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Vulgare
Kinds of Vulgare Terms modified by Vulgare Selected AbstractsANTIOXBDANT PROPERTIES OF OREGANO (ORIGANUM VULGARE) LEAF EXTRACTSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2000GIOVANNA CERVATO ABSTRACT We tested the antioxidant properties of both aqueous and methanolic extracts of oregano (origanum vulgare) They proved to be effective in the inhibition of all phases of the peroxidative process: first neutralizing free radicals (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), then blocking peroxidation catalysis by iron (through iron-chelating and iron-oxidizing properties), and finally through interruption of lipid-radical chain reactions (chain-breaking activity). Their anti-glycosylation activity was also effective. The glycosylation oflipoproteins is directly related to their peroxidation. The amount of extract used in our experiments was obtained from 0.1,1 mg of dried leaves, amounts far less than those normally used in the Mediterranean diet. [source] Wedged between bottom-up and top-down processes: aphids on tansyECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Bernhard Stadler Abstract., 1. Many species of aphids exploit a single host-plant species and have to cope with changing environmental conditions. They often vary greatly in abundance even when feeding on the same host. In a field experiment, the bottom-up (plant quality/patch type frequency) and top-down (ant attendance/predation) effects on the abundance of four species of aphids feeding on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) were tested using a full factorial design. In addition, a model was used to examine these patch characteristics for their relative effects on the population dynamics and abundance of different aphid species. 2. Aphid numbers changed significantly depending on the quality of the host plant and the presence/absence of attending ants. The obligate myrmecophile, Metopeurum fuscoviride, was abundant on high-quality plants, while on poor quality plants or on plants without attending ants these aphids did not survive until the end of the experiment. The facultative myrmecophiles, Aphis fabae and Brachycaudus cardui, and the unattended aphid species, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, all reached similar peak population densities, but M. tanacetaria did best in poor quality patches. 3. Natural enemies reduced aphid numbers, but those species feeding on high-quality plants survived longer than those on poor-quality plants, which existed only for a short period of time, especially when associated with ants. Losses due to migration of winged morphs and mortality caused by parasitoids were insignificant. 4. Varying the frequency of different patch types in a model indicates that different degrees of associations with ants are favoured in different environments. If the proportion of high-quality patches in a habitat is large, obligate myrmecophiles do best. On increasing the number of poor-quality patches, unattended species become more abundant. 5. The results suggest that, in spite of large species specific differences in growth rates, degree of myrmecophily or life cycle features, the temporal and spatial variability in top-down and bottom-up forces differentially affects aphid species and allows the simultaneous exploitation of a shared host-plant species. [source] Identification of hydroxyl copper toxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgare) root elongation in solution cultureENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2009Xuedong Wang Abstract The effect of pH on the acute toxicity of Cu to barley (Hordeum vulgare) root elongation was investigated in solution culture. The results showed that the median effective concentrations (EC50s; i.e., the concentration that reduced root elongation by 50% based on free Cu2+ activity) were not significantly different in the low-pH range from 4.5 to 6.5, but in the high-pH range from 7.0 to 8.0, a significant effect of pH on EC50s was found. The nonlinear relationship between EC50 and H+ activity in the present study indicated that the increased toxicity with increasing pH in solution may not be caused by decreasing H+ competition. When we take account of CuOH+ activities, a good linear relationship (r2 > 0.97) between the ratio of CuOH+ activity to free Cu2+ activity and acute Cu toxicity to barley root elongation was achieved, which indicated that the observed toxicity in the high-pH range may be caused by CuOH+ plus free Cu2+ in solution. Linear-regression analysis suggested CuOH+ had a greater binding affinity than Cu2+ at the biotic ligand sites. The logistic dose,response curve showed that expressing the Cu dose as Cu2+ + 2.92·CuOH+ improved the data fit significantly compared to consideration of the free Cu2+ activity only. Thus, our results suggest CuOH+ was highly toxic to barley root elongation. The enhanced toxicity of CuOH+ therefore needs to be considered when modeling the effect of pH on Cu toxicity to barley for exposures having pH greater than 6.5. [source] Chemical composition of the essential oils of Marrubium parvi,orum Fisch.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005& C. A. Mey., Marrubium vulgare L. from Iran Abstract The composition of essential oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Marrubium parvi,orum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. and Marrubium vulgare L. (family Lamiaceae), were investigated by GC and GC,MS. Fifty-one components in the oil of M. parvi,orum, representing 96.8% of the total oil, and 34 components in the oil of M. vulgare, representing 95.1% of the total oil, were identi,ed. Both essential oils were characterized by a high amount of sesqiterpenes (77.8% and 82.5%, respectively) with bicyclogermacrene (26.3%), germacrene D (21.5%) and , -caryophyllene (15.6%) as the major constituents of M. parvi,orum, and , -bisabolene (25.4%), , -caryophyllene (11.6%), germacrene D (9.7%) and E - , -farnesene (8.3%) as the major component of M. vulgare. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Enantiomeric composition of (E)- and (Z)-sabinene hydrate and their acetates in ,ve Origanum spp.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005Olga Larkov Abstract The enantiomers of (E)- and (Z)-sabinene hydrate and of (E)- and (Z)-sabinene hydrate acetate from extracts of Origanum ramonense Danin, O. dayi Post, O. majorana L., O. vulgare L. ssp. vulgare and O. syriacum L. ssp. syriacum were analysed by GC,MS with chiral and non-chiral capillary columns. The order of elution, the enantiomeric ratios and relative percentages of the four pairs of enantiomers were determined. The (1S)-enantiomers of (E)-sabinene hydrate and (E)-sabinene hydrate acetate were predominant in O. dayi, whereas in the other Origanum spp. the (1R)-enantiomers were predominant. (Z)-sabinene hydrate acetate was not detected in O. syriacum, while the (1R)-enantiomer was present in an optically pure form in O. ramonense, O. majorana and O. vulgare; in O. dayi the enantiomeric purity was 97%. The enantiomeric distributions of (E)- and (Z)-sabinene hydrate and their acetates were determined for the ,rst time in Origanum spp. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Utilization of essential oil as natural antifungal against nail-infective fungiFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Mamta Patra Abstract During antifungal screening of some essential oils, Foeniculum vulgare exhibited the strongest activity, completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of the nail-infective fungi, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and Scytalidium dimidiatum. The essential oil was found to be fungicidal at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5 µl/ml concentrations. The oil was efficiently active against heavy doses of inoculum at minimum fungicidal concentrations. The fungicidal activity of the oil was found to be thermostable up to 80 °C, with no descramble decrease in activity after 48 months of storage. The oil also showed a broad fungitoxic spectrum, inhibiting the mycelial growth of other nail-infective fungi, viz. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger,A. ustus, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microporum audouinii, M. canis, M. gypseum, M. nanum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton tonsurans and T. violaceum. Moreover, it did not exhibit any adverse effects on mammalian skin and nails up to 5% concentration. As such, the oil has a potential use as an effective herbal chemotherapeutic after undergoing successful clinical trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Seedling recruitment dynamics of forage and weed species under continuous and rotational sheep grazing in a temperate New Zealand pastureGRASS & FORAGE SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005G. R. Edwards Abstract Understanding the grazing conditions under which plant populations are limited by seed availability (seed limitation) is important for devising management schemes that aim to manipulate the establishment of weed and forage species. Seeds of three weed species (Cirsium arvense, C. vulgare and Rumex obtusifolius) and five forage species (Lolium perenne, Lotus uliginosus syn. L. pedunculatus, Paspalum dilatatum, Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium repens) were broadcast sown into L. perenne,T. repens pastures in Manawatu, New Zealand and five sheep-grazing and two slug-grazing (with and without molluscicide) treatments were imposed in a split-plot design. Of the five sheep-grazing treatments, four compared continuous grazing with rotational grazing at intervals of 12, 24 and 36 d in spring, with all four grazed under a common rotation for the remainder of the year. The fifth treatment was continuous grazing all year. Seed sowing increased seedling emergence of C. vulgare, L. perenne, P. lanceolata, R. obtusifolius and T. repens under all sheep- and slug-grazing treatments, with differences in seedling densities persisting for at least 21 months. Seed sowing did not increase seedling densities of C. arvense, L. uliginosus or P. dilatatum. The effects of sheep-grazing management on seedling emergence and survival were uncoupled. For the five seed-limited species, seedling emergence was greater on pastures that were rotationally grazed during spring compared with those that were continuously grazed. However, seedling survival was lower in pastures grazed rotationally during summer, autumn and winter, so that after 21 months seedling numbers were greater on plots that were continuously grazed all year. Exclusion of slugs increased seedling recruitment of T. repens but had no impact on the other species. As weed and forage species responded in a similar way to sheep-grazing management (increased under continuous, decreased under rotational), it is unlikely that the goals of reducing weed invasions and enhancing forage species establishment could be carried out concurrently in established pastures with the same management. [source] Different Patterns of Physiological and Molecular Response to Drought in Seedlings of Malt- and Feed-type Barleys (Hordeum vulgare)JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010M. Rapacz Abstract A number of physiological and molecular characteristics are proposed as selection criteria for drought tolerance. This study measured the associations between physiological and molecular characteristics of drought response in malting and fodder spring barleys. Plants of 13 malt- and 14 feed-type Polish genotypes were exposed to drought at the four-leaf stage for 7 days. Drought susceptibility indexes (DSI) were calculated for membrane integrity, water status, gas exchange and PSII photochemical activity. Accumulation of HVA1 and SRG6 transcripts in drought was measured with real-time PCR. A wide range of variation in the drought response was observed among studied genotypes. Malting barleys were less sensitive to drought than feed-barleys according to all the traits studied. In both groups, different patterns of relationships between traits were observed. In malting genotypes only, CO2 assimilation rates in drought, as well as PSII efficiency were related to both water content and the accumulation of HVA1 transcript in leaves. On the other hand the SRG6 expression was highly correlated in both groups of barley with the photochemical efficiency of PSII. The results suggest that different physiological, biochemical and molecular characteristics should be applied in the selection towards drought resistance in the case of malting and fodder barleys. [source] Impact of Soil Tillage and Crop Rotation on Barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Weeds in a Semi-arid EnvironmentJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 6 2004H. Z. Ghosheh Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of mouldboard- or chisel-ploughing and rotations on barley crops and associated weeds in a semi-arid location. Two primary soil tillage operations and eight crop rotation-tillage operation combinations were evaluated over two successive seasons. Drought conditions prevailed (<152 mm annual precipitation) and affected the measured parameters. Barley grown in mouldboard-ploughed plots had higher biomass compared with chisel-ploughed plots. Barley grain yield was greater in mouldboard-ploughed plots in a fallow-fallow-barley rotation. Weed species densities varied between tillage systems and rotations. Density of Hordeum marinum, for example, was high in fallow-barley-fallow in chisel-ploughed plots, and was high under more continuous fallow in mouldboard-ploughed plots. Similar variations were also observed in weed fresh weights and in numbers of seed produced. The results describe the productivity of barley under extremely dry conditions, where an advantage for mouldboard ploughing was observed. The results also indicate the complexity of weed communities in their response towards different tillage-rotation combinations. [source] The Change of Heat Emission and Phenolic Compound Level in Hordeum vulgare (L.) and Festuca pratensis (Huds.) Calli Treated with Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 1 2000Phytotoxins The presented work was conducted on calli of spring barley and meadow fescue that differed in degree of sensitivity to leaf spot pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. Callus reaction to fungus phytotoxins was examined on the basis of the amount of total phenolics and heat emission. The study was conducted dynamically , the measurements were performed after 1, 3, 6, 10, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 240 h after the moment when the calli were elicited with fungus metabolites. The greatest metabolic activity of fescue calli was observed between the 6th and the 24th h after treatment with phytotoxins and amounted to 170 % of control values. On the 10th day of culture this activity dramatically decreased in comparison with control (17 %). In the case of barley calli, increased heat emission was registered during the first 10 h of pathogenesis (130,150 % of control values). Calli of both studied plant species also differed in the dynamics of phenolic content changes. In meadow fescue tissue a significant decrease in phenolic level in comparison with control (40 %) was observed after the 7th day of experiment. In barley calli the amount of total phenolics decreased within the first 3 h (60,70% of control). The results obtained show that spring barley and meadow fescue differ in the rate of reaction to B. sorokiniana phytotoxins with regard to changes in metabolic activity and phenolic content. It also suggests a different degree of the plants sensitivity to the studied pathogen on tissue level. [source] Time allocation of a parasitoid foraging in heterogeneous vegetation: implications for host,parasitoid interactionsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2007TIBOR BUKOVINSZKY Summary 1Changing plant composition in a community can have profound consequences for herbivore and parasitoid population dynamics. To understand such effects, studies are needed that unravel the underlying behavioural decisions determining the responses of parasitoids to complex habitats. 2The searching behaviour of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum was followed in environments with different plant species composition. In the middle of these environments, two Brassica oleracea plants infested by the host Plutella xylostella were placed. The control set-up contained B. oleracea plants only. In the more complex set-ups, B. oleracea plants were interspersed by either Sinapis alba or Hordeum vulgare. 3Parasitoids did not find the first host-infested plant with the same speed in the different environments. Sinapis alba plants were preferentially searched by parasitoids, resulting in fewer initial host encounters, possibly creating a dynamic enemy-free space for the host on adjacent B. oleracea plants. In set-ups with H. vulgare, also, fewer initial host encounters were found, but in this case plant structure was more likely than infochemicals to interfere with the searching behaviour of parasitoids. 4On discovering a host-infested plant, parasitoids located the second host-infested plant with equal speed, demonstrating the effect of experience on time allocation. Further encounters with host-infested plants that had already been visited decreased residence times and increased the tendency to leave the environment. 5Due to the intensive search of S. alba plants, hosts were encountered at lower rates here than in the other set-ups. However, because parasitoids left the set-up with S. alba last, the same number of hosts were encountered as in the other treatments. 6Plant composition of a community influences the distribution of parasitoid attacks via its effects on arrival and leaving tendencies. Foraging experiences can reduce or increase the importance of enemy-free space for hosts on less attractive plants. [source] Effect of oregano (O. majorana × O. vulgare) on performance and antioxidative capacity of quails fed a diet rich in ,3 fatty acidsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3 2008S. Handl Summary Oregano possesses high antioxidant activity and could therefore be used to enhance oxidative stability of eggs high in ,3 fatty acids. In this study, 20 female quails were fed a diet containing 4% linseed oil. They were divided into two groups, one receiving oregano, and the other grass meal as control (2% respectively). Cholesterol oxidation products were analysed in fresh eggs, in stored eggs and in the livers. Trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity of plasma was measured. No significant differences were seen between the groups. [source] Vegetable and animal food sorts found in the gastric content of Sardinian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa meridionalis)JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5-6 2007W. Pinna Summary Authors report results emerging from gastric content analysis from n. 96 wild boars hunted in Sardinia isle, during the hunting tide (2001,2005), from November to January. Mean pH of the gastric content was 3.77 ± 0.69. Mean total capacity (TC) of each stomach was 1702 ± 680 g. Mean Stuff ratio (CW/TC) between the content weight (CW) and stomachs TC was 0.45. Food categories found in animal stomachs were: 19 categories of vegetal species (Allium spp., Arbutus unedo, Arisarum vulgare, Avena fatua, Avena sativa, Castanea sativa, Ceratonia siliqua, Chamaerops umilis, Cichorium intybus, Hordeum sativum, Juniperus oxycedrus, Myrtus communis, Olea europea, Pirus amygdaliformis, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus spp., Rhamnus alaternus, Triticum durum, Zea mais); 11 categories of animal species (Agriotes lineatus, Apodemus sylvaticus dicrurus, Chalcides chalcides, Chalcides ocellatus tiligugu, Crematogaster scutellaris, Forficula auricularia, Helix aspersa, Lumbricus terrestris, Ovis aries, Podarcis tiliguerta tiliguerta, Scolopendra cingulata); three categories were identified in general terms (insects larvae, hairs of mammals, feathers of birds). Food categories found in the stomach contents of Sus scrofa meridionalis confirm observations by other researchers who report the prevalence of vegetables in spite of animal food sorts in the wild boar diet in Italian regions. [source] Competitive dynamics in two- and three-component intercropsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2007METTE KLINDT ANDERSEN Summary 1Intercropping is receiving increasing attention because it offers potential advantages for resource utilization, decreased inputs and increased sustainability in crop production, but our understanding of the interactions among intercropped species is still very limited. 2We grew pea Pisum sativum, barley Hordeum vulgare and rape Brassica napus as sole crops and intercrops under field conditions using a replacement design. We collected total dry matter data from sequential harvests and fitted the data to a logistic growth model. At each harvest we estimated the relative Competitive Strength (CS) of the three crops by fitting the data to a simple interspecific competition model. 3The pea monocrop produced the largest amount of biomass from the middle to the end of the growth period, but pea was not dominant in intercrops. 4Fitting data to a logistic growth model emphasizes the importance of initial size differences for interactions among intercrops. Barley was the dominant component of the intercrops largely because of its initial size advantage. The competitive effect of barley on its companion crops, measured as CS, increased throughout most of the growing season. 5The performance of each crop species was very different when it grew with a second species rather than in monoculture, but addition of a third crop species had only minor effects on behaviour of the individual crops. 6Synthesis and applications. Including sequential harvests in experiments on intercropping can provide important information about how competitive hierarchies are established and change over time. Our results suggest that increased understanding of the role of asymmetric competition among species and the resulting advantages of early germination and seedling emergence would be valuable in designing intercrops. More focus on understanding the mechanisms that govern interactions between intercropped species is needed for designing optimized intercropping systems. [source] Plant colonization after managed realignment: the relative importance of diaspore dispersalJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005MINEKE WOLTERS Summary 1Deliberate breaching of sea defences is frequently practised with the aim of restoring salt-marsh vegetation on previously embanked land. However, experience so far has shown that it may take several years before salt-marsh vegetation is fully established, and it is possible that limited diaspore dispersal plays a role in this. In order to ascertain whether salt-marsh development may be constrained by limited diaspore dispersal, we studied the dispersal of salt-marsh species by tidal water. 2From October 2001 to the end of March 2002 a total of 38 species, of which 18 were salt-marsh species, was trapped in a restoration site and adjacent marsh. Aster tripolium, Limonium vulgare, Puccinellia maritima, Salicornia spp., Spergularia media and Suaeda maritima were the most abundant salt-marsh species, with more than 3 diaspores m,2 trapped during the study period. 3For most species, the number of diaspores trapped was representative of their abundance in nearby vegetation. Hence, despite the potential for long-distance transport by tidal water, our results indicate a predominantly local dispersal of salt-marsh species. 4Synthesis and applications. For the restoration of salt-marsh vegetation after de-embankment, relatively rapid colonization may be expected from pioneer and low-marsh species, provided they are present in a nearby source area and the restoration site is at the appropriate altitude. The establishment of species absent from the adjacent marsh may be dependent on the presence of birds or humans as the main dispersal agents. Breaching of sea defences should preferably take place before or during September, in order to take advantage of the peak in dispersal of salt-marsh species in the first year after breaching. [source] Control of Aspergillus section Flavi growth and aflatoxin accumulation by plant essential oilsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008R. Bluma Abstract Aims:, The antifungal effect of Pimpinella anisum (anise), Pëumus boldus (boldus), Mentha piperita (peppermint), Origanum vulgare (oregano) and Minthosthachys verticillata (peperina) essential oils against Aspergillus section Flavi (two isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus and two isolates of Aspergillus flavus) was evaluated in maize meal extract agar at 0·982 and 0·955 water activities, at 25°C. Methods and Results:, The percentage of germination, germ-tube elongation rate, growth rate and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) accumulation at different essential oils concentrations were evaluated. Anise and boldus essential oils were the most inhibitory at 500 mg kg,1 to all growth parameters of the fungus. These essential oils inhibited the percentage of germination, germ-tube elongation rate and fungal growth. AFB1 accumulation was completely inhibited by anise, boldus and oregano essential oils. Peperina and peppermint essential oils inhibited AFB1 production by 85,90% in all concentrations assayed. Conclusions:, Anise and boldus essential oils could be considered as effective fungitoxicans for Aspergillus section flavi. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Our results suggest that these phytochemical compounds could be used alone or in conjunction with other substances to control the presence of aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize. [source] The renal effects of alginates isolated from brown seaweed Sargassum vulgareJOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Alessandra de Paula Alves Sousa Abstract Alginates isolated from Sargassum vulgare, present a strong antitumor activity, associated with kidney reversible damage, as analysed by histopathology of treated animals. In the present study, the renal alteration mechanisms of S. vulgare alginates were investigated using the isolated perfused rat kidney and the isolated perfused rat mesenteric blood vessel methods. The results showed that the effects of Sargassum vulgare low viscosity (SVLV) alginate were more potent than those of Sargassum vulgare high viscosity (SVHV) alginate in the isolated rat kidney. The SVLV alginate caused considerable changes in renal physiology, as shown by an increase in parameters such as perfusion pressure, renal vascular resistance, glomerular filtration rate, urinary flow and sodium, potassium and chloride excretion and by reduction of chloride tubular transport. The effects of SVHV were weaker than those of SVLV. The effects of SVLV on kidney could be related to direct vascular action as demonstrated with SVLV alginate on mesenteric blood vessels. In conclusion, the Sargassum vulgare alginate altered the renal function parameters evaluated. S. vulgare low viscosity alginate renal effects were more potent than S. vulgare high viscosity alginate. It is suggested that physicochemical differences between SVHV and SVLV could explain the differences found in the results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans on rosemary extract agar and oregano extract agarJOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2008Érico Silva de Loreto Abstract Candida dubliniensis is a recently described pathogenic species which shares many phenotypic features with Candida albicans and therefore, may be misidentified in microbiological laboratories. Because molecular methods can be onerous and unfeasible in routine mycological laboratories with restricted budgets such as those in developing countries, phenotypic techniques have been encouraged in the development of differential media for the presumptive identification of these species. We examined the colony morphology and chlamydospore production of 30 C. dubliniensis isolates and 100 C. albicans isolates on two new proposed media: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract agar (REA) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) extract agar (OEA). These substrates are traditionally used as spices and medicinal herbs. In both of these media, all C. dubliniensis isolates (100%) showed rough colonies with peripheral hyphal fringes and abundant chlamydospores after 24 to 48,hr of incubation at 25°C. In contrast, under the same conditions, all isolates of C. albicans (100%) showed smooth colonies without hyphal fringes or chlamydospores. In conclusion, REA and OEA offer a simple, rapid, and inexpensive screening media for the differentiation of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 22:172,177, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] ANTIOXBDANT PROPERTIES OF OREGANO (ORIGANUM VULGARE) LEAF EXTRACTSJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2000GIOVANNA CERVATO ABSTRACT We tested the antioxidant properties of both aqueous and methanolic extracts of oregano (origanum vulgare) They proved to be effective in the inhibition of all phases of the peroxidative process: first neutralizing free radicals (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), then blocking peroxidation catalysis by iron (through iron-chelating and iron-oxidizing properties), and finally through interruption of lipid-radical chain reactions (chain-breaking activity). Their anti-glycosylation activity was also effective. The glycosylation oflipoproteins is directly related to their peroxidation. The amount of extract used in our experiments was obtained from 0.1,1 mg of dried leaves, amounts far less than those normally used in the Mediterranean diet. [source] AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF SOME BRAZILIAN SEAWEED SPECIESJOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2000MÁRCIO VIANA RAMOS Fourteen common seaweed species from northeastern Brazil were examined for protein content and amino acid composition. Protein content varied greatly among the species, ranging from 2.30% (dry weight basis) in Corallina offlcinalis to 25.60%, in Amansia multifida. The species Amansia multifida, Caulerpa sertularioides. Enantiocladia dupcrreyi, Solieria filiformis and Vidalia obtusiloba had protein levels comparable to those of many edible legume seeds, above 18%. They showed high levels of acidic amino acids and reasonable levels of essential amino acids, with methionine being the first limiting amino acid for most of the species. The exceptions were Sargassum vulgare that had a very high content of methionine and Caulerpa sertularioides in which lysine is the first limiting amino acid and methionine the second limiting one. All species are rich in phenylalanine/tyrosine and threonine, and six are very good sources of lysine. The potential use of these species as food and/or feed is discussed. [source] Comparison of various extraction techniques for isolation and determination of isoflavonoids in plantsJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 1 2007Bajer Abstract In the present paper, the following extraction techniques have been used for extracting isoflavonoids from the species Matricaria recutita, Rosmarinus officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, and Agrimonia eupatoria L.: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized fluid extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion, ultrasonic extraction in an ultrasonic bath (USE) and by means of an ultrasonic homogeniser (HOM), extraction by means of Soxhlet apparatus (SOX), and solid phase extraction. Experimental optimization of all techniques has been carried out using a soybean flour. Subsequent analyses of the extracts were carried out by liquid chromatography with UV detection. The maximum yields of daidzein and genistein were obtained by extraction with the SOX, USE, and HOM techniques. The maximum yields of apigenin and biochanin A from herb samples were obtained by SFE. [source] Characterization of six microsatellite loci in Echium vulgare (Boraginaceae)MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 2 2003G. Korbecka Abstract Echium vulgare is a tetraploid plant with a very low selfing rate in the field. We suspect that cryptic self incompatibility plays a role in this species. In order to show lower success of self pollen/selfed embryos, after pollination with a mixture of self and outcross pollen, a paternity analysis has to be done. For the purpose of such analysis we developed microsatellites in E. vulgare. In this study, we report on six microsatellite loci which are easy to score, polymorphic, with a number of alleles per locus ranging from two to eight and, therefore, suitable for paternity analysis. [source] Isolate specificity of quantitative trait loci for partial resistance of barley to Puccinia hordei confirmed in mapping populations and near-isogenic linesNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2008Thierry C. Marcel Summary ,,Partial resistance is considered race-nonspecific and durable, consistent with the concept of ,horizontal' resistance. However, detailed observations of partial resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) in barley (Hordeum vulgare) revealed small cultivar × isolate interactions, suggesting a minor-gene-for-minor-gene interaction model, similar to so-called ,vertical' resistance. ,,Three consistent quantitative trait loci (QTLs), labelled Rphq2, Rphq3 and Rphq4, that were detected in the cross susceptible L94 × partially resistant Vada have been incorporated into the L94 background to obtain near-isogenic lines (NILs). Three isolates were used to map QTLs on seedlings of the L94 × Vada population and to evaluate the effect of each QTL on adult plants of the respective NILs under field conditions. ,,Rphq2 had a strong effect in seedlings but almost no effect in adult plants, while Rphq3 was effective in seedlings and in adult plants against all three isolates. However, Rphq4 was effective in seedlings and in adult plants against two isolates but ineffective in both development stages against the third, demonstrating a clear and reproducible isolate-specific effect. The resistance governed by the three QTLs was not associated with a hypersensitive reaction. ,,Those results confirm the minor-gene-for-minor-gene model suggesting specific interactions between QTLs for partial resistance and P. hordei isolates. [source] Multivesicular compartments proliferate in susceptible and resistant MLA12 -barley leaves in response to infection by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungusNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2006Qianli An Summary ,,There is growing evidence that multivesicular bodies and cell wall-associated paramural bodies participate in the enhanced vesicle trafficking induced by pathogen attack. ,,Here, we performed transmission electron microscopy in combination with cytochemical localization of H2O2 to investigate multivesicular compartments during establishment of compatible interaction in susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare) and during hypersensitive response in resistant MLA12 -barley infected by the barley powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). ,,Multivesicular bodies, intravacuolar vesicle aggregates and paramural bodies proliferated in the penetrated epidermal cell during development of the fungal haustorium. These vesicular structures also proliferated at the periphery of intact cells, which were adjacent to the hypersensitive dying cells and deposited cell wall appositions associated with H2O2 accumulation. All plasmodesmata between intact cells and hypersensitive cells were constricted or blocked by cell wall appositions. ,,These results suggest that multivesicular compartments participate in secretion of building blocks for cell wall appositions not only to arrest fungal penetration but also to contain hypersensitive cell death through blocking plasmodesmata. They may also participate in internalization of damaged membranes, deleterious materials, nutrients, elicitors and elicitor receptors. [source] Carbohydrate,ethanol transition in cereal grains under anoxiaNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 3 2001Lorenzo Guglielminetti Summary ,,Cereal grains differ greatly in their reponses to anaerobiosis. Here, the in vivo conversion of carbohydrates to ethanol and CO2 under anoxia is reported for three cereal grains. ,,The conversion of glucose, fructose or sucrose to ethanol under anaerobic conditions was investigated in rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains; alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) and pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) activities were also analysed under aerobic and anaerobic incubation. ,,Our data suggest that rice grains are able to produce ethanol under anoxia for the whole period of anoxic treatment, whereas barley and wheat grains can produce this terminal product of fermentation only during the first days of anaerobiosis. The level of enzymes involved in the fermentation pathway increases strongly under anoxic conditions in all three cereals. ,,Conversion of hexose to CO2 is nearly unaffected by anoxia in wheat, barley and rice, whereas only rice grains are able to degrade and utilize sucrose efficiently under anoxia. By contrast, wheat and barley do not utilize sucrose efficiently under anaerobic conditions. [source] Repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditionsPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 11 2004Soon-Il Kim Abstract The repellency of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller)-containing products (5% aerosol and 8% cream) against mosquitoes was compared with those of citronella oil, geranium oil and deet, as well as three commercial repellents, Baby Keeper® cream containing IR3535, MeiMei® cream containing citronella and geranium oils, and Repellan S® aerosol containing 19% N,N -diethyl- m -toluamide (deet) under laboratory and field conditions. In a laboratory study with female Aedes aegypti (L), fennel oil exhibited good repellency in a release-in-cage test and repellency in skin and patch tests of the oil was comparable with those of citronella and geranium oils. In paddy field tests with five human volunteers, 5% and 8% fennel oil-containing aerosol and cream produced 84% and 70% repellency, respectively, at 90 min after exposure, whereas Baby Keeper cream and MeiMei cream gave 71% and 57% repellency at 90 min after exposure, respectively, and Repellan S aerosol gave 89% repellency at 210 min. The species and ratio of mosquitoes collected were the genera Culex (44.1%), Anopheles (42.2%), Aedes (7.8%) and Armigeres (5.9%). Fennel oil-containing products could be useful for protection from humans and domestic animals from vector-borne diseases and nuisance caused by mosquitoes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Epigenetic chromatin modifiers in barley: I. Cloning, mapping and expression analysis of the plant specific HD2 family of histone deacetylases from barley, during seed development and after hormonal treatmentPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 3 2009Kyproula Demetriou Epigenetic phenomena have been associated with modifications of chromatin structure. These are achieved, in part, by histone post-translational modifications including acetylations and deacetylations, the later being catalyzed by histone deacetylaces (HDACs). Eukaryotic HDACs are grouped into three major families, RPD3/HDA1, SIR2 and the plant-specific HD2. HDAC genes have been analyzed from model plants such as Arabidopsis, rice and maize and have been shown to be involved in various cellular processes including seed development, vegetative and reproductive growth and responses to abiotic and biotic stress, but reports on HDACs from other crops are limited. In this work two full-length cDNAs (HvHDAC2-1 and HvHDAC2-2) encoding two members of the plant-specific HD2 family, respectively, were isolated and characterized from barley (Hordeum vulgare), an agronomically important cereal crop. HvHDAC2-1 and HvHDAC2-2 were mapped on barley chromosomes 1H and 3H, respectively, which could prove useful in developing markers for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. Expression analysis of the barley HD2 genes demonstrated that they are expressed in all tissues and seed developmental stages examined. Significant differences were observed among tissues and seed stages, and between cultivars with varying seed size, suggesting an association of these genes with seed development. Furthermore, the HD2 genes from barley were found to respond to treatments with plant stress-related hormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) implying an association of these genes with plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. The expression pattern of HD2 genes suggests a possible role for these genes in the epigenetic regulation of seed development and stress response. [source] Mobility of boron,polyol complexes in the hemiparasitic association between Rhinanthus minor and Hordeum vulgare: the effects of nitrogen nutritionPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 1 2008Fan Jiang Boron (B) is an essential nutrient required for plant growth and physiological processes. Long-distance B transport is facilitated by the formation of B,polyol complexes. We investigated B uptake and distribution in response to differing levels of exogenous nitrogen supply in the hemiparasitic association between Rhinanthus minor and Hordeum vulgare (barley) and in unparasitised barley and single Rhinanthus plants. In this system, the polyol mannitol is the major assimilate in Rhinanthus, whereas polyols are not detectable in barley. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that the accumulation of polyols within Rhinanthus is negatively affected by the application of exogenous nitrogen. Within the association, the strongest accumulation of B was detected in lateral buds and inflorescences of Rhinanthus, consistent with the greatest B demand in strong sink organs supplied through the phloem that contain high concentrations of mannitol. In the host, the strongest B accumulation was found in xylem-supported leaf lamellae. Roots and sheaths did not accumulate substantial amounts of B, while re-circulation of B through the phloem vessels accounted for only 10% (unparasitised) and 8% (parasitised) of the xylem sap-imported B in the mannitol-free barley hosts. In contrast, 53% (attached) and 39% (in the absence of a host) of the xylem sap-imported B was re-circulated in the phloem in the mannitol-rich Rhinanthus. We therefore present the first quantitative uptake and flow models of long-distance B transport in polyol-rich and polyol-free plants. Our findings are consistent with a close relationship between B re-translocation and mannitol concentrations in phloem vessels. [source] Honeydew amino acids in relation to sugars and their role in the establishment of ant-attendance hierarchy in eight species of aphids feeding on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2004J. Woodring Abstract., The ratio of the concentration of honeydew total amino acids to total sugars in the honeydew of eight species of aphids, all feeding on tansy, Tanacetum vulgare (L.), was determined and correlated with honeydew production and ant-attendance. The honeydew of the five ant-attended aphid species [Metopeurum fuscoviride (Stroyan), Trama troglodytes (v. Hayd), Aphis vandergooti (Börner), Brachycardus cardui (L.), Aphis fabae (Scopoli)] was rich in total amino acids, ranging from 12.9 to 20.8 nmol µL,1 compared with the unattended aphid Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria (Kalt.) with only 3 nmol µL,1. Asparagine, glutamine, glutamic acid and serine (all nonessential amino acids) were the predominant amino acids in the honeydew of all species. The total concentration of amino acids in the phloem sap of tansy was much higher (78.7 nmol µL,1) then in the honeydew samples, and the predominant amino acids were glutamate (34.3%) and threonine (17.7%). A somewhat unexpected result was the finding that those aphid species with the highest total amino acid concentration in the honeydew always had the highest concentration of sugars. The lowest amino acid,sugar combined value was 104,28.8 nmol µL,1 in the non ant-attended species M. tanacetaria, and the highest value was an average of 270,89.9 nmol µL,1 for the three most intensely attended aphid species M. fuscoviride, A. vandergooti and T. troglodytes. There is no evidence that any single amino acid or group of amino acids in the honeydew acted as an attractant for ant-attendance in these eight aphid species. The richness of the honeydew (rate of secretion × total concentration of sugars), along with the presence of the attractant sugar melezitose, comprised the critical factors determining the extent of ant-attendance of the aphids feeding on T. vulgare. The high total amino acid concentration in sugar-rich honeydews can be explained by the high flow-through of nutrients in aphids that are particularly well attended by ants. [source] Near-infrared analysis of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) on different spectrometers,basic considerations for a reliable networkPHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 5 2003Boris Steuer Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and transferability of near-infrared (NIR) calibrations for estimating the content and composition of the volatile fraction in fennel fruits (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) as an example of medicinal and spice plants. A master calibration with spectra obtained on a scanning monochromator was generated using 345 samples from three different harvests (1997,1999). A subset of 70 samples from 1999 was also measured on a dispersive grating and a scanning diode array system to gain an insight into the in,uence of sample presentation and scanning techniques. For all instruments, calibrations with standard errors in the range of the reference method were achieved. Furthermore the in,uence of storage on NIR spectra and, additionally, the potential of transferring spectra between both scanning monochromators was studied. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||