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Vivo Technique (vivo + technique)
Selected AbstractsMeasurement of blood volume in the elasmobranch fish Scyliorhinus canicula following acute and long-term salinity transfersJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008J. P. Good A technique using 51chromium-labelled erythrocytes was used to measure blood volume in Scyliorhinus canicula following long-term and acute salinity transfers. Basal whole-blood volume was 5·6 ± 0·2 ml 100 g,1 (mean ±s.e.), this increased (6·3 ± 0·2 ml 100 g,1) following +14 day acclimation to 80% sea water (SW) and decreased (4·6 ± 0·2 ml 100 g,1) following acclimation to 120% SW. These changes were shown to be primarily due to changes in plasma volume, with no significant changes in extrapolated red-cell volume being demonstrated. Blood volume was also measured in the same animals during 10 h acute transfer to 100% SW. Plasma volume in S. canicula during acclimation from 80% SW was significantly reduced (4·5 ± 0·3 ml 100 g,1) after 6 h of transfer to 100% SW. Blood volume in animals during acclimation from 120% SW was significantly increased (4·8 ± 0·2 ml 100 g,1) after 4 h of acute transfer. The osmoregulatory implications of these different timeframes during hyposaline and hypersaline transfer are discussed, along with the importance of this in vivo technique as context for in vitro studies with haemo-dynamic stimuli. [source] Immunocytochemical identification of interstitial cells of Cajal in the murine fundus using a live-labelling techniqueNEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 2 2007C. J. Stratton Abstract, Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play a critical role in the generation of electrical slow waves and as mediators of enteric motor neurotransmission. Kit immunohistochemistry has proven to be a reliable method to identify the location of these cells within the tunica muscularis and to provide information on how the distribution and density of these cells change in a variety of GI motility disorders. Because of the labile nature of Kit or its detection, ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using conventional chemical fixation methods has been difficult. We describe a novel in vivo technique to label ICC within GI tissues. Using antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of the Kit receptor, we have been able to live-label the stomach with Kit while the animal is under anaesthesia and the organ is still receiving normal blood supply. This approach provided optimum maintenance of ultrastructural features with significant binding of antibody to the Kit receptor. The loss of ICC in many human motility disorders suggests exciting new hypotheses for their aetiology. This method will prove useful to investigate the ultrastructural changes that occur in ICC networks in animal models of motility disorders that are associated with the loss of these cells. [source] A mini-bag technique for evaluation of fungicide effects on Trichoderma spp in mushroom compostPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 4 2004Salem O Abosriwil Abstract An in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T harzianum (Th2), T harzianum (Th1), T koningii (Tk) and T viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini-bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1-litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un-spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 °C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re-isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re-isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un-spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1-litre and 5-litre mini-bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz + carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre,1, or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg,1, reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz + carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz + carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5-litre compost bags as in the 1-litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5-litre bags. The in vivo mini-bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re-isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] A method to determine protein digestibility of microdiets for larval and early juvenile fishAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 6 2009J.M. HANSEN Abstract A method to evaluate protein quality using in vivo methods was developed for larval fish. FluoSpheres® fluorescent microspheres (10 ,m) were incorporated into two test diets, our standard zein microdiet (ZMD) and a microdiet with identical ingredients except for the replacement of high quality fish meal with the same product cooked for 24 h at 80 °C (ZMD-CF). Several trials were performed to design a reliable method to test digestibility using FluoSpheres® as a marker. The developed in vivo technique was tested on 35 days posthatch (dph) larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and two tropical fish species in the early juvenile stage. The method took into account loss of total protein to the faecal pellet and water column. Apparent digestibility of protein in larval cod fed ZMD was significantly higher than that of larvae fed ZMD-CF (P < 0.05). A growth study to validate differences between the two diets showed significant differences in growth and survival of larvae fed ZMD versus ZMD-CF (P < 0.05). Further validation of our results was indicated through the use of a pH-stat method using enzymes extracted from 35 dph larval cod guts. This novel technique will be advantageous for researchers to evaluate feed ingredients for larval marine fish and is adaptable to many different areas of larval fish nutrition. [source] | ||||||||||