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Voided Volume (voided + volume)
Selected AbstractsNon-invasive Assessments of Pediatric Voiding DysfunctionLUTS, Issue 2 2009Shang-Jen CHANG In the evaluation of pediatric dysfunction, the initial approach relies on non-invasive diagnostic tools. Through these examinations, the possible etiology of pediatric voiding dysfunction may be identified, and children who require further evaluation with invasive diagnostic tools may be differentiated. In addition, these non-invasive diagnostic tools can be used as surrogate parameters for follow-up of voiding function in children with neurogenic or non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction. Updated information and controversy on this issue are provided and discussed in the present review. Thorough and well-organized history taking and focused physical examination are essential. A 2-day bladder diary and a 14-daysbowel movement diary, at least, should be recorded. Dysfunctional voiding symptom scores have been recommended for identifying children with possible voiding dysfunction. Consensus on which scoring system is best for clinical practice has not been reached. Low inter-observer agreement in interpreting specific types of abnormal uroflow pattern and high inter-observer agreement in identifying "no abnormality" make uroflowmetry a first-line screening tool for pediatric voiding dysfunction. Optimal bladder capacity is paramount in the interpretation of uroflowmetry curves and postvoid residual urine (PVR). Voided volume <50 mL is not eligible, while bladder over-distention may result in an abnormal uroflow pattern and increased PVR volume. Renal ultrasonography has been recommended for the evaluation of children with enuresis. However, the gain achieved through routine renosonography may be small. Thickened bladder wall thickness warrants further investigation of voiding dysfunction. However, inter- and intra-examiner's variability does not yet make this examination popular. [source] The effect of familial aggregation on the children with primary nocturnal enuresisNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 5 2009Qing Wei Wang Abstract Objective To evaluate the effect of familial aggregation on the children with PNE by evaluating nocturnal urine output, bladder, and arouse function. Patients and Methods According to whether relatives of family of probands over three generations were affected by PNE, forty-five children with familial aggregation PNE (FPNE), seventy children with sporadic PNE (SPNE) and ten children with normal lower urinary tract function but waiting for operation (control group) were included. Questionnaire of arousal from sleep (AS scores), bladder diary and daytime urodynamic studies were performed in all patients. Results The incidences of severe PNE and nonmonosymptomatic PNE in FPNE group were significantly higher than those in SPNE group. The nocturnal urine output and AS scores in both PNE groups was significantly higher, maximal voided volume significantly smaller than those in control group. Moreover, the incidences of small bladder in FPNE group was 44%, significantly higher than that in SPNE group (21%), but no significantly difference was found in nocturnal polyuria and arousal AS scores between two PNE groups. There were 53% patents with daytime detrusor overactivity and 60% patents with urodynamic functional bladder outflow obstruction in FPNE group, significantly higher than those in SPNE group (19% and 37%). Maximum cystometric capacity significantly decreased from control group to FPNE group. Conclusion Familial aggregation has significant effects on the children with PNE, and FPNE are more likely to be severe symptoms and bladder dysfunction. It would be beneficial to have an urodynamic study for their diagnosis and treatment. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:423,426, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The relationship between subjective and objective assessments of sacral neuromodulation effectiveness in patients with urgency-frequency,NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 8 2008Kenneth M. Peters Abstract Aims Global response assessment (GRA) has been used to evaluate patients' perceptions of treatment effectiveness. However, few studies have scrutinized the relationship between GRAs and objective voiding diary outcomes data. This study explores the relationship between self-reported symptom-specific GRA responses and objective changes in frequency, urgency and pelvic pain in patients with urgency-frequency with or without pelvic pain after implantation of a prosthetic sacral nerve stimulation device. Methods Patients scheduled for a staged procedure were enrolled in a prospective, observational, longitudinal study. Post implantation, patietns were grouped into "responders" or "non-responders" based on their answers to symptom-specific GRAs at three and six months. Treatment responders were defined as those reporting "moderately" or "markedly improved" on a 7-point scale, and all others were considered non-responders. Pre- and post-implant changes in mean 24-hour voiding frequency, voided volume, urgency and pelvic pain scores as recorded on voiding diaries were compared between groups using paired t-test. Results At three months, responders demonstrated corresponding statistically significant improvement in voiding frequency (P,<,0.001), average voided volume (P,=,0.003), urgency (P,=,0.022) and pelvic pain (P,=,0.039). At six months, responders demonstrated statistically significant improvements in frequency (P,=,0.025) and urgency (P,=,0.006). None of the symptom changes were statistically significant in treatment non-responders. Conclusions The GRA non-responders groups' perceptions of treatment response agreed with their objective changes in bothersome symptoms and responders' changes agreed with their perception of improvement in the majority of symptoms. Further study is needed to standardize the GRA, and explore its potential for use in clinical practice. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:775,778, 2008, © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The correlation of voiding variables between non-instrumented uroflowmetery and pressure-flow studies in women with pelvic organ prolapseNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 6 2008Elizabeth Mueller Abstract Aims To (1) correlate peak and maximum flow rates from non-instrumented flow (NIF) and pressure-flow studies (PFS) in women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP); (2) measure the impact of voided volume and degree of prolapse on correlations. Methods We compared four groups of women with stages II,IV POP. Groups 1 and 2 were symptomatically stress continent women participating in the colpopexy and urinary reduction efforts (CARE) trial; during prolapse reduction before sacrocolpopexy, Group 1 (n,=,67) did not have and Group 2 (n,=,84) had urodynamic stress incontinence (USI). Group 3 (n,=,74) and Group 4 participants (n,=,73), recruited specifically for this study, had stress urinary incontinence (SUI) symptoms. Group 3 planned sacrocolpopexy. Group 4 planned a different treatment option. Participants completed standardized uroflowmetry and pressure voiding studies. Results Subjects' median age was 61 years; median parity 3% and 80% had stage III or IV POP. Based on the Blaivas,Groutz nomogram, 49% of all women were obstructed. NIF and PFS peak and average flow rates had low correlations with one another (0.31, P,<,0.001 and 0.35, P,<,0.001, respectively). When NIF and PFS voided volumes were within 25% of each other, the peak and average flow rate correlations improved (0.52, P,<,0.001 and 0.57, P,<,0.001, respectively). As vaginal prolapse increased, correlations between NIF and PFS peak and average flow rates decreased. Conclusion Peak and average flow rates are highly dependent on voided volume in women with prolapse. As the prolapse stage increases, correlations between NIF and PFS variables decrease. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:515,521, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The effect of psychological motivation on volumes voided during uroflowmetry in healthy aged male volunteersNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 1 2006Yat-Ching Tong Abstract Aims To study the effect of psychological motivation on the voided volume during uroflowmetry in aged-male volunteers. Methods An open contest of free-flow rate was held for the elderly community. People over 60 years old with no prior history of lower urinary tract symptoms were invited to compete. Participants were given the suggestion to void only when strong desire was experienced because greater the volume, faster the flow. One month later, 20 of the male participants were asked to come back for an office uroflowmetry, given the instruction to hold until strong desire was experienced. The results of the maximum flow rate, mean flow rate, and voided volume were compared between these two tests. Results In the first uroflowmetry, the average voided volume for the 20 participants was 532,±,109 ml; maximum flow rate and average flow rate were 27.1,±,9.4, and 17.2,±,6.4 ml/sec, respectively. The voided volume decreased significantly in the second uroflowmetry (338,±,82 ml, P,<,0.01); the maximum and average flow rates did not changed significantly (24.2,±,9.5 and 14.9,±,6.9 ml/sec, respectively). No participant had a shift of more than one standard deviation between the two tests on the Siroky's flow-rate nomogram. Conclusions With psychological motivation to win the contest, the participants showed greater tolerance to bladder filling. This suggests that the state of mind can affect the perception on bladder sensation. On the other, the performance on emptying function is not significantly improved by motivation. Neurourol. Urdynam. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Urodynamic evaluation of the human bladder response tgo an increase in outlet resistanceNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 6 2002Jason D. Engel Abstract Aim. We prospectively evaluated the response of the human bladder to a chronic increase in urethral resistance according to the indices of pressure, volume flow rate, total (external) bladder work, and maximum and average detrusor power. Methods. Six men with incontinence after radical prostatectomy were evaluated urodynamically before and 3,6 months after undergoing a bulbourethral sling procedure. Results. None of the men suffered from significant obstructive or irritative voiding symptoms preoperatively. Urodynamic evaluation showed postoperative increases in both average detrusor pressure and pressure at maximum flow, but there were no significant changes in voided volume, void time, or postvoid residual urine volume. Maximum detrusor power, average detrusor power, and total (external) bladder work were all significantly increased. Conclusion. These data confirm that the human bladder possesses a functional reserve, which is elicited by an increase in urethral resistance. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:524,528, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] BPH with coexisting overactive bladder dysfunction,an everyday urological dilemmaNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 3 2001Tomas Knutson Abstract The aim of this study was to use a systematic schedule, including urodynamics, to describe the rate of coexisting overactive bladder (OB) in patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We also identified differences between the patients with pure BOO compared with those with BOO combined with OB (BOO,+,OB). One hundred and sixty-two men referred to our clinic due to LUTS were included. Patients with a history that might affect their bladder function were excluded. After cystometry and pressure,flow studies, the patients were divided into pure BOO and BOO,+,OB. Of the 162 men, 55% had pure BOO. BOO,+,OB was found in 45%. Age, s-PSA, voided volume, and obstruction grade differed significantly between the groups. The patients with BOO,+,OB were older, had a higher s-PSA, voided smaller volumes, and were more obstructed. We found no differences in TRUS-volume, Q-max, IPS score, or PVR. There was a strong association between OB and BOO, the percentage of OB increasing with increased obstruction. TRUS-volume, Q-max, IPS score, and PVR did not predict whether the patients had a combined BOO,+,OB or not. These findings indicate that BOO is a progressive disease, which in time causes pronounced obstruction and perhaps in itself contributes to the development of OB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 20:237,247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] National survey for intrapartum and postpartum bladder care: assessing the need for guidelinesBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 8 2004Mona M. Zaki Variation in the practice of intrapartum and postpartum bladder care reported by 189 maternity units in England and Wales hospitals was evaluated by analysing the data obtained from a postal questionnaire completed by labour ward managers or heads of midwifery. The survey revealed that there was no consensus of opinion about the diagnostic criteria for postpartum urinary retention and therefore the optimum management for voiding dysfunction remains controversial. In spite of the increasing awareness of the risk management issues involved, the majority of the units were found to be non-compliant with the limited RCOG recommendations currently available. Although further research is needed to develop evidence-based guidelines, all units should be timing and measuring the voided volume and ideally checking the first post-void residual volume to ensure that retention does not go unrecognised. [source] Type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor suppresses experimental bladder inflammationBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2008Takeya Kitta OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of orally administered YM976, a specific inhibitor of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4), on bladder activity in a rat model with hydrochloric acid (HCl)-induced cystitis (IC), hypothesizing that a PDE4 inhibitor might suppress bladder overactivity and bladder pain responses in bladder-hypersensitive disorders such as IC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats with HCl-induced IC were treated with YM976 or vehicle and their voiding observed and assessed by cystometry. The severity of bladder inflammation (BI) was quantified using the BI index (BII), which comprises three factors (oedema, leukocyte infiltration and haemorrhage). Nociceptive neural activity was also examined using an immunohistochemical study of spinal c-fos expression. RESULTS YM976 significantly reduced the number of voids, and the volume per void was significantly higher than in control (vehicle) group. Cystometry showed a significant increase in bladder capacity, voided volume and voiding efficiency, and a decrease in the amplitude of voiding pressure in rats treated with YM976. All BII scores were significantly lower in the YM976 than in the control group. c-fos expression in the spine was less in the YM976 than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of YM976 significantly improved the voiding behaviour and histological damage in rats with IC induced by HCl. These results indicate that PDE4 inhibitor might be effective in relieving bladder symptoms with IC. [source] Are conventional pressure-flow measurements dependent upon filled volume?BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2005Kanagasabai Sahadevan OBJECTIVE To determine, in a prospective study, whether detrusor pressure (pdet.Qmax) and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) measurements obtained after filling to maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) differ from those obtained with filling restricted to average voided volume (Vvoid), as standard protocols for pressure flow studies (PFS) mandate bladder filling until the subject has a strong desire to void, which aids standardization but further divorces the test from real-life experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS After calculating the appropriate sample size, 84 patients attending for PFS with an adequately completed 3-day frequency-volume chart were recruited. Each underwent two consecutive PFS with filling to MCC and average Vvoid in a random order, and measurements of pdet.Qmax and Qmax were compared. For men, the agreement for a diagnosis of obstruction between the tests was also assessed. RESULTS Complete data were obtained from 76 (90%) of the patients, with a mean (range) age of 64 (20,94) years. The mean (sd) difference between MCC and average Vvoid was 134 (113) mL (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between estimates of Qmax, at ,,0.1 (3) mL/s (P = 0.75), and of pdet.Qmax, at ,,1 (13) cmH2O (P = 0.91), obtained within each patient. For men there was 91% agreement (32 of 35) in the classification of obstruction. CONCLUSIONS Restriction of filling to the average Vvoid during PFS allows a closer approximation to normal voiding and results in no clinically relevant change to the value of standard pressure-flow measurements or alters individual classification of obstruction. [source] The 24-h frequency-volume chart in adults reporting no voiding complaints: defining reference values and analysing variablesBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2004E.P. Van Haarst OBJECTIVE To determine the variables (e.g. voiding frequency, voided volumes, urine production) and their mutual relationships and differences between age groups and genders, using a frequency-volume chart (FVC) in an adult population (representing all age groups) who denied having any voiding complaints. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In all, 1152 men and women aged >,20 years completed a 24-h FVC; registration started with the first voided volume in the morning and concluded with the first voided volume the next morning. The time of voiding and volume were both recorded, and bedtime hours noted. Each participant claimed to have no voiding complaints. The statistical analysis was aimed at discerning the relationships between the FVC variables, gender and age. RESULTS There was a linear increase in mean 24-h voiding frequency and nocturia in men, from 6.0 and 0.5 in the third decade to 8.5 and 1.6 in those aged >,70 years. Contrary to men, in women the mean 24-h frequency declined slightly in the older decades; it increased from 6.9 in the third to 8.2 in the sixth, declining to 7.8 in those aged >,70 years. Nocturia in women increased linearly, although slower than in men, from 0.7 in the third decade to 1.4 in those aged >,70 years. The mean volume/void decreased significantly in both genders, from 313 to 209 mL in men, and from 274 to 240 mL in women. The mean 24-h volume was 1718 and 1762 mL in men and women, respectively. For both genders there was a strong linear association between 24-h urine production and voided volumes. CONCLUSION The volume/void and maximum voided volume decreased significantly with age in both sexes, but more prominently in men. As a result, in men the frequency increased with age, probably reflecting subclinical changes associated with the development of prostatic enlargement. In contrast to men the frequency in women increased initially and decreased in the older groups. A higher 24-h urine production was associated with a higher mean volume/void. [source] Is the conservative management of chronic retention in men ever justified?BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2003T.S. Bates OBJECTIVE To assess the outcome of men presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with large postvoid residual urine volumes (PVR). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included men presenting with LUTS and a PVR of >,250 mL who, because of significant comorbidity, a low symptom score or patient request, were managed conservatively and prospectively, and were followed with symptom assessment, serum creatinine levels, flow rates and renal ultrasonography. Patients were actively managed if there was a history of previous outflow tract surgery, prostate cancer, urethral strictures, neuropathy, elevated creatinine or hydronephrosis. In all, 93 men (mean age 70 years, range 40,84) with a median (range) PVR of 363 mL (250,700) were included in the study and followed for 5 (3,10) years. At presentation, the median maximum flow rate was 10.2 (3,30) mL/s and the voided volume 316 (89,714) mL. RESULTS The measured PVR remained stable in 47 (51%), reduced in 27 (29%) and increased in 19 (20%) patients; 31 patients (33%) went on to transurethral resection of the prostate after a median of 30 (10,120) months, because of serum creatinine elevation (two), acute retention (seven), increasing PVR (eight) and worsening symptoms (14). Of 31 patients 25 were available for evaluation after surgery; their median PVR was 159 (0,1000) mL, flow rate 18.4 (4,37) mL/s and voided volume 321 (90,653) mL. Symptoms were improved in all but five men. There was no difference in initial flow rate, voided volume or PVR between those who developed complications or went on to surgery and those who did not. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occurred in five patients and two developed bladder stones. CONCLUSIONS Complications such as renal failure, acute retention and UTIs are uncommon in men with large, chronic PVRs. Conservative management for this group of patients is reasonable but outpatient review is prudent. There were no factors that could be used to predict those patients who eventually required surgery. [source] Long-term functional outcomes in patients with various types of orthotopic intestinal neobladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 7 2008Hideaki Miyake Objectives: To evaluate the long-term functional outcomes of various types of orthotopic neobladder (NB). Methods: Eighty-nine patients who underwent orthotopic NB reconstruction after radical cystectomy and were followed for at least 60 months after surgery were included in this retrospective study. The types of NB in this series were: modified Studer type, Hautmann type, Mainz type, Goldwasser type and modified Reddy type in 36, 9, 15, 10 and 19 patients, respectively. Results: Sixty-seven (75.3%) patients could void spontaneously, 15 (16.8%) voided with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) assistance and seven (7.9%) with CIC alone. After excluding the seven voiding with CIC alone, daytime and night-time continence was achieved in 63 and 50 of the remaining 82 patients, respectively. In addition, the proportion of daytime continence in the modified Studer group was significantly greater than that in the Mainz group, whereas there was no significant difference in the proportion of night-time continence among these groups. Uroflow examination indicated that despite the lack of significant differences in the maximal flow rates and the voided volumes, the post-void residual in the modified Reddy group was significantly smaller than that in the modified Studer group. Blood gas analysis in the 82 patients showed that there were no significant differences in the pH, bicarbonate, chloride and base excess among these groups. Conclusions: Orthotopic NB created with intestinal segments generally has acceptable functional outcomes on long term follow up. These outcomes differ according to the type of NB. To define the optimal procedure for NB reconstruction, it is necessary to understand the long-term functional prospects, on which the subjective success of NB creation is based. [source] Data from frequency-volume charts versus maximum free flow rate, residual volume, and voiding cystometric estimated urethral obstruction grade and detrusor contractility grade in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasiaNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 5 2002Ger E.P.M. van Venrooij Abstract Aims To examine associations of data from frequency-volume charts with maximum free flow rate, residual volume, and voiding cystometric estimated urethral obstruction grade and detrusor contractility in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods The 160 men included in the study met the criteria of the International Scientific Committee on BPH, i.e., they voided more than 150 mL during uroflowmetry, their residual volume and prostate size were estimated, and they completed frequency-volume charts correctly. From the frequency-volume charts, voiding habits and fluid intake were evaluated. Pressure-flow studies were performed as well. Results Increasing residual volume was related to a decrease of maximum voided volume and to a decrease of maximum free flow rate. Cystometric capacity was little affected by residual volume. Low contractility did not result in high residual volume. A marked decrease in voided volumes with increasing obstruction grade was observed, due to a decrease of cystometric capacity and an increase of residual volume. Detrusor contractility was little associated with voided volumes. A higher voiding frequency was related to a higher fluid intake. However, increased standardized frequency (number of voidings per 1,000 mL) was associated with a substantial reduction of fluid intake. Conclusions Infravesical obstruction is the most important factor influencing voided volumes, cystometric capacity, and residual urine volume. Frequency of voiding was not influenced significantly because patients with small voided volumes minimized their fluid intake. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:450,456, 2002. © Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Data from frequency-volume charts versus filling cystometric estimated capacities and prevalence of instability in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasiaNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 2 2002Ger E.P.M. van Venrooij Abstract The aim was to examine associations of filling cystometric estimated compliance, capacities, and prevalence of bladder instability with data from frequency-volume charts in a well-defined group of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Men with LUTS suggestive of BPH were included if they met the criteria of the International Consensus Committee on BPH, i.e., they voided more than 150 mL during uroflowmetry, their residual volume and prostate size were estimated, and they completed frequency-volume charts correctly. From the frequency-volume charts, voiding habits, and fluid intake in the daytime and at night were evaluated. Filling cystometric studies were performed in these men as well. Decreased compliance was an exceptional finding. Cystometric capacity and especially effective capacity (cystometric capacity minus residual volume) corresponded significantly with the maximum voided volume on the frequency-volume charts. Effective capacity was almost twice as high as the average voided volume. Minimum voided volume on frequency-volume charts was not related to filling cystometric data. The presence of instability in the supine or sitting position or in both positions was not significantly associated with smaller voided volumes, higher nocturia, or diuria. Filling cystometric capacities were strongly associated with maximal and mean voided volumes derived from frequency-volume charts. The presence of detrusor instability during filling cystometry did not significantly affect voided volumes, diuria, or nocturia. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:106,111, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The 24-h frequency-volume chart in adults reporting no voiding complaints: defining reference values and analysing variablesBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2004E.P. Van Haarst OBJECTIVE To determine the variables (e.g. voiding frequency, voided volumes, urine production) and their mutual relationships and differences between age groups and genders, using a frequency-volume chart (FVC) in an adult population (representing all age groups) who denied having any voiding complaints. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In all, 1152 men and women aged >,20 years completed a 24-h FVC; registration started with the first voided volume in the morning and concluded with the first voided volume the next morning. The time of voiding and volume were both recorded, and bedtime hours noted. Each participant claimed to have no voiding complaints. The statistical analysis was aimed at discerning the relationships between the FVC variables, gender and age. RESULTS There was a linear increase in mean 24-h voiding frequency and nocturia in men, from 6.0 and 0.5 in the third decade to 8.5 and 1.6 in those aged >,70 years. Contrary to men, in women the mean 24-h frequency declined slightly in the older decades; it increased from 6.9 in the third to 8.2 in the sixth, declining to 7.8 in those aged >,70 years. Nocturia in women increased linearly, although slower than in men, from 0.7 in the third decade to 1.4 in those aged >,70 years. The mean volume/void decreased significantly in both genders, from 313 to 209 mL in men, and from 274 to 240 mL in women. The mean 24-h volume was 1718 and 1762 mL in men and women, respectively. For both genders there was a strong linear association between 24-h urine production and voided volumes. CONCLUSION The volume/void and maximum voided volume decreased significantly with age in both sexes, but more prominently in men. As a result, in men the frequency increased with age, probably reflecting subclinical changes associated with the development of prostatic enlargement. In contrast to men the frequency in women increased initially and decreased in the older groups. A higher 24-h urine production was associated with a higher mean volume/void. [source] | ||||||||||