in pursuing security objectives and its consequences for civil society. [source]

War, Livelihoods and Vulnerability in Sri Lanka

DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2004
Benedikt Korf
As the number of de-stabilized regions of warfare or post-war conditions worldwide continues to grow, this article investigates how civilians survive in the context of a civil war. It analyses livelihood strategies of farmers in the war-torn areas of Sri Lanka, using an analytical framework based on a revised form of DFID's sustainable rural livelihoods approach, placing particular attention on the institutional reproduction of household capital assets in the war economy. The author delineates a three pillar model of household livelihood strategies focusing on how households (1) cope with the increased level of risk and uncertainty; (2) adjust their economic and social household assets for economic survival; and (3) use their social and political assets as livelihood strategies. Empirical evidence comes from four case study villages in the east of Sri Lanka. Although the four case studies were very close together geographically, their livelihood outcomes differed considerably depending on the very specific local political geography. The role of social and political assets is essential: while social assets (extended family networks) were important to absorb migrants, political assets (alliances with power holders) were instrumental in enabling individuals, households or economic actors to stabilize or even expand their livelihood options and opportunities. The author concludes that civilians in conflict situations are not all victims (some may also be culprits in the political economy of warfare), and that war can be both a threat and an opportunity, often at the same time. [source]

The Challenge to the State in a Globalized World

DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 5 2002
Christopher Clapham
Individual instances of state failure and collapse must be placed within a broader appreciation of the evolution of statehood within the international system. The idea that the inhabited area of the globe must be divided between sovereign states is a recent development, and likely to prove a transient one. Largely the product of European colonialism, and turned into a global norm by decolonization, it is threatened both by the inherent difficulties of state maintenance, and by processes inherent in globalization. States are expensive organizations to maintain, not only in economic terms but also in the demands that they make on their citizens and their own employees. Poor and dispersed peoples, and those whose values derive from societies without states, have found these demands especially burdensome. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union revealed the hollowness of existing models of sovereign states, and challenged the triple narratives on which the project of global statehood has depended: the narratives of security, representation, and wealth and welfare. While individual cases of state failure and collapse may owe much to specific circumstances and the behaviour of particular individuals, they must also be understood within the context of a world in which maintaining states has become increasingly difficult. [source]

The Political Ecology of Transition in Cambodia 1989,1999: War, Peace and Forest Exploitation

DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2000
Philippe Le Billon
Over the last decade, forests have played an important role in the transition from war to peace in Cambodia. Forest exploitation financed the continuation of war beyond the Cold War and regional dynamics, yet it also stimulated co-operation between conflicting parties. Timber represented a key stake in the rapacious transition from the (benign) socialism of the post-Khmer Rouge period to (exclusionary) capitalism, thereby becoming the most politicized resource of a reconstruction process that has failed to be either as green or as democratic as the international community had hoped. This article explores the social networks and power politics shaping forest exploitation, with the aim of casting light on the politics of transition. It also scrutinizes the unintended consequences of the international community's discourse of democracy, good governance, and sustainable development on forest access rights. The commodification of Cambodian forests is interpreted as a process of transforming nature into money through a political ecology of transition that legitimates an exclusionary form of capitalism. [source]

Casualties of the Iraq War

DIALOG, Issue 2 2006
Article first published online: 10 MAY 200
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

"Going to War in Buses": The Anglo-American Clash over Leyland Sales to Cuba, 1963,1964

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 5 2010
Christopher Hull
The sale of buses by the Leyland Motor Company to Cuba proved contentious, not only in the realm of Anglo-American relations, but also in the domestic sphere of a behind the scenes inter-departmental disagreement within the British government. This is because the bus exports pitted political against economic interests at the height of the Cold War and in the midst of a British export drive. As Her Majesty's Government readily recognized, Washington was particularly sensitive over any issue related to Cuba, which by 1963 was firmly in the communist orbit of the Soviet bloc and which the United States was determined to isolate economically through the application of a trade blockade. The decision to approve the sales came at the end of the Macmillan and Kennedy administrations, and clouded the short-lived partnership of Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home and President Lyndon B. Johnson. The bus exports became an election issue in the campaigns of both leaders in 1964, assuming a political significance that belied the buses' seemingly innocuous function and outward appearance. [source]

A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, South Africa, and the Independence of Namibia

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 5 2010
Piero Gleijeses
Until 1975, Washington paid little attention to southern Africa, a backwater in the Cold War where weak insurgencies posed little threat to white rule in Angola, Mozambique, Rhodesia, and Namibia. The collapse of the Portuguese dictatorship in April 1974 meant the end of white rule in Angola and Mozambique. The Cuban victory in Angola the following year propelled southern Africa into the vortex of the Cold War. Between 1977 and 1981, the Carter administration engaged in a complicated minuet with South Africa and the Namibian rebels to craft a negotiated settlement that would grant Namibia its independence. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski clashed over the course the United States should follow, while Cuba and the Soviet Union strongly supported the Namibian insurgents and 20,000 Cuban soldiers were poised in neighboring Angola. I analyze the failure of Carter's Namibia policy based on US, Cuban and South African documents, as well as interviews with Namibian, US, Cuban and South African protagonists. [source]

Introduction: Workers, Labor, and War: New Directions in the History of AmericanForeign Relations

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 4 2010
Elizabeth Mckillen
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

A Darker View of U.S. Policy in the Cold War

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 1 2010
David N. Gibbs
First page of article [source]

"Help Them Move the ILO Way": The International Labor Organization and the Modernization Discourse in the Era of Decolonization and the Cold War

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 3 2009
Daniel Maul
First page of article [source]