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Very Small Percentage (very + small_percentage)
Selected AbstractsDental trauma incidence and mouthguard use in elite athletes in TurkeyDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2005e Diljin Keçeci Abstract,,, Contact sports may lead to dental trauma, which often can be reduced with appropriate preventive measures. While numerous studies exist on this topic for several countries throughout the world, there is a lack of comprehensive descriptive studies in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and type of dental injuries associated with three different sports among Turkish elite athletes, who do not contact (volleyball), contact directly (taekwondo) or indirectly (handball) with competition rivals. Additionally, awareness and use of mouthguards were also compared. Thus, during the 2003 and 2004 Turkish National Championships in three sports, 50 taekwondo, 62 handball and 50 volleyball male athletes were interviewed by questionnaire. Results showed that taekwondo and handball athletes experienced significantly more dental trauma than volleyball athletes (P < 0.05). Twelve of the taekwondo (24%), 16 of the handball (26%) and four of the volleyball athletes (8%) experienced at least one type of dental injury. Awareness of mouthguards as a preventive measure against dental trauma was significantly higher among taekwondo and handball athletes (P < 0.05), although a very small percentage in either of these sports actually wore a mouthguard (10 and 0%, respectively). Trauma incidence between direct contact with rival competitors and indirect contact with rival competitors was not significantly different. The incidence of dental trauma in contact sports shows that the awareness and use of mouthguards must be intensified. Mouthguard use should be made compulsory, especially in those sports with high risk for dental trauma. [source] The effects of an underwater fish observation technique on stream macroinvertebrates at two spatial scalesECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 3 2000J. T. Petty Abstract , We examined the effects of snorkeling, a commonly used fish observation technique, on the distribution and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates at both the reach (i.e., 10 m) and patch scale (i.e.,< 1 m) within a southern Appalachian stream (North Carolina, USA). At the reach scale, we quantified increases in macroinvertebrate drift rates associated with snorkeling and used these values to calculate the percentage of the macrobenthos that drifted out of snorkeled reaches. We also used a simple decay model of macroinvertebrate drift to quantify patch scale effects of snorkeling. The model incorporated size specific macroinvertebrate settling rates to estimate the total number of benthic macroinvertebrates that entered the drift in response to snorkeling disturbance. We found that snorkeling consistently produced significant increases in the number of drifting macroinvertebrates. Nevertheless, these increases comprised a very small percentage (<1%) of the total number of organisms in the benthos, suggesting that snorkeling probably did not strongly affect macroinvertebrate assemblages at either the reach or patch scale. However, our analyses also indicated that snorkeling had a disproportionate effect on the drift of small ephemeropterans (4,5% entered the drift in response to snorkeling) relative to other macroinvertebrate taxa. Consequently, the microdistribution of early instar mayflies may have been altered within snorkeled reaches. We conclude that snorkeling related disturbance to the benthos should have a minimal effect on the behavior and distribution of most stream fishes at either the reach or patch scale. However, because snorkeling had a substantial effect on the drift of small mayflies, snorkeling may influence the behavior of fishes that depend on early instar mayflies as a primary food resource., [source] Acute exposure of human lung cells to 1,3-butadiene diepoxide results in G1 and G2 cell cycle arrestENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 4 2005Michael Schmiederer Abstract 1,3-butadiene (BD) causes genetic damage, including adduct formation, sister chomatid exchange, and point mutations. Previous studies have focused on the types of genetic damage and tumors found after long-term exposure of rodents to butadiene. This study examined the effect of the most active BD metabolite, butadiene diepoxide (BDO2), on cell cycle entry and progression in human lung fibroblasts (LU cells) with a normal diploid karyotype. Serum-arrested (G0) LU cells were exposed to BDO2 for 1 hr and stimulated to divide with medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The BDO2 -treated LU cells were evaluated for cell cycle progression, nuclear localization of arrest mediators, mitotic index, and cellular proliferation. The BDO2 -treated cells demonstrated a substantial inhibition of cell proliferation when treated with 100 ,M BDO2 for 1 hr. No appreciable levels of apoptosis or mitotic figures were observed in the BDO2 -treated cells through 96 hr posttreatment. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the lack of proliferation in BDO2 -treated LU cells was related to G1 arrest in about half of the cells and a delayed progression through S and G2 arrest in nearly all of the remaining cells. Both G1 and G2 arrest were prolonged and only a very small percentage of BDO2 -treated cells were eventually able to replicate. Increased nuclear localization of both p53 and p21cip1 was observed in BDO2 -treated cells, suggesting that the cell cycle arrest was p21cip1 -mediated. These results demonstrate that BDO2 induces cell cycle perturbation and arrest even with short-term exposure that does not produce other pathologic cellular effects. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Non-superconducting fault current limitersEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 5 2009M. Tarafdar Hagh Abstract This paper proposes the use of non-superconducting DC reactor type fault current limiter (NSFCL) instead of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) which has high cost and technology. Proposed FCL consists of three similar sets, each including a diode bridge and a single non-superconducting DC reactor. The device is connected in series with distribution line and it has almost no effect on the normal system operation. It is not necessary to use a control circuit and it has a simple and cheap power circuit. Design characteristics, analytical analysis and overall transient and steady-state performance of NSFCL in normal and fault conditions are presented in this paper. The comparison between experimental and simulation results indicate good agreements. The results confirm that the power loss of NSFCL is a very small percentage of distribution line power. Also, the system current and load voltage distortions due to using NSFCL is explained and simulated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A link between sound producing musculature and mating success in Atlantic codJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008S. Rowe Individual variability in the mating success of male Atlantic cod Gadus morhua was quantified within an aggregation (n= 59) breeding undisturbed in a large (684 m3) mesocosm tank. Observational and morphometric data were examined to assess the degree to which this mating variation could be explained by aspects of morphology, condition and spawning behaviour. The number of ventral mounts initiated (i.e. mating success) was highly variable; most mounts were initiated by a very small percentage of available males. The significant correlate of male mating success was mass of the sound producing musculature, i.e. drumming muscles. Neither body size, condition, pelvic and median fin morphology nor aggression influenced the number of ventral mounts initiated by a male. The present study suggests a possible link between sound production and mating success in Atlantic cod. [source] A peptide-based immunoassay for antibodies against botulinum neurotoxin AJOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION, Issue 1 2007M. Zouhair Atassi Abstract Cervical dystonia (CD) is due to neck-muscle spasms that cause pain and involuntary contractions resulting in abnormal neck movements and posture. Symptoms can be relieved by injecting the affected muscle with a botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT, usually type A or type B). The therapeutic benefits are impermanent and toxin injections need to be repeated every 3,6 months. In a very small percentage of patients (less with BoNT/A than with BoNT/B) the treatment elicits blocking anti-toxin antibodies (Abs), which reduce or terminate the patient's responsiveness to further treatment. We have recently mapped (Dolimbek et al., 2006) the CD sera Ab-binding profile using a panel of 60, 19-residue peptides that encompassed the entire H chain sequence 449,1296 and overlapped consecutively by 5 residues. Abs in CD sera bound to one or more of the peptides N25, C10, C15, C20, and C31. This suggested the possibility that binding to these peptides could be used for assay of Abs in CD sera. Data analysis reported here found that Ab binding to these regions showed very significant deviations from the control responses. Of these four peptides, C10 showed the most significant level of separation between patient and control groups (p,=,5,×,10,7) and the theoretical resolution (i.e., ability to distinguish CD patients from control, see full definition under ,Statistical analysis' in Methods), 84%, was about 4% higher than the least resolved response, C31 (p,=,6,×,10,6, resolution 80%). Since the amounts of Abs bound to a given peptide varied with the patient and not all the patients necessarily recognized all four peptides, there was the possibility that binding to combinations of two or more peptides might give a better discriminatory capability. Using two peptides, C10 plus C31, the resolution improved to 87% (p,=,4,×,10,8). These two peptides appeared to compliment each other and negate the lower resolution of C31. Combination of three peptides gave resolutions that ranged from 85 (N25,+,C15,+,C31; p,=,2,×,10,7) to 88% (C10,+,C15,+,C31; p,=,1,×,10,8). Finally, using the data of all four peptides, N25,+,C10,+,C15,+,C31, gave a resolution of 86% (p,=,1,×,10,7). Although these levels of resolution are somewhat lower than that obtained with whole BoNT/A (resolution 97%; p,=,6,×,10,12), it may be concluded that the two-peptide combination C10,+,C31, or the three-peptide combination C10,+,C15,+,C31 (affording resolutions of 87 and 88%, respectively) provide a good diagnostic, toxin-free procedure for assay of total specific anti-toxin Abs in BoNT/A-treated CD patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Determining the possible building blocks of the Earth and MarsMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 5 2004Thomas H. Burbine Only a very small percentage of the combinations match the oxygen isotopic composition, the assumed bulk FeO concentration, and the assumed Fe/Al weight ratio for the Earth. Since chondrites are enriched in silicon relative to estimates of the bulk Earth, none of the combinations fall near the terrestrial magmatic fractionation trend line in Mg/Si-Al/Si space. More combinations match the oxygen isotopic composition and the assumed bulk FeO concentration for Mars. These combinations fall near the trend for shergottite meteorites in Mg/Si-Al/Si space. One explanation for the difficulty in forming Earth out of known chondrites is that the Earth may be composed predominately of material that did not survive to the present day as meteorites. Another explanation could be that significant amounts of silicon are sequestered in the core and/or lower mantle of the Earth. [source] Inter-laboratory comparison of radiometric culture for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using raw milk from known infected herds and individual dairy cattle in VictoriaAUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 7 2010SE Ridge Objective To compare the results of radiometric culture conducted in three Australian laboratories for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) using bulk vat and individual animal milk samples. Procedure Milk samples were collected from 15 cows exhibiting clinical signs of Johne's disease, and subsequently confirmed as infected with Mptb, and from the bulk milk vats on 91 farms running herds known to be infected with Mptb. Each milk sample was divided into three equivalent samples and one of each of the replicates was forwarded to the three participating laboratories. The identity and nature of the samples was protected from the study collaborators. The laboratories processed the samples and undertook radiometric culture for Mptb using their standard method. Results of testing were provided to the principal investigator for collation and analysis. Results In total, 2 (2.2%) of 91 vat-milk samples and 8 (53.3%) of 15 individual cows' milk samples returned positive radiometric milk culture results. Only one sample, from a clinical case of Johne's disease, was identified as positive by more than one laboratory. There were differences in the absolute frequency with which Mptb was identified in the milk samples by the collaborating laboratories. Conclusions Mptb was cultured from a very small percentage of Australian raw bulk milk samples sourced from known infected herds. By contrast, Mptb was successfully cultured from half of the milk samples collected from clinically affected cows. There was no statistical difference between laboratories in the proportion of vat samples or individual animal milk samples in which Mptb was detected. [source] The Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness of Public-Access DefibrillationCLINICAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 7 2010Roger A. Winkle MD Many sudden cardiac deaths are due to ventricular fibrillation (VF). The use of defibrillators in hospitals or by outpatient emergency medical services (EMS) personnel can save many cardiac-arrest victims. Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) permit defibrillation by trained first responders and laypersons. AEDs are available at most public venues, and vast sums of money are spent installing and maintaining these devices. AEDs have been evaluated in a variety of public and private settings. AEDs accurately identify malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and frequently result in successful defibrillation. Prompt application of an AED shows a greater number of patients in VF compared with initial rhythms documented by later-arriving EMS personnel. Survival is greatest when the AED is placed within 3 to 5 minutes of a witnessed collapse. Community-based studies show increased cardiac-arrest survival when first responders are equipped with AEDs rather than waiting for paramedics to defibrillate. Wide dissemination of AEDs throughout a community increases survival from cardiac arrest when the AED is used; however, the AEDs are utilized in a very small percentage of all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. AEDs save very few lives in residential units such as private homes or apartment complexes. AEDs are cost effective at sites where there is a high density of both potential victims and resuscitators. Placement at golf courses, health clubs, and similar venues is not cost effective; however, the visible devices are good for public awareness of the problem of sudden cardiac death and provide reassurance to patrons. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Can people's patriarchal ideology predict their beliefs about wife abuse?JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2005The case of Jordanian men A self-administered questionnaire was filled out by 349 Jordanian men to examine the correlation between their patriarchal ideology and their beliefs about wife abuse. The results revealed that high percentages of Jordanian men tended to justify wife abuse, to blame women for violence against them, and to believe that women benefit from beating. In addition, the Jordanian men expressed low levels of willingness to help battered women, and very small percentages of them tended to believe that husbands are responsible for their violent behavior and that violent husbands should be punished. The findings indicate that significant amounts of the variance in those six beliefs can be explained by the six predictors investigated in this study, which derive from patriarchal ideology, over and above the amount of variance in those beliefs about wife abuse that can be attributed to the men's sociodemographic characteristics. The implications of the results for future research and theory development are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 545,567, 2005. [source] | |||||||||||||