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Very Young (very + young)
Terms modified by Very Young Selected AbstractsThe social and economic consequences of childhood-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus across the lifecourse: a systematic reviewDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 8 2006B. Milton Abstract Background The incidence of childhood-onset (Type 1) diabetes is high, and increasing, particularly among the very young. The aim of this review was to determine the longer-term social consequences of having diabetes as a child and to determine whether adverse consequences are more severe for disadvantaged children. Methods Results from published and unpublished studies were synthesized narratively to examine the impact of diabetes on education, employment and income in adulthood. The question of whether the impact differed for different social groups was also examined. Results Case-control studies found that children with diabetes missed more school than healthy children. Most studies of attainment found no differences between children with diabetes and non-diabetic control subjects or the local population, although poor metabolic control, early-onset, longer illness duration and serious hypoglycaemic events were associated with underachievement. People with childhood-onset diabetes may experience disadvantage in employment, and have a lower income in adulthood, although diabetic complications appear to be the most important determinant of social consequences in later life. Conclusions Many children with diabetes,especially late-onset,perform equally well at school despite increased rates of absence, but it is not yet clear whether specific subgroups are at greater risk of educational underperformance. People with childhood-onset diabetes, however, do appear to experience some disadvantage in adult employment. Qualitative research and cohort studies are needed to fill key gaps in the existing evidence base. Future research must also examine the impact of diabetes-related risk factors on socio-economic consequences. [source] Natal Attraction in Adult Female Baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Moremi Reserve, BotswanaETHOLOGY, Issue 8 2003Joan B. Silk Mammalian females are strongly attracted to infants and interact regularly with them. Female baboons make persistent attempts to touch, nuzzle, smell and inspect other females' infants, but do not hold them for long periods, carry them, or provide other kinds of care for them. Mothers generally tolerate these interactions, but never initiate them. The function of these brief alloparental interactions is not well understood. Infant handling might be a form of reproductive competition if females' interest in infants causes distress to mothers or harm to their infants. Alternatively, infant handling might be the product of selection for appropriate maternal care if females who are highly responsive to infants are the most successful mothers. We test several predictions derived from these hypotheses with data collected in a free-ranging group of baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Moremi Reserve of Botswana. Infants were most attractive when they were very young. Mothers of young infants were approached by other adult females on average once every 6 min, and other females attempted to handle their infants approximately once every 9 min. By the time infants were a year old, their mothers were being approached only once every 30 min and infants were being handled only once every 5 h. Females were more strongly attracted to other females' infants when they had young infants of their own, and their interest in other females' infants declined as their own infants matured. Females seemed to be equally attracted to all infants, but had greater access to offspring of their relatives and subordinate females. Females nearly always grunted as they handled infants. As in other contexts grunts are a reliable predictive signal that non-aggressive behavior will follow, the use of grunts before handling suggests that these interactions were not a form of deliberate harassment. [source] Deletion of Brca2 exon 27 causes hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinks, chromosomal instability, and reduced life span in miceGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 4 2003Greg Donoho The Brca2 tumor-suppressor gene contributes to genomic stability, at least in part by a role in homologous recombinational repair. BRCA2 protein is presumed to function in homologous recombination through interactions with RAD51. Both exons 11 and 27 of Brca2 code for domains that interact with RAD51; exon 11 encodes eight BRC motifs, whereas exon 27 encodes a single, distinct interaction domain. Deletion of all RAD51-interacting domains causes embryonic lethality in mice. A less severe phenotype is seen with BRAC2 truncations that preserve some, but not all, of the BRC motifs. These mice can survive beyond weaning, but are runted and infertile, and die very young from cancer. Cells from such mice show hypersensitivity to some genotoxic agents and chromosomal instability. Here, we have analyzed mice and cells with a deletion of only the RAD51-interacting region encoded by exon 27. Mice homozygous for this mutation (called brca2lex1) have a shorter life span than that of control littermates, possibly because of early onsets of cancer and sepsis. No other phenotype was observed in these animals; therefore, the brca2lex1 mutation is less severe than truncations that delete some BRC motifs. However, at the cellular level, the brca2lex1 mutation causes reduced viability, hypersensitivity to the DNA interstrand crosslinking agent mitomycin C, and gross chromosomal instability, much like more severe truncations. Thus, the extreme carboxy-terminal region encoded by exon 27 is important for BRCA2 function, probably because it is required for a fully functional interaction between BRCA2 and RAD51. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Indigenous children and receipt of hospital dental care in AustraliaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 5 2006L. M. JAMIESON Summary., Objective., The aim of this study was to investigate dental procedures received under hospital general anaesthetic by indigenous and non-indigenous Australian children in 2002,2003. Methods., Separation data from 1297 public and private hospitals were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Hospital Morbidity Database for 2002,2003. The dependant variable was the admission rate of children receiving four categories of dental care (i.e. extraction, pulpal, restoration or other). The explanatory variables included sex, age group, indigenous status and location (i.e. major city, regional or remote). Rates were calculated using estimated resident population counts. Results., The sample included 24 874 children aged from 2 to 14 years. Some 4·3% were indigenous (n = 1062). Admission rates for indigenous and non-indigenous children were similar, with indigenous males having 1·2 times the admission rate of indigenous females (P < 0·05). Indigenous children aged < 5 years had 1·4 times the admission rate of similarly aged non-indigenous children (P < 0·001) and 5·0 times the admission rate of 10,14-year-old indigenous children (P < 0·001). Remote-living indigenous children had 1·5 times the admission rate of their counterparts in major cities or regional areas (P < 0·001), and 1·4 times the admission rate of remote-living non-indigenous children (P < 0·01). The extraction rate of indigenous males was 1·3 times that of non-indigenous males (P < 0·01), and 1·2 times that of indigenous females (P < 0·05). Pre-school indigenous children had 2·2 times the extraction rate of similarly aged non-indigenous children (P < 0·001), and 5·3 times that of indigenous 10,14-year-olds (P < 0·001). The extraction rate of remotely located indigenous children was 1·5 times that of indigenous children in major cities (P < 0·01), and 1·8 times that of remote-living non-indigenous children (P < 0·001). Conclusions., In certain strata , particularly males, the very young and those in remote locations , indigenous children experienced higher rates of extractions than non-indigenous children when undergoing care in a hospital dental general anaesthetic setting. [source] Pertussis in infants: Preventing deaths and hospitalisations in the very youngJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 4 2008Nicholas Wood Abstract: Pertussis is a particular concern in infants under 6 months of age. They have the highest rates and severity of disease resulting in hospitalisation or death but are too young to be protected by current vaccination schedules. We outline the current epidemiology of pertussis in Australia and four potential strategies to prevent pertussis in the very young. First, universal adult and or adolescent vaccination; second, indirect protection of infants by immunisation of parents and possibly others in close contact with the newborn, such as grandparents and health-care workers; third, newborn and early infant vaccination (from birth to 1 month of age) and fourth maternal vaccination. [source] When the Bough Breaks the Cradle Will Fall: Promoting the Health and Well Being of Infants and Toddlers in Juvenile CourtJUVENILE AND FAMILY COURT JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001JUDGE CINDY S. LEDERMAN ABSTRACT Approximately one-third of the children in the child welfare system are under the age of six. These children are almost invisible in our juvenile courts. It is now clear from the emerging science of early childhood development that during the first few years of life children develop the foundation and capabilities on which all subsequent development builds. Living in emotional and environmental impoverishment and deprivation provides a poor foundation for healthy development. These very young and vulnerable children are exhibiting disproportionate developmental and cognitive delays, medical problems, and emotional disorders. However, there is growing evidence that early planned interventions can help. The juvenile court must take a leadership role in focusing on the very young child and learning more about risk, prevention, and early intervention in order to facilitate the healing process. [source] Genetic and ecological divergence of a monophyletic cichlid species pair under fully sympatric conditions in Lake Ejagham, CameroonMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Ulrich Schliewen Abstract Although there is mounting evidence that speciation can occur under sympatric conditions, unambiguous examples from nature are rare and it is almost always possible to propose alternative allopatric or parapatric scenarios. To identify an unequivocal case of sympatric speciation it is, therefore, necessary to analyse natural settings where recent monophyletic species flocks have evolved within a small and confined spatial range. We have studied such a case with a cichlid species flock that comprises five Tilapia forms endemic to a tiny lake (Lake Ejagham with a surface area of approximately 0.49 km2) in Western Cameroon. Analysis of mitochondrial D-Loop sequences shows that the flock is very young (approximately 104 years) and has originated from an adjacent riverine founder population. We have focused our study on a particular pair of forms within the lake that currently appears to be in the process of speciation. This pair is characterized by an unique breeding colouration and specific morphological aspects, which can serve as synapomorphic characters to prove monophyly. It has differentiated into a large inshore and a small pelagic form, apparently as a response to differential utilization of food resources. Still, breeding and brood care occurs in overlapping areas, both in time and space. Analysis of nuclear gene flow on the basis of microsatellite polymorphisms shows a highly restricted gene flow between the forms, suggesting reproductive isolation between them. This reproductive isolation is apparently achieved by size assortative mating, although occasional mixed pairs can be observed. Our findings are congruent with recent theoretical models for sympatric speciation, which show that differential ecological adaptations in combination with assortative mating could easily lead to speciation in sympatry. [source] The extraordinary radio galaxy MRC B1221,423: probing deeper at radio and optical wavelengthsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2010Helen M. Johnston ABSTRACT We present optical spectra and high-resolution multiwavelength radio observations of the compact steep-spectrum radio source MRC B1221,423 (z= 0.1706). MRC B1221,423 is a very young (,105 yr), powerful radio source which is undergoing a tidal interaction with a companion galaxy. We find strong evidence of interaction between the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and its environment. The radio morphology is highly distorted, showing a dramatic interaction between the radio jet and the host galaxy, with the jet being turned almost back on itself. H i observations show strong absorption against the nucleus at an infall velocity of ,250 km s,1 compared to the stellar velocity, as well as a second, broader component which may represent gas falling into the nucleus. Optical spectra show that star formation is taking place across the whole system. Broad optical emission lines in the nucleus show evidence of outflow. Our observations confirm that MRC B1221,423 is a young radio source in a gas-rich nuclear environment, and that there was a time delay of a few times 100 Myr between the onset of star formation and the triggering of the AGN. [source] Discovery of the strongly eccentric, short-period binary nature of the B-type system HD 313926 by the MOST satellite,MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY: LETTERS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2007Slavek M. Rucinski ABSTRACT The MOST photometric space mission discovered an eclipsing binary among its guide stars in 2006 June which combines a relatively large eccentricity e= 0.20 with an orbital period of only 2.27 d. HD 313926 appears to consist of two early-type stars of spectral type B3,B7. It has the largest eccentricity among known early-type binaries with periods less than 3.5 d. Despite the large components indicated by its spectral type and light curve model, and its short period, the orbit of HD 313926 has not yet circularized so it is probably very young, even compared with other young B stars. [source] Sevoflurane and epileptiform EEG changesPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 4 2005ISABELLE CONSTANT MD Summary Sevoflurane has become the volatile agent of choice for inhalation induction of anesthesia. Hemodynamic stability and lack of respiratory irritation have justified its rapid extension to pediatric inhalation induction. The epileptogenic potential of sevoflurane has been suspected since the first case reports of abnormal movements in children without a history of epilepsy. The objectives of this short review are to: (i) analyze clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) features supporting epileptogenic activity of sevoflurane, (ii) identify factors which may modulate that activity, and (iii) suggest guidelines of clinical practice to limit expression of this epileptiform phenomenon, which has thus far unknown morbidity. The use of sevoflurane may be associated with cortical epileptiform EEG signs, usually without clinical manifestation. No lasting neurological or EEG sequelae have been described thus far, and the potential morbidity of this epileptogenic effect is unknown. The use of sevoflurane in children, with its remarkable cardiovascular profile, should include a number of precautions. Among them, the limitation of the depth of anesthesia is essential. The wide use of cerebral function monitoring (the most simple being the EEG), may permit optimization of sevoflurane dose and avoidance of burst suppression and major epileptiform signs in fragile subjects, notably the very young and the very old. [source] Perinatal risk factors for early childhood onset type 1 diabetes in Austria , a population-based study (1989,2005)PEDIATRIC DIABETES, Issue 3pt1 2008Thomas Waldhoer Background:, To investigate the rapid increase in incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children <5 yr in Austria. Methods:, Data of children born between 1989 and 2005 (n = 444) from the T1DM children incidence registry were linked with birth certificates (n = 1 407 829). Results:, Age of mother, level of education, birth weight, birth length, body mass index, and APGAR score at 10 min were not significant. Boys have about 25% higher risk than girls [hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62,0.91]. The risk of developing diabetes increases over time significantly (1989,1991 vs. 2001,2005, hazard ratio = 2.86, 95% CI: 2.07,3.94). The linear effect of parity is borderline significant (p = 0.045), with lower risks for second and later born siblings. Marital status is significant [hazard ratio = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57,0.90)]. Native-born children exhibit twice as high risk as non-native children (hazard ratio = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.37,0.71). Birth weight shows a positive but not significant effect on risk of T1DM. Conclusions:, In this very young and rapidly increasing cohort of diabetic children <5 yr of age, no association with birth weight but with year of birth, gestational age, nationality and parity could be observed. [source] Parents' Perspectives on Talking to Preteenage Children About SexPERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Issue 1 2010Ellen K. Wilson CONTEXT:Although parent-child communication about sex can significantly affect children's sexual behavior, many parents do not talk to their children about sex. Qualitative research can elucidate parents' attitudes toward and experiences with communicating with their children about sex. METHODS:In 2007, 16 focus groups were conducted with 131 mothers and fathers of children aged 10,12 in three cities in different regions of the United States. Separate groups were conducted for mothers and fathers, and for black, white and Hispanic parents. Content analysis was used to identify core themes and patterns. RESULTS:Parents believed it is important to talk to their children about sex and believed that doing so can be effective, but many had not done so. Primary barriers were parents' perception that their children are too young and not knowing how to talk to their children about the subject. Parents found it easiest to talk to their children about sex if they had a good parent-child relationship, took advantage of opportunities to talk and began having the discussions when their children were very young. Some differences were noted by parents' race, ethnicity, gender and location. CONCLUSIONS:Interventions aimed at encouraging parents to talk to their children about sex should enhance parents' understanding of the stages of children's sexual development and focus on the parents of young children. In addition, interventions should support parents in a range of strategies that complement discussions about sex. [source] Emergency department visits attributed to selected analgesics, United States, 2004,2005,PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 3 2009Mary Willy PhD Abstract Purpose To estimate the rate of emergency department (ED) visits attributed to selected analgesic-containing medications. Methods We used a nationally representative public health surveillance system to provide estimates of adverse events identified in EDs, and a national telephone survey to provide estimates of selected analgesic-containing medication usage in the US population, 2004,2005. Analysis was restricted to products containing acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. Types of adverse events and outcomes were compared. Estimated numbers and rates of ED visits were calculated by analgesic groupings and patient age groups. Results The estimated overall rate of ED visits attributed to analgesic-containing medications was 1.6 visits /100,000 users per week. The very old and very young had the highest rates; there were minimal differences in rates by patient gender. Acetaminophen was the attributed drug with the most estimated ED visits and generally had the highest rates of ED visits. The highest estimated rate for a specific product group was among subjects 18,64 years of age taking narcotic-acetaminophen products (8.9 ED visits /100,000 users per week). Overall, 12% of patients presenting to EDs with analgesic-attributed events were hospitalized. Conclusions Rates of ED visits due to analgesics vary depending on the age of the patient and the product; most do not result in hospitalization. Although the rate of emergency visits is relatively low, because of the wide use of the analgesics, public health impact is considerable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The open cluster Berkeley 53,ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 8 2009G. Maciejewski Abstract We present a photometric study of the neglected open cluster Berkeley 53. We derived its fundamental parameters, such as the age, the interstellar reddening, and the distance from the Sun, based on BV photometry combined with near-infrared JHKS data. The structure and the mass function of the cluster were also studied and the total number of members and the total mass were estimated. The cluster was found to be a rich and massive stellar system, located in the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way, 3.1 ± 0.1 kpc from the Sun. Its age exceeds 1 Gy but it seems tobe very young in the context of its dynamical evolution. The analysis of the two-color diagrams and color-magnitude diagrams indicates that the cluster is significantly reddened. However, both methods resulted in different values of E (B , V), i.e. 1.21 ± 0.04 and 1.52 ± 0.01, respectively. This discrepancy suggests the presence of an abnormal interstellar extinction law toward the cluster (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] AN ANALYSIS OF DURATION ON THE DISABILITY SUPPORT PENSION PROGRAM,AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 2 2006LIXIN CAI The paper examines the factors that determine the duration on the Disability Support Pension (DSP) program using administrative data. We estimate two models based on two competing assumptions: the first model takes the standard assumption in duration models that all recipients will eventually leave the program. The second one takes into account the possibility that there may be some recipients who will never recover from their disabilities and hence not leave the program. Both models indicate that female recipients, recipients who enter DSP at a very young or very old age, recipients with a partner on income support, and recipients who transfer from unemployment benefits have the potential of a longer DSP duration. [source] An epidemiological study of renal pathology in tuberous sclerosis complexBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2004Finbar J. O'Callaghan OBJECTIVES To report the frequency of renal symptoms and complications of patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the kidneys in a population-based sample, and to investigate the relationship between a history of renal haemorrhage and renal lesions identified by ultrasonography. PATIENTS AND METHODS As part of an epidemiological study, 179 patients with TSC were identified as living in the Wessex Region in the South of England. Patients were interviewed and examined in their homes, to elicit the presence of renal symptoms or a history of renal complications. Renal ultrasonography was used in consenting patients in their homes. RESULTS There was a history of renal complications in 16 (9%) patients; 149 consented to interview and examination, and 19 gave a history of renal symptoms in the previous year; 124 had renal ultrasonography; 86 (69%) had renal angiomyolipomas and 37 (30%) had renal cysts. Large lesions (>3 cm in diameter) were strongly associated with a history of symptomatic bleeding, although significant haemorrhage occurred in a 6-year-old child with small angiomyolipomas. CONCLUSIONS The formation of angiomyolipoma in TSC is common. Polycystic kidney disease, renal carcinoma and renal failure, although rare, occur in TSC. Most patients with angiomyolipomas have neither complications nor symptoms. There was no appreciable difference between the sexes in the risk of developing these lesions. Although less commonly seen in the very young, there is no identifiable relationship after adolescence between age and the risk of having a renal angiomyolipoma. Bleeding tends to occur from large lesions (>3 cm) but most such patients have remained asymptomatic to date. [source] The role of health professionals in preventing non-accidental head injuryCHILD ABUSE REVIEW, Issue 6 2003Alison Kemp Abstract The aim of this paper is to re,ect on the role that the health professions can play in preventing a serious form of physical child abuse. Using research data from a case series study on non-accidental head injury, or shaken baby syndrome, some aspects of child healthcare are reviewed for their potential for prevention. In child protection in the UK, more resources are put into the diagnosis and assessment of child abuse than into interventions designed for prevention. The ,eld of prevention is generally lacking in a theoretical underpinning or systematic means of evaluation and yet the 1996 National Commission of Inquiry into the Prevention of Child Abuse concluded that child abuse ,can almost always be prevented provided the will to do so is there' (National Commission of Inquiry into the Prevention of Child Abuse, 1996). This requires major changes to the way society views and protects children. The focus in this paper is on the very young, mainly babies under 6 months of age. It calls for a lowering of the threshold with which health professionals view a baby's illness for secondary prevention of non-accidental head injury and the need to review approaches to primary prevention, both from the UK and abroad, in order to implement a systematic means to primary prevention. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The significance of the number of submitted samples and patient-related factors for faecal bacterial diagnosticsCLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 11 2007S. Ethelberg Abstract The sensitivity of bacteriological testing of faecal samples from patients with diarrhoea has not been properly determined. The present study analysed the association between the results of stool sample examinations and the number of samples examined per patient and other patient-related factors. Data concerning faecal specimens referred for culture for enteric bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia) to the central microbiological laboratory in Denmark between 1995 and 2003 were analysed. In total, 620 000 samples were sorted into 277 000 sample-series, i.e., samples submitted from the same individual on the same day. Data were analysed by multivariate logistic regression, with the outcome being a positive sample-series, i.e., one or more positive samples per series. Overall, 11.9% of the sample-series were positive. For adults (aged ,18 years), the OR for a positive diagnosis was 1.20 (95% CI 1.18,1.21) for each additional sample. Positive diagnoses were also more likely during summer, if the patient was male, or if the patient was neither very young nor very old. The added diagnostic effect of additional samples was more pronounced for the group of patients with persistent (>2 weeks) diarrhoea. Overall, the probability of finding common pathogenic bacteria in faecal samples was found to vary according to the number of samples, the season and the patient's age and gender. Analysis of more than one sample improves the sensitivity of faecal culture by at least 20% for each additional sample. [source] | ||||||||||||||||