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Waiting Period (waiting + period)
Selected AbstractsThe Impact of Mandatory Waiting Periods and Parental Consent Laws on the Timing of Abortion and State of Occurrence among Adolescents in Mississippi and South CarolinaJOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2001Ted Joyce Individual data on induced abortions from Mississippi and South Carolina are used to examine the effect of parental consent laws and mandatory delay statutes on two outcomes among teens: the point in pregnancy at which the abortion occurs and whether teens obtain abortions in or outside their state of residence. No effect of either law was found on the timing and location of abortion among minors relative to older teens in South Carolina. In Mississippi, however, both laws are associated with an increase in the proportion of abortions performed out of the state and the parental consent statute with later abortions. The conclusion is that Mississippi's 24-hour as compared with South Carolina's one-hour delay requirement, and Mississippi's two-parent as contrasted with South Carolina's one-parent consent statute explain the stronger behavioral response in Mississippi. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Management and Ananlysis. [source] Feasibility and acceptability of CD-ROM-based cognitive-behavioural treatment for binge-eating disorderEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Jennifer R. Shapiro Abstract We compared preliminary feasibility and acceptability of CD-ROM-delivered CBT for overweight individuals with binge-eating disorder (BED) to 10 weekly group CBT sessions (Group) and to a waiting list control (WL). Attrition was numerically greater in the Group than the CD-ROM condition; although only Group differed significantly from WL in dropout rates. Those in the CD-ROM condition reported continued use of their CD-ROM after treatment. Also, the majority of WL participants elected to receive CD-ROM over Group treatment at the end of the waiting period. Preliminarily, no significant differences emerged across the active treatment groups on most outcome measures. However, there was a significantly greater decline in binge days in the two active groups relative to WL. CD-ROM appears to be an acceptable and at least initially preferred method of CBT delivery for overweight individuals with BED. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Ketamine attenuates post-operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgeryACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 7 2009J. A. HUDETZ Background: Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) commonly occurs after cardiac surgery. Ketamine exerts neuroprotective effects after cerebral ischemia by anti-excitotoxic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. We hypothesized that ketamine attenuates POCD in patients undergoing cardiac surgery concomitant with an anti-inflammatory effect. Methods: Patients randomly received placebo (0.9% saline; n=26) or an i.v. bolus of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg; n=26) during anesthetic induction. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and fentanyl. A nonsurgical group (n=26) was also included as control. Recent verbal and nonverbal memory and executive functions were assessed before and 1 week after surgery or a 1-week waiting period for the nonsurgical controls. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were determined before surgery and on the first post-operative day. Results: Baseline neurocognitive and depression scores were similar in the placebo, ketamine, and nonsurgical control groups. Cognitive performance after surgery decreased by at least 2 SDs (z -score of 1.96) in 21 patients in the placebo group and only in seven patients in the ketamine group compared with the nonsurgical controls (P<0.001, Fisher's exact test). Cognitive performance was also significantly different between the placebo- and the ketamine-treated groups based on all z -scores (P<0.001, Mann,Whitney U -test). Pre-operative CRP concentrations were similar (P<0.33, Mann,Whitney U -test) in the placebo- and ketamine-treated groups. The post-operative CRP concentration was significantly (P<0.01, Mann,Whitney U -test) lower in the ketamine-treated than in the placebo-treated group. Conclusions: Ketamine attenuates POCD 1 week after cardiac surgery and this effect may be related to the anti-inflammatory action of the drug. [source] Experience of Hong Kong patients awaiting kidney transplantation in mainland ChinaJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 11c 2007Sylvie SH Leung MN Aim., This paper describes the experience of Hong Kong Chinese patients awaiting kidney transplantation in mainland China. Background., While travelling to mainland China for kidney transplantation is a controversial issue, there is an increasing trend of Hong Kong Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease seeking this treatment choice, which outnumbers that performed in Hong Kong. Although these patients seek pre- and post-transplantation care from Hong Kong public healthcare system, little is known about their experience during the waiting period. Methods., This experience is examined in an exploratory qualitative study. In-depth interviews were used to collect data from a purposive sample of 12 kidney recipients. Results., Three major findings are identified: (i) transplant waiting patients may travel to mainland China for transplantation in search of normal life, (ii) they need informational support from their continuing healthcare providers in Hong Kong to make the informed decision and (iii) they perceive a variation of attitudes of nurses and doctors in Hong Kong towards transplantation in mainland China. Conclusions., This study contributes to the literature by researching patients' perspective. The findings highlight the importance and controversy of addressing these patients' informational needs. While the authors have no inclination for or against travelling to mainland China for transplantation, the findings reveal a tenacious clinical dilemma, which deserves debate in international transplant community and further research to inform the debate. Nurse and doctors in Hong Kong may contribute to the debate by articulating their experience of caring for these patients. Relevance to clinical practice., Health information that is readily available for patients scheduled for kidney transplantation in Hong Kong should be made accessible to the whole community of patients with chronic kidney disease. To address the complexity of patients travelling to elsewhere for transplantation and the needs of these patients, provider reticence may be counterproductive. [source] Mood Adjustment via Mass CommunicationJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2003Silvia Knobloch The author has proposed and experimentally tested the mood adjustment approach, complementing mood management theory. Participants were placed in an initial mood and led to anticipate different activities after the waiting period. The upcoming activities were either dynamic or lengthy (arousal) and associated with either pleasure or performance (valence), resulting in a 2 × 2 design. During an ostensible waiting period, participants listened to choices of popular music at their will in a computer-aided procedure. This music taken from the Top 30 charts had been evaluated in a pretest for energy and joyfulness as musical qualities in order to create sets of musical selections that were either low or high in these qualities. In the experiment proper, selective exposure to energetic-joyful music as dependent measure was unobtrusively recorded via software. Results regarding self-exposure across time show that patterns of music listening differ with initial mood and anticipation, lending support to mood adjustment hypotheses. Mood management processes occurred in the beginning of the waiting period, whereas mood adjustment purposes set in toward the anticipated activity. [source] A comparison of diagnostic efficacies among different reagent strips and automated cell count in spontaneous bacterial peritonitisJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Rungsun Rerknimitr Abstract Background:, Currently, decision to give antibiotics in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) suspected patient depends mainly on the result of manual cell count, which requires significant waiting period. Recently, many reports on the efficacies of reagent strips and a few reports of automated cell count are available but there has been no direct comparison study. Aims:, This prospective study was to assess the diagnostic efficacies of different reagent strips (Aution, Multistix, Combur) and automated cell count. Methods and Results:, A total of 250 paracenteses were performed. There were 40 specimens obtained from patients with clinical suspicion for SBP, the rest were obtained from non SBP suspected patients. Thirty specimens from 250 samples (12%) were diagnosed as SBP by manual cell count. Automated system provided higher value for SBP diagnosis in all parameters (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy; 87.5,99.1%) whereas the strip tests provided lower number in all parameters (80,98.6%). Multistix provided the lowest sensitivity (80%). The false negative rates by Aution, Multistix, Combur tests and automated cell count were 10%, 20%, 10% and 3.3%, respectively. By lowering the cut off for SBP diagnosis with the automated system to 200 cells/mm3, there was no false negative. Conclusions:, Comparing to reagent strips, automated cell count is a better screening tool for SBP diagnosis because it provides higher validity scores and a lower false negative rate. However, the discrepancy of cell count reading may occur, we suggest using a lower cut off for SBP diagnosis by the automated system. [source] Long-lived intermediates in reversible addition,fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization generated by , radiationJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 8 2002Christopher Barner-Kowollik Abstract A novel experimental procedure is presented that allowed probing of reversible addition,fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) free-radical polymerizations for long-lived species. The new experimental sequence consisted of gamma irradiation of a mixture of initial RAFT agent (cumyl dithiobenzoate) and monomer at ambient temperature, a subsequent predetermined waiting period without initiation source also at ambient temperature, and then heating of the reaction mixture to a significantly higher temperature. After each sequence step, the monomer conversion and molecular weight distribution were determined, indicating that controlled polymer formation occurs only during the heating period. The results indicated that stable intermediates (either radical or nonradical in nature) are present in such experiments because thermal self-initiation of the monomer can be excluded as the reason for polymer formation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1058,1063, 2002 [source] Hepatocellular carcinoma: Ablate and wait versus rapid transplantationLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 8 2010John P. Roberts This opinion piece explores an "ablate and wait" strategy for improving the 5-year recurrence-free outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The Milan criteria delimit by tumor size and number a population of patients who have good survival after liver transplantation. The University of California San Francisco downstaging experience has shown that patients with a tumor burden outside the Milan criteria who undergo tumor ablation and a period of waiting have outcomes that rival those of patients who undergo transplantation within the Milan criteria because the tumor biology is allowed to become apparent by radiological studies during the waiting period. This experience has led to 2 conclusions: first, expansion beyond the Milan criteria should not occur without therapy directed to the tumor followed by a period of waiting to decrease the risk of recurrence, and second, for tumors within the Milan criteria, the same strategy should be considered. Liver Transpl, 2010. © 2010 AASLD. [source] Risk assessment of thiacloprid and its chemical decontamination on eggplant, Solanum melongena L.PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 2 2009Jayakrishnan Saimandir Abstract BACKGROUND: Thiacloprid [(Z)-3-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidenecyanamide; CalypsoÔ] is a systemic insecticide having persistence in the plant system. It was chosen for the management of the eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. Management of this insect pest is difficult because it harbours inside the shoot and fruit portions of eggplant. The persistence of thiacloprid on eggplant has not been studied in India. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has proposed its maximum residue limit (MRL) on eggplant as 0.7 mg kg,1, and there is a need to validate this value. Since residues were found to be above this level, five different decontamination agents were tested for the decontamination of thiacloprid from eggplant. RESULTS: The half-life of thiacloprid was 11.1 and 11.6 days from trials in 2 years. Safety factors such as theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) and maximum permissible intake (MPI) were used to arrive at a risk assessment to human health from the analytical data obtained from the field trials. Thiacloprid at the doses tested (30 and 60 g AI ha,1) was not effective in managing eggplant fruit borer. A waiting period of 3 days before harvest of the fruits after insecticide application and a processing factor (PF) could not ensure a sufficient margin of safety (MOS). Subjecting the data to a processing factor of 60% could not bring the residues below the proposed MRL. CONCLUSION: Thiacloprid is not found to be an appropriate and effective agent for application to eggplant. Either the proposed MRL needs to be revised or good agricultural practice involving thiacloprid for plant protection in eggplant cultivation is required. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] State Abortion Policy and the Long-Term Impact of Parental Involvement LawsPOLITICS & POLICY, Issue 2 2010MARSHALL H. MEDOFF This paper presents empirical evidence that the enactment of parental involvement laws by states is a major reason for the steady decline in the incidence of abortion that has occurred in the United States since 1981. Parental involvement laws reduced the likelihood of teen minor females (under 18 years of age) having unwanted pregnancies by altering their frequency of unprotected sexual activity or contraceptive use. This change in teen minors' pregnancy avoidance behavior is found to be perpetuated over adult women's childbearing span of 18-44 years of age. Parental involvement laws are estimated to account for approximately one-third of the decline in the abortion rates of adult women of childbearing age over the period 1982-2000. The empirical results remain robust even after controlling for outliers, interstate migration, regional effects, and the presence of a waiting period. Este artículo presenta evidencia empírica de que la promulgación, al nivel de entidades federativas, de leyes de involucramiento de los padres, es una razón importante para la continua disminución en la incidencia de abortos que ha ocurrido en los Estados Unidos desde 1981. Estas leyes llamadas "Parental Involvement Laws" redujeron la incidencia de embarazos entre menores adolescentes (con menos de 18 años de edad) al disminuir la frecuencia de la actividad sexual no protegida de las mismas. Este cambio en el comportamiento en la prevención del embarazo en las menores adolescentes es perpetuada en mujeres adultas en edad fértil de los 18 a los 44 años de edad. Se estima que dichas leyes son la causa de aproximadamente 1/3 de la disminución en los índices de aborto entre mujeres adultas en edad fértil en el periodo de 1982-2000. Los resultados empíricos se mantienen robustos aun después de controlar los valores atípicos, la migración entre estados, efectos regionales, y la presencia de un periodo de espera. [source] A randomised trial of two methods of issuing prenatal test results: the ARIA (Amniocentesis Results: Investigation of Anxiety) trialBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 4 2007J Hewison Background, Many pregnant women experience anxiety while waiting for the results of diagnostic tests. Policies and practices intended to reduce this anxiety require evaluation. Objectives, To test the following two hypotheses: ,,That giving amniocentesis results out on a fixed date alters maternal anxiety during the waiting period, compared with a policy of telling parents that the result will be issued ,when available' (i.e. variable date). ,,That issuing early results from a rapid molecular test alters maternal anxiety during the waiting period, compared with not receiving any results prior to the karyotype. The effects of the two interventions on anxiety 1 month after receiving karyotype results were also examined. Design, A multicentre, randomised, controlled, open fixed sample, 2 × 2 factorial design trial, with equal randomisation. Setting, The prenatal diagnosis clinics in 12 hospitals in England offering amniocentesis as a diagnostic test for Down's syndrome. Sample, Two hundred and twenty-six women who had had an amniocentesis were randomised between June 2002 and July 2004. Eight women with abnormal results or test failure were excluded postrandomisation. Interventions, Issuing karyotype results on a prespecified fixed date, rather than issuing them as soon as they became available. Issuing karyotype results alone, or subsequent to issuing results from a rapid molecular test for the most common chromosomal abnormalities. Main outcome measures, Average anxiety during the waiting period, calculated using daily scores from the short version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Anxiety 1 month after receiving karyotype results, measured using the short form STAI. Results, Issuing early results from a partial but rapid test reduced maternal anxiety by a clinically significant amount during the waiting period (mean daily score 12.5 versus 14.8; scale score difference ,2.36, 95% CI ,1.2, ,3.6), compared with receiving only the full karyotype results. There was no evidence that giving out karyotype results on a fixed or on a variable date altered maternal anxiety during the waiting period (mean daily score 13.2 versus 14.2; scale score difference ,1.02, 95% CI ,2.2, 0.2). One month after receiving normal karyotype results, anxiety was low in all groups, but women who had been given rapid test results tended to be more anxious than those who had not (mean single day score 9.2 versus 8.3; mean scale score difference 0.95, 95% CI ,0.03, 1.9). This small to moderate effect did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance. Conclusions, Rapid testing was a beneficial addition to karyotyping, at least in the short term. This does not necessarily imply that early results would be preferred to comprehensive ones if women had to choose between them. Because there are no clear advantages in anxiety terms of issuing karyotype results as soon as they become available, or on a fixed date, women could be given a choice between them. [source] Kidneys from patients with small renal tumours: a novel source of kidneys for transplantationBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2008David L. Nicol OBJECTIVE To report the use of a novel donor source as a further option to increase the number of patients who might be able to receive a renal transplant. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between May 1996 and July 2007, 43 kidneys were transplanted using kidneys obtained from patients with small (<3 cm diameter) incidentally detected tumours. After bench surgery to excise the tumour, they were all successfully transplanted into patients who were elderly or had significant comorbidities. RESULTS Apart from four patients who died from unrelated illnesses, all grafts continued to function with a median and mean follow-up of 25 and 32 months. The follow-up, which included 3-monthly renal ultrasonography and chest X-rays, showed only one case of tumour recurrence, which occurred 9 years after transplantation; the patient remains stable under observation after 18 months. CONCLUSIONS From our experience we consider that where nephrectomy is used for small, localized, incidentally detected renal tumours, the kidney should be considered for transplantation into carefully selected patients. Such patients with numerous medical comorbidities might benefit from renal transplantation, but not survive the waiting period if they are dependent on a deceased donor graft. Paradoxically the use of these marginal kidneys has the potential to increase the quality and length of life of these patients, despite the apparent contradiction of an intuitive principle of organ transplantation and immunosuppression. [source] General Flowshop Models: Job Dependent Capacities, Job Overlapping and DeteriorationINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2002Gerd Finke Several extensions of the two-machine flowshop model that arise in industrial applications are considered. These modifications of the classical case concern buffer capacities that vary with the size of the part, and processing times that are variable and increase in situations of overlapping and long waiting periods between the different operations. [source] Music and its effect on anxiety in short waiting periods: a critical appraisalJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 2 2005Marie Cooke PhD Aims and objectives., This paper undertakes a critical appraisal of the methodological issues associated with studies that have investigated the extent to which music decreased the anxiety experienced by patients in short-term waiting periods such as day surgery. Background., Investigations and surgery undertaken on a day basis have significantly increased in number over the last decade. Music has been evaluated as an appropriate nursing intervention in relation to pain, discomfort and anxiety in a number of clinical settings but its usefulness for decreasing anxiety in short-term waiting periods such as day surgery is only beginning to be understood. Conclusion., A number of methodological limitations are identified by this critical review, particularly in relation to the design of research studies. Recommendations to strengthen research in this area are suggested and include (i) describing methods clearly and with detail to allow assessment of the validity and rigour of study results; (ii) using permuted block randomization; (iii) recruiting from a variety of surgical procedures and cultural groups; and (iv) standardizing the health care provided during waiting period. Relevance to clinical practice., Music as a simple and cost-effective intervention to reduce the anxiety experienced in limited time periods will have enormous impact on clinical practice where patients wait and undergo invasive investigations, procedures or surgery. However, the evidence of its utility in these unique environments is only beginning to emerge and this critical review provides a basis for considerations for future research. [source] | ||||||||||||||||