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Various Roles (various + role)
Selected AbstractsThe role of stakeholders in Sydney's green gamesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2002Kate Kearins This paper focuses on the various roles played by stakeholders in the construction of Sydney Olympics as the Green Games. It draws material from the official website of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, the websites and other material made public by major stakeholders, and the considerable commentary generated by the greening efforts of the games' organizers and their many partners and critics. Sydney's ,Green Games' is shown to involve a wide variety of stakeholders in both its construction and deconstruction. Environmental groups both assisted in defining the agenda and, in retaining their independence, reserved the right to evaluate and publicly critique performance. It is argued that through the engagement of stakeholders, organizations can be expected to understand and elucidate the different dimensions of the environmental challenge they face,even though at times, as the Sydney ,Green Games' example shows, they may not fully meet these more exacting expectations, and the environmental groups themselves thus risk becoming compromised. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment. [source] Sp1-like transcription factors are regulators of embryonic development in vertebratesDEVELOPMENT GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION, Issue 4 2005Chengtian Zhao Sp1-like family is an expanding transcription factor family. Members of this family bind to the GC-box or GT-box elements in the promoter/enhancers and regulate the expression of the target genes. Currently, this family consists of at least nine members, which may act as a transactivator or a repressor on target promoters. Sp1-like transcription factors are expressed during development of vertebrate embryos in ubiquitous or tissue-specific manners and play various roles in embryonic development. This review mainly summarises their expression patterns and functions during vertebrate embryogenesis. [source] The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystemsECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 3 2008Marcel G. A. Van Der Heijden Abstract Microbes are the unseen majority in soil and comprise a large portion of life's genetic diversity. Despite their abundance, the impact of soil microbes on ecosystem processes is still poorly understood. Here we explore the various roles that soil microbes play in terrestrial ecosystems with special emphasis on their contribution to plant productivity and diversity. Soil microbes are important regulators of plant productivity, especially in nutrient poor ecosystems where plant symbionts are responsible for the acquisition of limiting nutrients. Mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for c. 5,20% (grassland and savannah) to 80% (temperate and boreal forests) of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of phosphorus, that is acquired by plants annually. Free-living microbes also strongly regulate plant productivity, through the mineralization of, and competition for, nutrients that sustain plant productivity. Soil microbes, including microbial pathogens, are also important regulators of plant community dynamics and plant diversity, determining plant abundance and, in some cases, facilitating invasion by exotic plants. Conservative estimates suggest that c. 20 000 plant species are completely dependent on microbial symbionts for growth and survival pointing to the importance of soil microbes as regulators of plant species richness on Earth. Overall, this review shows that soil microbes must be considered as important drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. [source] How Adolescent Children of African Jamaican Immigrants Living in Canada Perceive and Negotiate their Roles within a Matrifocal FamilyFAMILY PROCESS, Issue 3 2009GEOFFREY S. NAVARA PH.D. This research project examined the adolescent/young adult-parent relationships of African Jamaican immigrants currently living in Canada. Specifically, we focused on the transmission of cultural values and beliefs within these relationships and how the adolescents navigated and negotiated potential changes in these values because of their acculturative experiences. An examination of various mundane family/cultural practices provided insight into perceived transmission attempts by parents and the adolescent/young adult interpretation of these attempts. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with adolescent/young adult members of African Jamaican immigrant families living in Canada. Using Grounded Theory methodology (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), several themes emerged during the analysis of the interviews,the most significant being the issue of matrifocality within the African Jamaican family. Issues of respect and adolescent agency are also discussed as they related to the manner in which the adolescent/young adult attempted to negotiate various roles within the family. RESUMEN En este proyecto de investigación se analizaron las relaciones entre adolescentes o jóvenes adultos y sus padres en familias de inmigrantes afro-jamaiquinos que actualmente viven en Canadá. Específicamente, nos centramos en la transmisión de valores y creencias culturales dentro de estas relaciones y en cómo los adolescentes atravesaron y negociaron posibles cambios en estos valores como consecuencia de sus experiencias aculturativas. Un análisis de diversas prácticas culturales o familiares rutinarias permitió la comprensión de los intentos de transmisión percibida que hicieron los padres y la interpretación que tuvieron los adolescentes o jóvenes adultos de estos intentos. Se realizaron veinte entrevistas minuciosas a adolescentes o jóvenes adultos miembros de familias inmigrantes afro-jamaiquinas que viven en Canadá. Mediante la aplicación del método de muestreo teórico (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), surgieron varios temas durante el análisis de las entrevistas (el más importante fue el tema de la matrifocalidad dentro de la familia afro-jamaiquina). También se habla de los temas de respeto y capacidad de acción de los adolescentes, ya que se relacionaron con la manera en la que los adolescentes o jóvenes intentaron negociar distintos roles dentro de la familia. Palabras clave: aculturación familiar, relación entre padres e hijos, socialización [source] The amazing universe of hepatic microstructure,HEPATOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Valeer J. Desmet An informal review is presented by the author of his 50 years of involvement in practice and research in hepatopathology. Some background for the author's attitude and meandering pathway into his professional career serves as introduction to a short discussion of the main topics of his interest and expertise. Histogenesis of liver cancer was the theme of early work for a Ph.D. thesis, the results of which were lost into oblivion due to local rules and circumstances, but were rescued three decades later. His conclusions about the cells of origin of liver cancer remain concordant with the newer concepts in the field after nearly half a century. Studies in the field of chronic hepatitis became a long saga, involving the first classification of this syndrome by "the Gnomes" in 1968, histochemical investigations of viral antigens, lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecules, and a quarter century later, the creation of a new classification presently in use. Cholestasis was a broadening field in diagnostic entities and involved the study of liver lesions, comprising pathways of bile regurgitation (including reversed secretory polarity of hepatocytes) and so-called ductular reaction. The latter topic has a high importance for the various roles it plays in modulating liver tissue of chronic cholestasis into biliary cirrhosis, and as the territory of hepatic progenitor cells, crucial for liver regeneration in adverse conditions and in development of liver cancer. Study of the embryology of intrahepatic bile ducts helped to clarify the strange appearance of the ducts in "ductal plate configuration" in several conditions, including some forms of biliary atresia with poor prognosis and all varieties of fibrocystic bile duct diseases with "ductal plate malformation" as the basic morphologic lesion. (HEPATOLOGY 2009;50:333,344.) [source] The primary care nurse practitioner and cancer survivorship careJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 8 2010CRNP (Family Nurse Practitioner), Joanna M. Cooper MS Abstract Purpose: To examine the important role that primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) have in providing long-term surveillance and health maintenance for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors throughout the continuum of cancer care. Data sources: MEDLINE, CINAHL, MD-Consult, and Cochrane's databases were utilized with the inclusion of primary research and critical research reviews from January 1995 through March 2008. Select organizational websites were also cited. Conclusions: Cancer patients experience changes in the focus of their care when management shifts from the treatment of cancer to management of treatment side effects and outcomes, to survivorship care, and to secondary cancer treatment. NPs have a strong impact on cancer survivorship care by serving in various roles and settings throughout the cancer trajectory to improve patient outcomes. Implications for practice: Cancer survivorship care expands beyond specialty settings, into primary care. NPs have a key role in ensuring continuity of care for patients with cancer. Models of care that promote continuity and high quality of care for patients with cancer include the shared-care and nurse-managed health center models. The formal collaborative plan of care is essential in long-term cancer survivorship care. [source] Proteinaceous inhibitors of carbohydrate-active enzymes in cereals: implication in agriculture, cereal processing and nutrition,JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 11 2006Nathalie Juge Abstract Enzymes that degrade, modify, or create glycosidic bonds are involved in carbohydrate biosynthesis and remodelling. Microbial carbohydrate-active enzymes form the basis of current green technology in the food, feed, starch, paper and pulp industries and the revolution in genomics may offer long-term gains on the quality and quantity of the raw materials. Proteinaceous inhibitors of carbohydrate-active enzymes (,-amylase, limit-dextrinase, polygalacturonase, pectin lyase, pectin methylesterase, invertase and xyloglucan endoglucanase) naturally occur in plants where they are involved in various roles from plant defence to metabolism. Xylanase inhibitors represent the latest addition to this growing family. In this review, we will focus on the inhibitors of carbohydrate-active enzymes present in cereals, mostly represented by ,-amylase and xylanase inhibitors, and summarise the existing knowledge on their structure, function, and implication in cereal processing, agriculture and nutrition. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] PHILOSOPHERS OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY: A TAXONOMYMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 3-4 2009LICIA CARLSON Abstract: This essay explores various roles that philosophers occupy in relation to intellectual disability. In examining how philosophers define their object of inquiry as experts and gatekeepers, it raises critical questions concerning the nature of philosophical discourse about intellectual disability. It then goes on to consider three alternate positions, the advocate or friend, the animal, and the "intellectually disabled," each of which points to new ways of philosophizing in the face of intellectual disability. [source] Tryptophanase in sRNA control of the Escherichia coli cell cycleMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Dhruba K. Chattoraj Summary The field of gene regulation underwent a major revolution with the discovery of small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) and the various roles they play in organisms from bacteria to man. Escherichia coli has more than 60 sRNAs that are transcribed primarily from intergenic regions. They usually target the leader region of mRNAs and prevent their translation. Protein targets are relatively rare. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Chant and Summers provide an example of a totally unexpected protein target. They show that dimers of plasmid ColE1 make an sRNA that interacts directly with the enzyme tryptophanase and enhances its affinity for its substrate, tryptophan. A breakdown product, indole, then arrests cell division until the dimers are resolved to monomers. The monomerization helps to prevent plasmid loss. Targeting a catabolic enzyme to buy time for recombination is an amazing example of adaptation, which illustrates the power of a selfish element (a plasmid in this case) to exploit the host cell machinery to its advantage. [source] The department chair's balancing actsNEW DIRECTIONS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, Issue 126 2004Walter H. Gmelch This chapter examines the various roles, challenges, and responsibilities that department chairs must balance in the course of their work. [source] Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition I: Foundational ConceptsPHILOSOPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2010Mary I. Bockover Confucianism conceives of persons as being necessarily interdependent, defining personhood in terms of the various roles one embodies and that are established by the relationships basic to one's life. By way of contrast, the Western philosophical tradition has predominantly defined persons in terms of intrinsic characteristics not thought to depend on others. This more strictly and explicitly individualistic concept of personhood contrasts with the Confucian idea that one becomes a person because of others; where one is never a person independently or in and of oneself but develops into one only in community. This article surveys some differences between Confucian and Western ideas of self and their connection to ethics mainly in light of the relational self of the Confucian Analects and Mencius. A Philosophy Compass article called Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition: A Comparative Analysis of Personhood (CEWII) will follow, that examines how the more individualistic way of conceiving of personhood in the West has had moral and political implications that differ, and even conflict, with those of Confucianism. [Correction added after online publication 31 May 2010: Sentence changed.] [source] The Trinitarian Metaphysics of Jonathan Edwards and Nicolas MalebrancheTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Jasper Reid This paper explores both the striking similarities and also the differences between Jonathan Edwards and Nicolas Malebranche's philosophical views on the Holy Trinity and, in particular, the ways in which they both gave important roles to specific Persons of the Trinity in the various different branches of their respective metaphysical systems,ontological, epistemological and ethical. It is shown that Edwards and Malebranche were in very close agreement on ontological questions pertaining to the Trinity, both with respect to the internal, triune nature of the divine substance (characterising the Three Persons as the divine power, as the consubstantial idea of God which was generated as He eternally reflected on Himself, and as the mutual love which proceeded between the Father and this idea), and also with respect to the various roles these Three Persons played in the creation of the world. In epistemology, Malebranche postulated an illuminating union between the mind of man and the divine Word, insisting on an absolutely direct involvement of the Second Person in all human cognition, both intellectual and sensible. On this point Edwards did differ, endorsing instead an empiricist epistemology which left no room for such a direct union with the Word. However, when it came to ethics, Edwards and Malebranche both gave the Third Person an utterly central role, postulating much the same kind of union as Malebranche alone had postulated in the epistemological case, only now between the will of man and the Holy Spirit. [source] The Roles of a Bioethicist on an Organ Transplantation ServiceAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2005Linda Wright Organ transplantation centers have expanded and increased in the last 20 years as transplant recipient outcomes have improved steadily and transplantation has moved from experimentation to treatment of choice for several indications. Transplantation presents difficult ethical and legal challenges for the transplant community and society. These include declarations of death, consent to donation and allocation of a scarce societal resource, i.e. transplantable organs. Policy and practice reflect the law, societal beliefs and prevailing values. A bioethicist contributes to a transplant team by clarifying values held by various stakeholders or embodied in decisions and policies, conducting clinical consultations, developing and interpreting policy and researching the ethics of innovations for rationing and increasing available supply of organs for transplantation. The bioethicist's interdisciplinary education, preparation, experience and familiarity with ethics, law, sociology and philosophy and skills of mediation, communication and ethical analysis contribute to addressing and resolving many issues in transplantation. This paper outlines the various roles of a bioethicist on a transplantation service, using case examples to illustrate some of the ethical issues. [source] Inducible costimulator ligand regulates bleomycin-induced lung and skin fibrosis in a mouse model independently of the inducible costimulator/inducible costimulator ligand pathwayARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 6 2010Chihiro Tanaka Objective Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, including the lungs. Inducible costimulator (ICOS), which is expressed on activated T cells, and its ligand ICOSL, which is expressed on antigen-presenting cells, have been considered a single receptor,ligand pair. Although the ICOS/ICOSL pathway is known to play various roles in adaptive immunity, its roles in innate immunity and tissue fibrosis remain unknown. Methods We assessed the roles of ICOS and ICOSL in tissue fibrosis by administering bleomycin intratracheally or intradermally into mice deficient in ICOS and/or ICOSL. Tissue fibrosis was evaluated by histologic or biochemical examination. Results ICOS deficiency attenuated the lung and skin fibrosis, whereas ICOSL deficiency aggravated it. Mice deficient in both ICOS and ICOSL exhibited accelerated fibrosis, reflecting a dominant role of ICOSL over ICOS in this model. Interestingly, ICOSL expression on macrophages and B cells derived from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly elevated in ICOS-deficient mice as compared with wild-type mice during this process. Thus, the levels of ICOSL expression on B cells and macrophages were inversely associated with the severity of tissue fibrosis. Conclusion Our results indicate that ICOSL expression on antigen-presenting cells plays a previously unknown regulatory role during the development of bleomycin-induced tissue fibrosis that is independent of the ICOS/ICOSL pathway. Further studies will be needed to clarify the roles of ICOS and ICOSL in the development of systemic sclerosis. [source] ON THE ROLE OF THE GROWTH OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO IN FINANCEAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 4 2005Article first published online: 6 DEC 200, ECKHARD PLATEN The paper discusses various roles that the growth optimal portfolio (GOP) plays in finance. For the case of a continuous market we show how the GOP can be interpreted as a fundamental building block in financial market modeling, portfolio optimisation, contingent claim pricing and risk measurement. On the basis of a portfolio selection theorem, optimal portfolios are derived. These allocate funds into the GOP and the savings account. A risk aversion coefficient is introduced, controlling the amount invested in the savings account, which allows to characterize portfolio strategies that maximise expected utilities. Natural conditions are formulated under which the GOP appears as the market portfolio. A derivation of the intertemporal capital asset pricing model is given without relying on Markovianity, equilibrium arguments or utility functions. Fair contingent claim pricing, with the GOP as numeraire portfolio, is shown to generalise risk neutral and actuarial pricing. Finally, the GOP is described in various ways as the best performing portfolio. [source] Clinical Aspects Of Pulpal-Periodontal LesionsAUSTRALIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002F.H. Selxas It is well known that the main purpose of dentistry is to keep teeth in the oral cavity so that they may fulfil their various roles. This case report demonstrates a method to treat a situation involving a pulpal-periodontal lesion, by using a simple and efficient combined therapy. The clinician can thereby determine the cause of the lesion (pulpal and/or periodontal) and subsequently establish the correct treatment, thus improving the prognosis of the case. [source] The leucine-rich repeat domain in plant innate immunity: a wealth of possibilitiesCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Meenu Padmanabhan Summary The innate immune system of both plants and animals uses immune receptors to detect pathogens and trigger defence responses. Despite having distinct evolutionary origin, most plant and animal immune receptors have a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. The LRR domain adopts a slender conformation that maximizes surface area and has been shown to be ideal for mediating protein,protein interactions. Although the LRR domain was expected to be a platform for pathogen recognition, the NB-LRR class of plant innate immune receptors uses its LRR domain to carry out many other roles. This review discusses the domain architecture of plant LRRs and the various roles ascribed to this motif. [source] Interaction of hydrogen sulfide with ion channelsCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 7 2010Guanghua Tang Summary 1. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signalling gasotransmitter. It targets different ion channels and receptors, and fulfils its various roles in modulating the functions of different systems. However, the interaction of H2S with different types of ion channels and underlying molecular mechanisms has not been reviewed systematically. 2. H2S is the first identified endogenous gaseous opener of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Through the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, H2S lowers blood pressure, protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion injury, inhibits insulin secretion in pancreatic , cells, and exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and anti-apoptotic effects. 3. H2S inhibited L-type Ca2+ channels in cardiomyocytes but stimulated the same channels in neurons, thus regulating intracellular Ca2+ levels. H2S activated small and medium conductance KCa channels but its effect on BKCa channels has not been consistent. 4. H2S-induced hyperalgesia and pro-nociception seems to be related to the sensitization of both T-type Ca2+ channels and TRPV1 channels. The activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by H2S is believed to result in contraction of nonvascular smooth muscles and increased colonic mucosal Cl, secretion. 5. The activation of Cl, channel by H2S has been shown as a protective mechanism for neurons from oxytosis. H2S also potentiates N -methyl- d -aspartic acid receptor-mediated currents that are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity for learning and memory. 6. Given the important modulatory effects of H2S on different ion channels, many cellular functions and disease conditions related to homeostatic control of ion fluxes across cell membrane should be re-evaluated. [source] | ||||||||||||||||