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Vulgare L. (vulgare + l)
Kinds of Vulgare L. Selected AbstractsIdentification of the N-termini of NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A and B from barley etioplasts (Hordeum vulgare L.)FEBS JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Matthias Plöscher The N-termini of the NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) proteins A and B from barley and POR from pea were determined by acetylation of the proteins and selective isolation of the N-terminal peptides for mass spectrometry de novo sequence analysis. We show that the cleavage sites between the transit peptides and the three mature POR proteins are homologous. The N-terminus in PORA is V48, that in PORB is A61, and that in POR from pea is E64. For the PORB protein, two additional N-termini were identified as A62 and A63, with decreased signal intensity of the corresponding N-terminal peptides. The results show that the transit peptide of PORA is considerably shorter than previously reported and predicted by ChloroP. A pentapeptide motif that has been characterized as responsible for binding of protochlorophyllide to the transit peptide of PORA [Reinbothe C, Pollmann S, Phetsarath-Faure P, Quigley F, Weisbeek P & Reinbothe S (2008) Plant Physiol148, 694,703] is shown here to be part of the mature PORA protein. [source] Studies of Mediterranean oregano populations.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2006Chemical composition of essential oils of oreganos of various origins Abstract The essential oils of nine species of oregano (Oreganum calcaratum Jussieu, Oreganum lævigatum Boissier, Oreganum majorana var. majorana Linné, Oreganum majorana var. tenuifolium L., Oreganum microphyllum Vogel, Oreganum ramonense Danin, Oreganum rotondifolium Boissier, Oreganum vulgare ssp. virens L., Oreganum vulgare ssp. vulgare L.) were studied by GC and GC,MS; 134 constituents were identified. Essential oils compositions are generally close to those described in the literature. This study reveals new compositions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition of the essential oils of Marrubium parvi,orum Fisch.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005& C. A. Mey., Marrubium vulgare L. from Iran Abstract The composition of essential oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Marrubium parvi,orum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. and Marrubium vulgare L. (family Lamiaceae), were investigated by GC and GC,MS. Fifty-one components in the oil of M. parvi,orum, representing 96.8% of the total oil, and 34 components in the oil of M. vulgare, representing 95.1% of the total oil, were identi,ed. Both essential oils were characterized by a high amount of sesqiterpenes (77.8% and 82.5%, respectively) with bicyclogermacrene (26.3%), germacrene D (21.5%) and , -caryophyllene (15.6%) as the major constituents of M. parvi,orum, and , -bisabolene (25.4%), , -caryophyllene (11.6%), germacrene D (9.7%) and E - , -farnesene (8.3%) as the major component of M. vulgare. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Relationship of Carbon Isotope Discrimination to Water Use Efficiency and Productivity of Barley Under Field and Greenhouse ConditionsJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2007A. O. Anyia Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the application of carbon isotope discrimination (CID) as a selection criterion for improving water use efficiency (WUE) and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under field and drought-stress conditions in a greenhouse. A total of 54 genotypes were screened for variability in CID under field conditions, while 23 genotypes were evaluated under water-deficit conditions in the greenhouse. A survey of leaf CID of 54 genotypes at two field locations showed more than 2.14, difference between extreme genotypes. Significant (P , 0.05) genotypic variation was found in WUE and CID that had a negative strong correlation. There was a negative correlation between leaf CID and aerial biomass in the greenhouse and among six-row genotypes in the field. Correlations between leaf CID across field locations and across irrigation regimes in the greenhouse were significant (experiment 1, r = 0.79 and 0.94 for six- and two-row genotypes), suggesting stability of the CID trait across different environments. Overall, these results indicate the potential of leaf CID as a reliable method for selecting for high WUE and productivity in barley breeding programmes in the Canadian prairies. Further work is currently underway to determine heritability/genetics of leaf CID and application of molecular marker-assisted selection for the traits in barley breeding programmes. [source] Barley Autotoxicity as Influenced by Varietal and Seasonal VariationJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2005O. Oueslati Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely cultivated in the semi-arid region of Tunisia for grain production and grazing, which often occurs during the same season. We previously demonstrated autotoxic effects of barley among varieties. The present study was conducted to test the effects of barley variety and seasonal variation on the expression of autotoxicity by barley. Four barley varieties were grown in a field experiment over three growing seasons (1999,2000, 2000,01, 2001,02). In the laboratory, germination and seedling growth bioassays were used to assess autotoxicity potential of field-harvested barley. Barley autotoxicity was fully expressed based on inhibition of radicle growth detected in seedling bioassays. Stems were often the most allelopathic plant component. Allelopathic activity of the barley varieties differed across growing seasons suggesting the influence of a seasonal effect due to the extent of water deficit during the dry season and monthly rainfall variability. The results suggest that when planning to integrate barley within cropping sequences, barley producers should carefully select appropriate barley varieties to minimize autotoxicity, which can be more severe under drought conditions. [source] Spring Cereals for Forage and Grain Production in a Cool Maritime ClimateJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003A. G. Todd Abstract Newfoundland's climate is marginal for agricultural production. The availability of locally grown cereal grain and high-quality forage are major limitations to successful animal agriculture in this region. Here, our overall objective was to compare several spring cereal species for both annual forage and grain production in Newfoundland's cool Maritime climate. Several varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.),cereal mixtures for forage yield and quality, as well as grain yield and maturity, were compared in field trials on the east and west coasts in both 1999 and 2000. Barley headed earliest, yielded greatest forage dry matter, had lowest forage protein and acid detergent fibre (ADF) percentages, and had neutral detergent fibre (NDF) mean values greater than those of pea,cereal mixtures, but less than those of oats and wheat. Forage harvested from pea,cereal mixtures was similar to that of barley for yield, ADF and NDF, while P and protein percentage were much greater. Barley matured 10,15 days earlier than both wheat and oats. In general terms, all three spring cereals exhibited similar grain yield potential. Oats tillered less, but compensated by producing more kernels spike,1. Days to maturity for cereal grains in western Newfoundland were roughly similar to those reported for the Maritime provinces of Canada. Yield and maturity results for both forage and grain production suggest that eastern Newfoundland is a unique agro-ecoregion in North America, and agronomic recommendations specific to other regions may not be applicable in this region. [source] Effects of Salinity and Mixed Ammonium and Nitrate Nutrition on the Growth and Nitrogen Utilization of BarleyJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2001A. Ali The absorption and utilization of nitrogen (N) by plants are affected by salinity and the form of N in the root medium. A hydroponic study was conducted under controlled conditions to investigate growth and N uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) supplied with five different NH4+ -N/NO3, -N ratios at electrical conductivity of 0 and 8 dS m,1. The five NH4+ -N/NO3 -N ratios were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0, each giving a total N supply of 100 mg N l,1 in the root medium. A mixed N supply of NH4+ and NO3, resulted in greater accumulation of N in plants than either NO3, or NH4+ as the sole N source. Plants produced a significantly higher dry matter yield when grown with mixed N nutrition than with NH4+ or NO3, alone. Total dry matter production and root and shoot N contents decreased with increasing salinity in the root medium. The interaction between salinity and N nutrition was found to be significant for all the variables. A significant positive correlation (r=0.97) was found between nitrogen level in the plant shoot and its dry matter yield. Wachstum und Stickstoffausnutzung bei Gerste in Abhängigkeit von Versalzung und Michungen von Ammonium und Nitrat Aufnahme und Nutzung von N durch Pflanzen wird von der Versalzung und N-Form im Wurzelbereich bestimmt. Es wurde in Hydrokultur unter kontrollierten Bedingungen Wachstum und N-Aufnahme durch Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) bei Anwendung von fünf unterschiedlichen NH4+ -N/NO3, -N Verhältnissen bei einer elektrischen Konduktivität von 0 und 8 dS m,1 untersucht. Die Gesamtmenge von 100 mg N l,1 im Wurzelmedium wies NH4+ -N/NO3, -N Verhältnisse von 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 und 100/0 auf. Mischungen von NH4+ und NO3, führten zu einer größeren Aufnahme durch die Pflanzen als bei alleiniger Anwendung von NO3, oder NH4+. Die Pflanzen produzierten signifikant mehr Gesamttrockenmasse mit Mischungen der beiden N-Formen im Vergleich zu alleiniger Anwendung von NH4+ oder NO3,. Die Gesamttrockenmasse sowie die N-Gehalte von Wurzel und Sproß nahmen mit steigender Versalzung ab. Versalzungs- und N-Versorgungs-Interaktion war signifikant in allen Versuchsbedingungen. Eine signifikante positive Korrelation (r=0,97) wurde zwischen Stickstoffkonzentration und der Trockenmasseproduktion der Pflanze gefunden. [source] Pathogenic Variation among Isolates of Pyrenophora teres, the Causal Agent of Barley Net BlotchJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 7-8 2003M. I. E. Arabi Abstract Isolates of Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of net blotch of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been collected from France and Syria. Their virulence spectra were evaluated using 11 barley genotypes as differential hosts. The genotypes exhibited a continuous range of response from highly susceptible to moderately resistant. A mean disease rating of 3.7 is considered as the separation point between avirulent and virulent reactions. The frequency of virulence was highest for isolates S5, R5 and S6-2 and lowest for R-ICA31 and R-HAS-6. A cluster analysis indicated that the isolates exhibited distinct differential virulence patterns and they were identified into five groups. The French isolates S5, R5 and S6-2 had a higher mean virulence and a low variance across all genotypes. None of the tested genotypes was highly resistant to all investigated isolates. [source] Copper, zinc, and cadmium accumulation in two prairie soils and crops as influenced by repeated applications of manure,JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Sarah L. Lipoth Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effect of repeated (5,7 y) annual application of liquid swine or solid cattle manure on the plant availability of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) at two field sites in the W-central and E-central agricultural regions of Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil samples, plant-straw and grain samples from the 2003 growing season were collected and analyzed for total Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations using nitric acid microwave digestion followed by atomic-absorption spectroscopy. An ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extraction was performed on the soil samples as a measure of the plant-available fraction. Crop plants that were tested included wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results of this study indicated that long-term repeated applications of manure fertilizer sometimes resulted in increased plant availability of Cu, Zn, and Cd, as reflected in increased concentrations of the plant-available metal observed both in the soil and plant tissue. In the case of Cu and Zn, these increases were related to the rate of application, as the manure is a source of Cu and Zn. Changes in soil conditions from repeated manure application, including a decrease in pH and stimulated plant-root growth can explain the effect that both manure and urea-fertilizer application had on increasing the Cd concentration in the plant. Overall, there does not appear to be any concern about soil metal loading and plant accumulation in these soils after 5,7 y of manure application, as soil and plant concentrations were well below the allowable limits. [source] Coupling Short-Term Changes in Ambient UV-B levels with Induction of UV-Screening Compounds,PHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Joe H. Sullivan ABSTRACT A substantial number of studies have been conducted over the last several decades to assess the potential impacts of long-term increases in ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B between 280 and 320 nm) that will result from continued depletion of stratospheric ozone. However, seasonal changes, tropospheric chemistry and cloudiness are the dominant factors controlling ambient UV-B levels on a short-term or daily basis. The effects of short-term changes in UV-B on plant growth, phytochemistry and physiological processes have received relatively little attention. The USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program provides an excellent network of stations that provide an opportunity to monitor long-term changes in solar UV-B radiation and evaluate the responses of plants to short-term variation in UV-B levels on a near-real-time basis. In this study barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L] Merr.) were used as model systems. Emerging seedlings of these species were grown under either near-ambient levels of UV-B or under reduced levels (ca 90% reduction) in the field. Periodic measurements of foliar UV-screening compounds were made on separate groups of seedlings planted at intervals over the growing season during contrasting periods of ambient levels of UV radiation. The levels of UV-screening compounds correlated with UV-B levels in both species and with UV-A in soybean but the sensitivity of the response differed between the two species and among the soybean cultivars. Response differences among species may be related to unique secondary chemistry of each species, so one response estimate or action spectrum may not be appropriate for all species. [source] Tissue-specific mechanical microdissection of higher plantsPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 3 2006Marco Thome Higher plants are multicellular organisms, which exhibit a high degree of differentiation with respect to their anatomy, metabolism and gene expression. Analysing entire plants or organs results in an average of information of all tissues and cells included in the sample. In this way neither physiological processes nor gene expression can be attributed to particular tissues. For revealing the contributions of specific tissues to the overall metabolism and the gene expression, highly spatially resoluted cell sampling is a prerequisite. Here, mechanical microdissection (MMD), a low cost and easy to handle alternative to existing sampling techniques (e.g. laser-assisted microdissection or glass capillary,based sampling) was tested on several plant species (Arabidopsis thaliana L., Cucurbita maxima Duch., Hordeum vulgare L. and Pelargonium hybrid cultivar ,Graveolens'). The applicability and potential of MMD for separating tissues from different organs of these plants was demonstrated. Furthermore, A. thaliana samples were, as examples, tested for their RNA quality by reverse transcription,PCR and for tissue specificity by amplifying messenger RNA of tissue marker genes. [source] Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatases (MINPPs) are phytases expressed during grain filling and germination,PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007Giuseppe Dionisio Summary At present, little is known about the phytases of plant seeds in spite of the fact that this group of enzymes is the primary determinant for the utilization of the major phosphate storage compound in seeds, phytic acid. We report the cloning and characterization of complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding one of the groups of enzymes with phytase activity, the multiple inositol phosphate phosphatases (MINPPs). Four wheat cDNAs (TaPhyIIa1, TaPhyIIa2, TaPhyIIb and TaPhyIIc) and three barley cDNAs (HvPhyIIa1, HvPhyIIa2 and HvPhyIIb) were isolated. The open reading frames ranged from 1548 to 1554 bp and the level of homology between the barley and wheat proteins ranged from 90.5% to 91.9%. All cDNAs contained an N-terminal signal peptide encoding sequence, and a KDEL-like sequence, KTEL, was present at the C-terminal, indicating that the enzyme was targeted to and retained within the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression of TaPhyIIa2 and HvPhyIIb in Escherichia coli revealed that the MINPPs possessed a significant phytase activity with narrow substrate specificity for phytate. The pH and temperature optima for both enzymes were pH 4.5 and 65 °C, respectively, and the Km values for phytate were 246 and 334 µm for the wheat and barley recombinant enzymes, respectively. The enzymes were inhibited by several metal ions, in particular copper and zinc. The cDNAs showed significantly different temporal and tissue-specific expression patterns during seed development and germination. With the exception of TaPhyIIb, the cDNAs were present during late seed development and germination. We conclude that MINPPs constitute a significant part of the endogenous phytase potential of the developing and germinating barley and wheat seeds. [source] Identification of barley mutants in the cultivar ,Lux' at the Dhn loci through TILLINGPLANT BREEDING, Issue 4 2009S. Lababidi Abstract TILLING is a reverse genetic strategy that allows screening for mutations in genes with known sequences in a plant mutant population. A TILLING population has been developed for the Danish barley variety ,Lux' (Hordeum vulgare L.), by using sodium azide to induce mutations. Scoring of four visible phenotypic characters of barley seedling in reference to the parental cultivar ,Lux' in the M3 plants showed over 3.5% lethality. A series of pool ratios of mixed DNA from mutant lines were tested and 10-fold pools appeared to be the practical mixing ratio for the detection of fragments in the 500,700 bp range. Two of the 13 known dehydrin genes, Dhn12 and Dhn13, respectively, were examined and five independent missense mutations were obtained from a population of 9575 barley mutant plants. This corresponds to a mutation density of approximately one mutation every two and half million base pairs for these two genes. The mutant population of approximately 10 000 lines was screened for mutations in two genes in a short time due to high pooling ratio. [source] Electrophysiological characterization of pathways for K+ uptake into growing and non-growing leaf cells of barleyPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 12 2009VADIM VOLKOV ABSTRACT Potassium is a major osmolyte used by plant cells. The accumulation rates of K+ in cells may limit the rate of expansion. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of ion channels in K+ uptake using patch clamp technique. Ion currents were quantified in protoplasts of the elongation and emerged blade zone of the developing leaf 3 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A time-dependent inward-rectifying K+ -selective current was observed almost exclusively in elongation zone protoplasts. The current showed characteristics typical of Shaker-type channels. Instantaneous inward current was highest in the epidermis of the emerged blade and selective for Na+ over K+. Selectivity disappeared, and currents decreased or remained the same, depending on tissue, in response to salt treatment. Net accumulation rates of K+ in cells calculated from patch clamp current,voltage curves exceeded rates calculated from membrane potential and K+ concentrations of cells measured in planta by factor 2.5,2.7 at physiological apoplastic K+ concentrations (10,100 mm). It is concluded that under these conditions, K+ accumulation in growing barley leaf cells is not limited by transport properties of cells. Under saline conditions, down-regulation of voltage-independent channels may reduce the capacity for growth-related K+ accumulation. [source] The mechanism of boron tolerance for maintenance of root growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)PLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 8 2007EUN-YOUNG CHOI ABSTRACT Cultivar differences in root elongation under B toxic conditions were observed in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A significant increase in the length and width of the root meristematic zone (RMZ) was observed in Sahara 3771 (B tolerant) when it was grown under excessive B concentration, compared to when grown at adequate B supply. This coincided with an increase in cell width and cell numbers in the meristematic zone (MZ), whereas a significant decrease in the length and no significant effect on the width of the MZ was observed in Clipper (B intolerant) when it was grown under excessive B supply. This was accompanied by a decrease in cell numbers, but an increase in the length and width of individual cells present along the MZ. Excessive B concentrations led to a significantly lower osmotic potential within the cell sap of the root tip in SloopVic (B tolerant) and Sahara 3771, while the opposite was observed in Clipper. Enhanced sugar levels in the root tips of SloopVic were observed between 48 and 96 h after excess B was applied. This coincided with an increase in the root elongation rate and with a 2.7-fold increase in sucrose level within mature leaf tissue. A significant decrease in reducing sugar levels was observed in the root tips of Clipper under excessive B concentrations. This coincided with significantly lower root elongation rates and lower sucrose levels in leaf tissues. Results indicate a B tolerance mechanism associated with a complex control of sucrose levels between leaf and root tip that assist in maintaining root growth under B toxicity. [source] Influence of nitrogen source and concentration on nitrogen isotopic discrimination in two barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.)PLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 9 2003K. J. KOLB ABSTRACT The occurrence of nitrogen isotope discrimination with absorption and assimilation of nitrate (NO3,) and ammonium (NH4+) was investigated using two genotypes of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Steptoe and Az12 : Az70, the latter of which lacks the characterized nitrate reductase isozymes. Plants were grown under two situations: a closed system with limited nitrogen or an open system with unlimited nitrogen, to elucidate the conditions and processes that influence discrimination. There was no discrimination observed for Az12 : Az70 when supplied with limited nitrogen. Discrimination was observed for Steptoe seedlings at high external NO3, concentrations, but not with low NO3, when assimilation is probably rapid and complete. The same pattern was observed for Steptoe when NH4+ was supplied; indicating that for both nitrogen forms discrimination is dependent upon the presence of the assimilatory enzyme and the external concentration. The implications of this study are that both internal (assimilatory enzyme distribution) and external (source concentration) factors may have a larger impact on tissue , 15N than the form of nitrogen utilized. This suggests that tissue , 15N may not always be a reliable indicator of a plant's integrated nitrogen nutrition. [source] Tissue-dependent limited pleiotropy affects gene expression in barleyTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 2 2008Elena Potokina Summary Non-synonymous coding mutations in a gene change the resulting protein, no matter where it is expressed, but the effects of cis -regulatory mutations could be spatially or temporally limited , a phenomenon termed limited pleiotropy. Here, we report the genome-wide occurrence of limited pleiotropy of cis -regulatory mutations in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using Affymetrix analysis of 22 840 genes in a population of 139 doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between the cultivars Steptoe (St) and Morex (Mx). We identified robust cis -acting expression regulators that segregate as major genes in two successive ontogenetic stages: germinating embryo tissues and seedling leaves from the embryonic axis. We show that these polymorphisms may be consistent in both tissues or may cause a dramatic change in transcript abundance in one tissue but not in another. We also show that the parental allele that increases expression can vary with the tissue, suggesting nucleotide polymorphism in enhancer sequences. Because of the limited pleiotropy of cis -regulating mutations, the number of cis expression quantitative trait loci (cis -eQTLs) discovered by ,genetical genomics' is strongly affected by the particular tissue or developmental stage studied. Given that limited pleiotropy is a common feature of cis -regulatory mutations in barley, we predict that the phenomenon would be relevant to developmental and/or tissue-specific interactions across wide taxonomic boundaries in both plants and animals. [source] Apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy in extruded diets from cultivars of barley and wheat selected for nutritional quality in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykissAQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009T.G. GAYLORD Abstract A digestibility trial was conducted to elucidate potential differences in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines and varieties as a first step in defining their potential for use in aquafeeds. A diverse group of six barley lines having six combinations of selected attributes, normal versus low phytic acid, normal versus waxy, and hulled versus hull-less, were chosen for evaluation along with a waxy wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soft white wheat. The experimental diets were manufactured by cooking extrusion and consisted of a 70% reference diet that was formulated to contain a minimal level of phosphorus and 30% test ingredient. Phosphorus availability ranged from 17 to 78% and was influenced by starch type in wheat. Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 53 to 125% and differences were observed between wheat varieties based on starch type. Apparent energy digestibility ranged from 32 to 63%, with waxy barley varieties having higher energy digestibility coefficients than normal starch varieties. Waxy starch varieties had higher starch digestibility in both barley and wheat because of the greater digestibility of amylopectin than amylose. In summary, the higher energy digestibility of waxy barley lines suggests that these varieties warrant further attention as feed ingredients for rainbow trout. [source] | ||||||||||||||||