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Veterinary Importance (veterinary + importance)
Selected AbstractsIdentification and isolation of cDNA clones encoding the abundant secreted proteins in the saliva proteome of Culicoides nubeculosusINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009C. L. Russell Abstract Culicoides spp. are vectors of several infectious diseases of veterinary importance and a major cause of allergy in horses and other livestock. Their saliva contains a number of proteins which enable blood feeding, enhance disease transmission and act as allergens. We report the construction of a novel cDNA library from Culicoides nubeculosus linked to the analysis of abundant salivary gland proteins by mass spectrometry. Fifty-four novel proteins sequences are described including those of the enzymes maltase, hyaluronidase and two serine proteases demonstrated to be present in Culicoides salivary glands, as well as several members of the D7 family and protease inhibitors with putative anticoagulant activity. In addition, several families of abundant proteins with unknown function were identified including some of the major candidate allergens that cause insect bite hypersensitivity in horses. [source] Comparison of plasma pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ceftiofur sodium in cattle after a single intramuscular or subcutaneous injectionJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 5 2000S. A. Brown Ceftiofur sodium, a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, is active against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens of veterinary importance. This study was designed to compare the bioequivalence of the sodium salt in cattle after a single intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous dose (s.c.) of 2.2 mg ceftiofur equivalents/kg body weight. The criteria used to evaluate bioequivalence were (1) the area under the curve from time of injection to the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the assay (AUC0-LOQ), and (2) time concentrations remained above 0.2 ,g/mL (t>0.2). Twelve crossbred beef cattle were enrolled in a three-period, two-treatment crossover trial, with a minimum 2-week washout period between doses of 2.2 mg ceftiofur equivalents/kg. Blood samples were collected serially for up to 72 h post-injection. Plasma samples were then analyzed using a validated assay that measures ceftiofur, and all desfuroylceftiofur-related metabolites, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the stable derivative, desfuroylceftiofur acetamide. A maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 13.9±3.55 ,g/mL was observed from 0.67,2.0 h after i.m. administration, whereas a Cmax of 13.6±3.85 ,g/mL was observed from 0.67,3.0 h after s.c. administration. The AUC0-LOQ was 108±35.0 ,g · h/mL after i.m. dosing, compared with 105±29.8 ,g · h/mL after s.c. dosing. The pre-established criterion for equivalence of the AUC0-LOQ for the i.m. and s.c. routes of administration was satisfied. The t>0.2 was 49.2±8.55 h after i.m. administration, compared with 47.0±9.40 h after s.c. administration. The pre-established criterion for equivalence of the t>0.2 for i.m. and s.c. administration was satisfied. The equivalence of AUC0-LOQ and t>0.2 for i.m. and s.c. administration of 2.2 mg ceftiofur equivalents (CE)/kg doses of ceftiofur sodium suggest similar therapeutic efficacy and systemic safety for the two routes of administration. [source] Ectoparasites of Chevrier's field mouse, Apodemus chevrieri, in a focus of plague in southwest ChinaMEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2007M XING-YUAN Abstract Chevrier's field mouse, Apodemus chevrieri Milne,Edwards (Rodentia: Muridae), has been identified as the main wild reservoir of plague in the sylvatic plague focus of Yunnan Province, southwest China. Here, the ectoparasite communities of A. chevrieri and the potential medical and veterinary importance of these ectoparasites are described. A high proportion (66%) of 321 mice were found to be infested with ectoparasites. A total of 81 species of ectoparasite, including 48 species of chigger mite, 25 species of mesostigmatid (gamasid) mite, six species of flea and two species of sucking louse were collected. Most species of ectoparasite were relatively uncommon, but a few were abundant. Within this ectoparasite complex, 16 species have previously been reported to be vectors of human disease agents. Apodemus chevrieri would appear therefore to be a natural reservoir for plague bacilli and epidemic haemorrhagic fever (Korean haemorrhagic fever) viruses. [source] The History of Toxoplasma gondii,The First 100 YearsTHE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008JITENDER P. DUBEY ABSTRACT. In this paper the history of Toxoplasma gondii and toxoplasmosis is reviewed. This protozoan parasite was first discovered in 1908 and named a year later. Its medical importance remained unknown until 1939 when T. gondii was identified in tissues of a congenitally infected infant, and veterinary importance became known when it was found to cause abortion storms in sheep in 1957. The discovery of a T. gondii specific antibody test, Sabin,Feldman dye test in 1948 led to the recognition that T. gondii is a common parasite of warm-blooded hosts with a worldwide distribution. Its life cycle was not discovered until 1970 when it was found that felids are its definitive host and an environmentally resistant stage (oocyst) is excreted in feces of infected cats. The recent discovery of its common infection in certain marine wildlife (sea otters) indicates contamination of our seas with T. gondii oocysts washed from land. Hygeine remains the best preventive measure because currently there is no vaccine to prevent toxoplasmosis in humans. [source] Gross Morphology of the Intra-Oral rhamphotheca, Oropharynx and Proximal Oesophagus of the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 3 2010M. R. Crole With 5 figures Summary Information on the gross morphology of the upper digestive tract of ratites is sparse. This is an important region considering that it is the first area for food selection and intake which is vital to the nutrition and growth of the animal and therefore its commercial viability. Twenty-three heads from sub-adult (12,14 months) emus were used to provide a definitive description of the oropharynx and proximal oesophagus. Besides supplying baseline morphological data of veterinary importance, this study also underlines the functional importance of this region. The mandibular and maxillary nails, and serrations on the rostral mandibular tomia, provide the emu with a formidable combination of gripping, tearing and pecking power. The folded oropharyngeal floor allows distention of the dorso-ventrally flattened cavity during eating and drinking. The laryngeal mound performs both respiratory and digestive functions, whereas the distensible proximal oesophagus supports the particular feeding method employed by ratites. [source] RNA interference in protozoan parasitesCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Elisabetta Ullu Summary RNA interference or RNAi is defined as the mechanism through which gene-specific, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers degradation of homologous transcripts. Besides providing an invaluable tool to downregulate gene expression in a variety of organisms, it is now evident that RNAi extends its tentacles into both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is involved in a variety of gene silencing phenomena. Here we review the current status of RNAi in protozoan parasites that cause diseases of considerable medical and veterinary importance throughout Africa, Asia and the Americas. RNAi was first discovered in Trypanosoma brucei, a species of the family Trypanosomatidae, and it rapidly became the method of choice to downregulate gene expression in these organisms. At the same time, mechanistic studies exposed a role for RNAi in the control of retroposon transcript abundance. Whereas RNAi is also present in T. congolense, other members of the same family of organisms, namely T. cruzi and Leishmania major, are RNAi-negative. In apicomplexan parasites, there is experimental evidence for RNAi in Plasmodium, but this is not supported by their genetic make up. In contrast, the genome of Toxoplasma gondii harbours gene candidates with convincing similarity to ,classical' RNAi genes. Thus, as previously shown in fungi, protozoan parasites are genetically heterogeneous as far as the RNAi pathway is concerned. Finally, database mining predicts that Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis have an RNAi pathway and the presence of RNAi genes in Giardia supports the view that gene silencing by dsRNA appeared very early during evolution of the eukaryotic lineage. [source] Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomics of Tropical Disease PathogensCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 12 2003Jane M. Carlton Summary The sequencing of eukaryotic genomes has lagged behind sequencing of organisms in the other domains of life, archae and bacteria, primarily due to their greater size and complexity. With recent advances in ,high-throughput ,technologies ,such ,as ,robotics and improved computational resources, the number of eukaryotic genome sequencing projects has in-creased significantly. Among these are a number of sequencing projects of tropical pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, many of which are responsible for causing widespread morbidity and mortality in peoples of developing countries. Uncovering the complete gene complement of these organisms is proving to be of immense value in the develop-ment of novel methods of parasite control, such as antiparasitic drugs and vaccines, as well as the development of new diagnostic tools. Combining pathogen genome sequences with the host and vector genome sequences is promising to be a robust method for the identification of host,pathogen interactions. Finally, comparative sequencing of related species, especially of organisms used as model systems in the study of the disease, is beginning to realize its potential in the identification of genes, and the evolutionary forces that shape the genes, that are involved in evasion of the host immune response. [source] | ||||||||||