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Selected AbstractsKeeping Capital Flowing: The Role of the IMF,INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, Issue 3 2004Michael D. Bordo In this paper, we examine the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in maintaining the access of emerging market economies to international capital markets. We find evidence that both macroeconomic aggregates and capital flows improve following the adoption of an IMF programme, although they may initially deteriorate somewhat. Consistent with theoretical predictions and earlier empirical findings, we find that IMF programmes are most successful in improving capital flows to countries with bad, but not very bad, fundamentals. In such countries, IMF programmes are also associated with improvements in the fundamentals themselves. [source] Religious circumcision under local anaesthesia with a new disposable clampBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 6 2001R.F. Schmitz Objective To compare the results using a new disposable clamp (the Taraklamp Circumcision Device®, TCD, Taramedic Europe BV, Bilthoven, The Netherlands), used since 1998 in one clinic, and the conventional dissection technique (CDT) in another clinic, for religious circumcision in infants. Subjects and methods The TCD and CDT were compared prospectively; the duration of the procedure, complications and postoperative pain were recorded. The cosmetic result and the degree to which the parents were satisfied were evaluated after 6 weeks. After obtaining informed consent, 275 boys were included in the study (median age 3 years). Results The median operative duration was 8 min less for the TCD (15 vs 7 min; P < 0.001). There was no difference in complication rate (bleeding in one vs two; infection in two vs three) and postoperative pain was comparable in both groups. The cosmetic results were better for the TCD group (P < 0.001). The parents' satisfaction score for the procedure was equal in the groups, at 8, on a scale of 1 (very bad) to 10 (extremely good). Conclusion A religious circumcision outside the hospital with the TCD is quicker and leads to a better cosmetic result than with the CDT, without increasing morbidity. [source] Conscious or deep sedation: a questionnaire regarding the experience of parents, children and staff during small bowel biopsyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 6 2003J Skoglösa Aim: The paediatric clinics of Linköping and Norrköping, Sweden, have different procedures regarding premedication and sedation during small bowel biopsy in children with suspected or diagnosed coeliac disease. In Linköping deep sedation using intravenous propofol is the method of sedation being used and parents are not present during the biopsy procedure. In Norrköping conscious sedation using intravenous midazolam is the routine and parents stay with their child throughout the whole biopsy procedure. The aim of this study was to find out whether the preprocedural and procedural differences between the clinics affected the way in which the parents and children experienced the time before and during the biopsy procedure. Methods: A questionnaire was used to ask the parents of 102 children who had undergone small bowel capsule biopsy for their opinion regarding the discomfort experienced by their children. The parents'and children's experience was also compared with that of the paediatric nurse caring for the family during the biopsy procedure, and the paediatric gastroenterologist performing the biopsy. Results: The differences regarding premedication and sedation between the two groups did not seem to affect the parents'or the children's total experience of the biopsy procedure, nor did the presence or absence of the parents throughout the biopsy procedure. As regards the sedation given, 95% of the parents did not think that their children suffered any discomfort at all. The total experience of the biopsy procedure on a five-grade scale (5 being very good, 1 being very bad) was 5 for the parents and 4 for the children in both centres. Parents and children in both centres were very satisfied with the way in which they were taken care of during their visit to the hospital. In both units there was an obvious correlation between how the paediatric nurse experienced the biopsy procedure and how the paediatric gastroenterologist did, but only a weak correlation between the experience of the parents and that of the paediatric gastroenterologist and paediatric nurse. The anxiety of the parents was similarly estimated by the paediatric gastroenterologist and the paediatric nurse in both centres. There was no correlation between their assessment and the experience reported by the parents. Conclusion: The children undergoing small bowel biopsy and their parents felt well taken care of during their visit to the two hospitals. The differences between the clinics regarding method of sedation and presence or absence of the parents did not seem to affect how the parents and children experienced the biopsy procedure. [source] Spanish merino wools and the nouvelles draperies: an industrial transformation in the late medieval Low Countries1ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2005JOHN MUNRO From the seventeenth century, the world's finest wools have been those produced by descendants of the Spanish merino. During the middle ages, however, England produced Europe's finest wools. Not until the fourteenth century does a distinct merino breed appear in Spain; and, before then, 'Spanish' wools were amongst the very worst in Europe, used in the production of only the very cheapest fabrics. By the late fourteenth century, some merino wools were being used in some Italian draperies; but, in the north, long-held historic prejudices against 'Spanish' wools hindered their introduction, especially into the Low Countries' draperies, which, because of structural changes in international trade, had become re-oriented to manufacturing luxury woollens, most woven from the finest English wools. From the 1420s, however, disastrous changes in England's fiscal policies so increased the cost of these exported wools that many of the younger Flemish draperies, the so-called nouvelles draperies, producing imitations of the finer woollens from the older established draperies, decided to switch to Spanish merino wools (often mixed with English wools). By the mid-fifteenth century, the merinos had indeed improved enough in quality to rival at least the mid-range English wools. Most of the traditional draperies, however, did not adopt merino wools until much too late, and thus, by the early sixteenth century found themselves displaced by the nouvelle draperies as the leading cloth manufacturers in the Low Countries. [source] In Defense of Asbestos Tort Litigation: Rethinking Legal Process Analysis in a World of Uncertainty, Second Bests, and Shared Policy-Making ResponsibilityLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 1 2009Jeb Barnes A central question in American policy making is when should courts address complex policy issues, as opposed to defer to other forums? Legal process analysis offers a standard answer. It holds that judges should act when adjudication offers advantages over other modes of social ordering such as contracts, legislation, or agency rule making. From this vantage, the decision to use common law adjudication to address a sprawling public health crisis was a terrible mistake, as asbestos litigation has come to represent the very worst of mass tort litigation. This article questions this view, arguing that legal process analysis distorts the institutional choices underlying the American policy-making process. Indeed, once one considers informational and political constraints, as well as how the branches of government can fruitfully share policy-making functions, the asbestos litigation seems a reasonable and, in some ways, exemplary, use of judicial power. [source] | ||||||||||