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Selected AbstractsLate Inguinal Metastasis of a Well-Differentiated Subungual Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Radical Toe AmputationDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2005Kuo-Chin Huang MD Background Although squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is commonly found on sun-exposed skin, this malignancy in nail beds is rare. There is a very low rate of metastases, especially for well-differentiated lesions without bony involvement. Objective To present a case of late inguinal metastasis after radical toe amputation 3 years previously for subungual SCC. Materials and Methods Case report. Results The patient received modified inguinal lymphadenectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy. No recurrence or metastases were observed for 12 months. Conclusion For patients with subungual SCC postsurgery, it is important to regularly evaluate for a minimum of 3 years, despite the very low rate of metastases. [source] Side-to-side stapled intra-thoracic esophagogastric anastomosis reduces the incidence of leaks and stenosisDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 1 2008D. J. Raz SUMMARY. Trans-hiatal esophagectomy with a hand-sewn anastomosis was for 2 decades the preferred approach in our institution for patients with esophageal cancer. In our experience, this anastomotic technique was associated with a 12% leak rate and a 48% rate of stricture requiring dilatation. We sought to determine if a side-to-side intra-thoracic anastomosis was associated with a lower rate of anastomotic stricture and leak. Thirty-three consecutive patients with distal esophageal cancer or Barrett's esophagus with high grade dysplasia underwent a trans-thoracic esophagectomy with a side-to-side stapled intra-thoracic anastomosis. The overall morbidity was 27%, with no anastomotic stricture or leaks. One patient died (3%). The median time to the resumption of an oral diet was 7 days (range 5,28), and the median length of stay in hospital was 9 days (range 6,45). Trans-thoracic esophagectomy with a side-to-side stapled anastomosis is safe and it is associated with a very low rate of anastomotic complications. We consider this to be the procedure of choice for patients with distal esophageal cancers. [source] Arsenite induces delayed mutagenesis and transformation in human osteosarcoma cells at extremely low concentrationsENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 5 2003Kanae Mure Abstract Arsenite is a human multisite carcinogen, but its mechanism of action is not known. We recently found that extremely low concentrations (,0.1 ,M) of arsenite transform human osteosarcoma TE85 (HOS) cells to anchorage-independence. In contrast to other carcinogens which transform these cells within days of exposure, almost 8 weeks of arsenite exposure are required for transformation. We decided to reexamine the question of arsenite mutagenicity using chronic exposure in a spontaneous mutagenesis assay we previously developed. Arsenite was able to cause a delayed increase in mutagenesis at extremely low concentrations (,0.1 ,M) in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in mutant frequency occurred after almost 20 generations of growth in arsenite. Transformation required more than 30 generations of continuous exposure. We also found that arsenite induced gene amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene in a dose-dependent manner. Since HOS cells are able to methylate arsenite at a very low rate, it was possible that active metabolites such as monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) contributed to the delayed mutagenesis and transformation in these cells. However, when the assay was repeated with MMAIII, we found no significant increase in mutagenesis or transformation, suggesting that arsenite-induced delayed mutagenesis and transformation are not caused by arsenite's metabolites, but by arsenite itself. Our results suggest that long-term exposure to low concentrations of arsenite may affect signaling pathways that result in a progressive genomic instability. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:322,331, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Reduced fertility of mouse epididymal sperm lacking Prss21/Tesp5 is rescued by sperm exposure to uterine microenvironmentGENES TO CELLS, Issue 10 2008Misuzu Yamashita Although the acrosome reaction and subsequent penetration of sperm through the egg zona pellucida (ZP) are essential for mammalian fertilization, the molecular mechanism is still controversial. We have previously identified serine protease Tesp5 identical to Prss21 on the mouse sperm surface as a candidate enzyme involved in sperm penetration through the ZP. Here we show that despite normal fertility of male mice lacking Prss21/Tesp5, the epididymal sperm penetrates the ZP only at a very low rate in vitro, presumably owing to the reduced ability to bind the ZP and undergo the ZP-induced acrosome reaction. The ability of Prss21-null sperm to fuse with the egg in vitro was also impaired severely. Intriguingly, the reduced fertility of Prss21-null epididymal sperm was rescued by exposure of the sperm to the uterine microenvironment and by in vitro treatment of the sperm with uterine fluids. These data suggest the physiological importance of sperm transport through the uterus. [source] Thirty-day Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients Undergoing Electrical Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation or FlutterACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010Frank Xavier Scheuermeyer MD Abstract Objectives:, While the short-term (<7-day) safety and efficiency of electrical cardioversion for emergency department (ED) patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter have been established, the 30-day outcomes with respect to stroke, thromboembolic events, or death have not been investigated. Methods:, A two-center cohort of consecutive ED patients undergoing cardioversion for atrial fibrillation or flutter between January 1, 2000, and September 30, 2007, was retrospectively investigated. This cohort was probabilistically linked with both a regional ED database and the provincial health registry to determine which patients had a subsequent ED visit or hospital admission, stroke, or thromboembolic event or died within 30 days. In addition, trained reviewers performed a detailed chart abstraction on 150 randomly selected patients, with emphasis on demographics, vital signs, medical treatment, and predefined adverse events. Hemodynamically unstable patients or those whose condition was the result of an underlying acute medical diagnosis were excluded. Data were analyzed by descriptive methods. Results:, During the study period, 1,233 patients made 1,820 visits for atrial fibrillation or flutter to the ED. Of the 400 eligible patients undergoing direct-current cardioversion (DCCV), no patients died, had a stroke, or had a thromboembolic event in the following 30 days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.0 to 0.8% for all outcomes). A total of 141 patients were included in the formal chart review, with five patients (3.5%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 6.6%) failing cardioversion, six patients (4.3%, 95% CI = 0.9% to 7.6%) having a minor adverse event that did not change disposition, and five patients (3.5%, 95% CI = 0.5% to 6.6%) admitted to hospital at the index visit. Conclusions:, Cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter in the ED appears to have a very low rate of long-term complications. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:408,415 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine [source] Ultrasound-guided piezoelectric extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of parotid gland calculiJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 7 2001Christoph Külkens MD Abstract Purpose The introduction of piezoelectric extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has changed therapy for salivary calculi. This method seems especially suitable for treating calculi in the parotid gland. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ESWL in patients with such calculi. Methods From November 1990 to November 1999, all patients with sialolithiasis of the parotid gland were treated with piezoelectric ESWL. Three different lithotriptors were used over the 9-year study period. Results were analyzed according to both the patients' clinical status and follow-up sonograms. Results In total, 42 patients (21 women, 21 men; mean age, 59 years) were treated with ESWL. The mean follow-up period for all patients was 63 months (range, 7,96 months). After ESWL had been performed, 71% of the patients were completely free of symptoms, and 21% had marked improvement of their symptoms. Sixty-seven percent were completely free of calculi, and 27% had a marked reduction in the size of their calculi. Adverse effects of ESWL included temporary glandular swelling (4 patients), blood-tinged salivary secretions (9 patients), petechiae on the skin surface (3 patients), and parotid abscess (1 patient). Conclusions ESWL is an outpatient procedure that can be performed without anesthesia and with scarcely any discomfort for patients. Conventional surgical procedures such as subtotal parotidectomy may be almost entirely replaced by ESWL because of the excellent treatment results and a very low rate of complications associated with ESWL. ESWL should be considered the treatment of choice for parotid calculi. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:389,394, 2001. [source] Time Spent on Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: A New Method of Measuring Pediatric Morbidity?PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Elisabeth A. Holm M.D. The TSOT (min/day) was studied in a group of 42 children with atopic dermatitis (AD) (16 girls and 26 boys; mean age 7.07 years). The TSOT included time spent on all types of topical treatment, on extra cleaning, and on visits to doctors. Objective Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) assessment was performed at each visit. A significant correlation was found between TSOT and SCORAD scores for all visits (p < 0.0001). There was no correlation between TSOT and age or sex or between TSOT/SCORAD and age (p < 0.08). For the 65 visits (by 42 children), TSOT/SCORAD ranged from 0.08 min/point to 28.67 min/point. Older children (10,15 years of age) had a lower TSOT/SCORAD ratio compared to younger children (1,5 years of age). Our data suggest that TSOT in itself may be a useful measure of morbidity among pediatric AD patients. It is speculated that patients with a very high TSOT/SCORAD rate or a very low rate have coping problems and would therefore be suitable candidates for intensified efforts in programs such as "eczema schools." [source] External quality assessment of rapid prenatal detection of numerical chromosomal aberrations using molecular genetic techniques: 3 years experiencePRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 5 2007S. C. Ramsden Abstract Objectives Prenatal diagnosis using rapid molecular genetic techniques is now a widely used method for detecting the most prevalent chromosomal aneuploidies. The object of this work was to develop a methodology for delivering external quality assessment (EQA) appropriate to the needs of routine diagnostic testing laboratories. Methods We have provided three rounds of EQA using 15 different samples over 3 years. The scheme has developed to assess both the genotyping accuracy of the results and the appropriateness of the clinical reports issued to the referring clinician. Results Participation in the EQA scheme has increased from 9 to 27 laboratories from across Europe over the three sample distributions. All laboratories have used quantitative fluorescence-PCR (QF-PCR) to analyse these samples except for a sole participant in 2006 who used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). In total 265 samples have been distributed, of which four (1.5%) were not reported due to technical failures and one (0.4%) was reported incorrectly and must be regarded as a genotyping error. Conclusions We have demonstrated a significant and increasing demand for EQA in the rapid detection of aneuploidies in UK and other European laboratories. Using the methodologies described, we have had a very low rate of technical failures and demonstrated a high level of genotyping accuracy. However, the quality of the clinical reports was variable and suggestions are made for improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A Rational Approach to the Use of Tracheotomy in Surgery of the Anterior Skull BaseTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2008FRCS(C), Yadranko Ducic MD Abstract Objective: To offer an algorithm for airway management in anterior skull base surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective review of 109 patients undergoing major anterior skull base surgery from a single senior surgeon's experience from September 1997 to May 2006. Results: We report only one (1%) postoperative mortality in this series and only seven major complications in six patients, including two cases of stroke, one case of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, and four cases of delayed osteoradionecrosis. No patients in this series developed tension pneumocephalus. The total major complication rate is 6%. Fifty-one (47%) patients received prophylactic tracheotomy, and 58 (53%) patients did not receive prophylactic tracheotomy. Eighty-eight (81%) patients received anterior skull base reconstruction with local flaps. Six (5.5%) patients required primary reconstruction with a free flap. Conclusion: We attribute the very low rate of major complications in this series and, in particular, no cases of tension pneumocephalus and rarity of CSF leaks primarily to prophylactic tracheotomy in selected patients and to a reconstructive strategy that emphasizes use of local vascularized tissue to reconstruct the anterior skull base. [source] Kjelland's forceps in the new millennium.AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Maternal, neonatal outcomes of attempted rotational forceps delivery Background:, The use of Kjelland's forceps is now uncommon, and published maternal and neonatal outcome data are from deliveries conducted more than a decade ago. The role of Kjelland's rotational delivery in the ,modern era' of high caesarean section rates is unclear. Aims:, To compare the results of attempted Kjelland's forceps rotational delivery with other methods of instrumental delivery in a tertiary hospital. Methods:, Retrospective review of all instrumental deliveries for singleton pregnancies 34 or more weeks gestation in a four-year birth cohort, with reference to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results:, The outcomes of 1067 attempted instrumental deliveries were analysed. Kjelland's forceps were successful in 95% of attempts. Kjelland's forceps deliveries had a rate of adverse maternal outcomes indistinguishable from non-rotational ventouse, and lower than all other forms of instrumental delivery. Kjelland's forceps also had a lower rate of adverse neonatal outcomes than all other forms of instrumental delivery. Conclusions:, Prudent use of Kjelland's forceps by experienced operators is associated with a very low rate of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Training in this important obstetric skill should be reconsidered urgently, before it is lost forever. [source] Species differences in enantioselective 2-oxidations of RS-8359, a selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor, and cinchona alkaloids by aldehyde oxidaseBIOPHARMACEUTICS AND DRUG DISPOSITION, Issue 3 2006Kunio Itoh Abstract The 2-oxidation activity on the pyrimidine ring of RS-8359, a MAO-A inhibitor, is the major metabolic pathway catalysed by aldehyde oxidase. This study investigated the species differences in the 2-oxidation activity by using liver cytosolic fractions from rats, mice, guinea-pigs, rabbits, dogs, monkeys and humans. The Vmax/Km value for the (S)-enantiomer of RS-8359 was extremely high in monkeys and humans, moderate in guinea-pigs, and low in rats and mice. Dogs were deficient in 2-oxidation activity. The (R)-enantiomer was only oxidized at a very low rate in guinea-pigs, monkeys and humans, and not oxidized in rats, mice and rabbits. Thus, marked species differences and enantioselectivity were obvious for the 2-oxidation of the (S)-enantiomer of RS-8359. The in vitro results were in good accordance with previously reported in vivo excretion data of the 2-keto metabolite and the non-detectable plasma concentrations of the (S)-enantiomer in monkeys and humans after administration of racemic RS-8359. Enantioselectivity was also observed for the oxidation of cinchona alkaloids catalysed by aldehyde oxidase. Among the four cinchona alkaloids studied, the oxidation activity of cinchonidine, which has no substituents at the 6-hydroxy group but bears (8S,9R)-configurations, was highest. As opposed to the (S)-enantiomer, an extremely high catalytic activity of cinchonidine was confirmed in rabbits, but not in monkeys or humans. Rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase was suggested to have characteristic properties around the active site. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Anticoagulation with the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes,CATHETERIZATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, Issue 2 2009Robert W. Yeh MD Abstract Objectives: This study examined the efficacy and safety of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes undergoing cardiac catheterization. Background: Argatroban is a direct-thrombin inhibitor approved for use in percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Few studies have examined its use in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for acute coronary syndromes. We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes who received argatroban anticoagulation during cardiac catheterization. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes who received argatroban while undergoing cardiac catheterization from 2002 to 2005 were included. Patient characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were examined retrospectively via detailed chart review. The primary endpoints of the study were combined death, myocardial infarction or urgent revascularization, and major bleeding during the index hospitalization. Results: A total of 144 patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome received argatroban during cardiac catheterization within the study period: 25% presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and 75% presented with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. The combined endpoint of death, myocardial infarction or urgent revascularization occurred in 13.2% of patients during the hospitalization. Major bleeding occurred in 2.1% of patients. Conclusions: In this cohort of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes, patients receiving argatroban during cardiac catheterization had a moderate rate of adverse cardiac events and a very low rate of major bleeding. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Synergistic Effects of Subsistence Hunting and Habitat Fragmentation on Amazonian Forest VertebratesCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Carlos A. Peres These effects are likely to be considerably aggravated by forest fragmentation because fragments are more accessible to hunters, allow no (or very low rates of ,) recolonization from nonharvested source populations, and may provide a lower-quality resource base for the frugivore-granivore vertebrate fauna. I examined the likelihood of midsized to large-bodied bird and mammal populations persisting in Amazonian forest fragments of variable sizes whenever they continue to be harvested by subsistence hunters in the aftermath of isolation. I used data from a comprehensive compilation of game-harvest studies throughout Neotropical forests to estimate the degree to which different species and populations have been overharvested and then calculated the range of minimum forest areas required to maintain a sustainable harvest. The size distribution of 5564 Amazonian forest fragments,estimated from Landsat images of six regions of southern and eastern Brazilian Amazonia,clearly shows that these are predominantly small and rarely exceed 10 ha, suggesting that persistent overhunting is likely to drive most midsized to large vertebrate populations to local extinction in fragmented forest landscapes. Although experimental studies on this negative synergism remain largely unavailable, the prospect that increasingly fragmented Neotropical forest regions can retain their full assemblages of avian and mammalian species is unlikely. Resumen: La cacería de subsistencia tiene efectos negativos profundos sobre la diversidad de especies, la biomasa y estructura de las comunidades de vertebrados en bosques de la Amazonía que de otra forma están poco perturbadas. Estos efectos se agravan considerablemente por la fragmentación del bosque porque los fragmentos son más accesibles a los cazadores, no permiten la recolonización por poblaciones no cazadas o disminuyen las tasas de recolonizacíon y pueden proporcionar una base de recursos de menor calidad para la fauna de vertebrados frugívoro-granívoros. Examiné la posibilidad de persistencia de poblaciones de aves y mamíferos medianos a grandes en fragmentos de bosque de tamaño variable si continúan sujetos a la cacería de subsistencia como una consecuencia del aislamiento. Utilicé datos de una compilación extensiva de estudios de cacería en bosques neotropicales para estimar el grado en que diferentes especies y poblaciones han sido sobre explotadas y calculé el área de bosque minima requerida para mantener una cosecha sostensible. La distribucíon de tamaños de 5564 fragmentos de bosque amazónica, estimado a partir de imágues de Landsat de seis regiones del sur y del esté de la Amazonía brasileña indica claramente que estos fragmentós son principalmente pegueños y que rara vez exceden las lolta, lo que sugiere que la sobre cacería persistente probablemente lleve a la extincíon local de poblaciones de vertebrados de tamaño mediano a grande en paisajes boscosos fragmentados. Aunque estudios experimentales de este sinergismo negativo no están disponibles, la perspectiva de que las regiones neotropicales cada vez más fragmentadas, puedan retener las comunidades completas de aves y mamíferos poco es probable. [source] Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors: a major new class of oral antidiabetic drugDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 2 2007Iskandar Idris Exploiting the incretin effect to develop new glucose-lowering treatments has become the focus of intense research. One successful approach has been the development of oral inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). These drugs reversibly block DPP-IV-mediated inactivation of incretin hormones, for example, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and also other peptides that have alanine or proline as the penultimate N-terminal amino acid. DPP-IV inhibitors, therefore, increase circulating levels and prolong the biological activity of endogenous GLP-1, but whether this is sufficient to fully explain the substantial reduction in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and associated metabolic profile remains open to further investigation. DPP-IV inhibitors such as vildagliptin and sitagliptin have been shown to be highly effective antihyperglycaemic agents that augment insulin secretion and reduce glucagon secretion via glucose-dependent mechanisms. This review summarizes the major clinical trials with DPP-IV inhibitors as monotherapy and as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. The magnitude of HbA1c reduction with DPP-IV inhibitors depends upon the pretreatment HbA1c values, but there seems to be no change in body weight, and very low rates of hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal disturbance with these agents. DPP-IV inhibitors represent a major new class of oral antidiabetic drug and their metabolic profile offers a number of unique clinical advantages for the management of type 2 diabetes. [source] Hydrological and biogeochemical processes in a changing Amazon: results from small watershed studies and the large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experimentHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 12 2006Christopher Neill Abstract The Amazon Basin is the world's largest tropical forest region and one where rapid human changes to land cover have the potential to cause significant changes to hydrological and biogeochemical processes. The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is a multidisciplinary, multinational research program led by Brazil. The goal of LBA is to understand how the Amazon Basin functions as a regional entity in the earth system and how these functions are changing as a result of ongoing human activity. This compilation of nine papers focuses on a central LBA question in the area of nutrient dynamics and surface water chemistry,how do changes in land use alter fluxes of dissolved and particulate materials from uplands across riparian zones and down the channels of river corridors? These papers cover work conducted in small watersheds on a wide range of topics within the spirit and geographical focus area of LBA: water balance and runoff generation, nutrient transformations in riparian zones and stream channels, carbon fluxes in water moving from land to water and the influence of soils on flowpath structure and stream chemistry. Important new insights can be gained from these and other studies. Forest clearing for pastures results in a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity that forces water into surficial flowpaths throughout most of the rainy season across wide regions of the Amazon. Riparian zones along small forest streams appear to be very effective in removing nitrate arriving from the uplands, while forest streams take up nitrate at very low rates, allowing them to travel downstream for long distances. Although substantial, the contribution of dissolved organic C (DOC) to the carbon flux from forests to streams appears to be lower than the flux of dissolved inorganic C that is subsequently outgassed as CO2. Remaining key challenges within LBA will be to synthesize existing data sets on river networks, soils, climate, land use and planned infrastructure for the Amazon to develop models capable of predicting hydrologic and biogeochemical fluxes at a variety of scales relevant to the development of strategies for sustainable management of the Amazon's remarkable forest, soil and freshwater resources. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Why are AGN found in high-mass galaxies?MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 2 2008Lan Wang ABSTRACT There is a strong observed mass dependence of the fraction of nearby galaxies that contain either low-luminosity [low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) type] or higher luminosity (Seyfert or composite type) active galactic nuclei (AGN). This implies that either only a small fraction of low-mass galaxies contain black holes, or that the black holes in these systems only accrete rarely or at very low rates, and hence are generally not detectable as AGN. In this paper, we use semi-analytic models implemented in the Millennium Simulation to analyse the mass dependence of the merging histories of dark matter haloes and of the galaxies that reside in them. Only a few per cent of galaxies with stellar masses less than M* < 1010 M, are predicted to have experienced a major merger. The fraction of galaxies that have experienced major mergers increases steeply at larger stellar masses. We argue that if a major merger is required to form the initial seed black hole, the mass dependence of AGN activity in local galaxies can be understood quite naturally. We then investigate when the major mergers that first create these black holes are predicted to occur. High-mass galaxies are predicted to have formed their first black holes at very early epochs. The majority of low-mass galaxies never experience a major merger and hence may not contain a black hole, but a significant fraction of the supermassive black holes that do exist in low-mass galaxies are predicted to have formed recently. [source] Responses of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, and combinations of pirimiphos-methyl and synergized pyrethrins,PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 2 2004Fangneng Huang Abstract Field control failures with pirimiphos-methyl against the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), in Weslaco, Texas, USA, led us to investigate the susceptibility of this particular strain to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, pyrethrins synergized with piperonyl butoxide, and pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins. In laboratory bioassays, 50 eggs of C cephalonica were exposed to untreated and insecticide-treated corn and sunflower seeds to determine larval survival after 21 days, egg-to-adult emergence after 49 days, and larval damage to seeds at both exposure periods. Pirimiphos-methyl at both 4 and 8 mg kg,1 did not prevent larval survival or egg-to-adult emergence of C cephalonica on either corn or sunflower seeds, and seed damage was evident at both rates. The C cephalonica strain was highly susceptible to spinosad at 0.5 and 1 mg kg,1. At both spinosad rates, reduction in larval survival, egg-to-adult emergence, and seed damage relative to the control treatment was ,93% on both corn and sunflower seeds. Pirimiphos-methyl and spinosad were generally more effective against C cephalonica on corn than sunflower seeds. The C cephalonica strain was completely controlled on corn treated with 1.5 mg kg,1 of pyrethrins synergized with 15 mg kg,1 of piperonyl butoxide. Many larvae survived and became adults on corn treated with synergized pyrethrins at ,0.75 mg kg,1. Corn treated with pirimiphos-methyl at 4, 6 or 8 mg kg,1 in combination with 0.38 to 1.5 mg kg,1 of synergized pyrethrins reduced larval survival by ,95%, egg-to-adult emergence by ,97%, and seed damage by ,94%. Our results suggest that the C cephalonica strain can be controlled on corn by combining pirimiphos-methyl with synergized pyrethrins or with synergized pyrethrins at the labeled rate. Although spinosad is not currently labeled for use on stored corn and sunflower seeds, it appears to be effective against C cephalonica on both commodities at very low rates. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Factors Related to Genital Tract Trauma in Normal Spontaneous Vaginal BirthsBIRTH, Issue 2 2006Leah L. Albers CNM In settings with very low rates, evidence remains sparse on how best to facilitate birth without lacerations. The purpose of this investigation was to identify maternal and clinical factors related to genital tract trauma in normal, spontaneous vaginal births. Methods:Data from a randomized clinical trial of perineal management techniques were used to address the study objective. Healthy women had spontaneous births with certified nurse-midwives in a medical center setting. Proportions of maternal characteristics and intrapartum variables were compared in women who did and did not sustain sufficient trauma to warrant suturing, according to parity (first vaginal births versus others). Logistic regression using a backward elimination strategy was used to identify predictors of obstetric trauma. Results: In women who had a first vaginal birth, risk factors for trauma were maternal education of high school or beyond, Valsalva pushing, and infant birthweight. Risk factors in women having a second or higher vaginal birth were prior sutured trauma and infant birthweight. For all mothers, delivery of the infant's head between contractions was associated with reduced trauma to the genital tract. Conclusions:Delivery technique that is unrushed and controlled may help reduce obstetric trauma in normal, spontaneous vaginal births. (BIRTH 33:2 June 2006) [source] | ||||||||||||||||