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Urine Only (urine + only)
Selected AbstractsDetection of Recent Ethanol Intake With New Markers: Comparison of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Serum and of Ethyl Glucuronide and the Ratio of 5-Hydroxytryptophol to 5-Hydroxyindole Acetic Acid in UrineALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2005K Borucki Background: At present, recent ethanol consumption can be routinely detected with certainty only by direct measurement of ethanol concentration in blood or urine. Because ethanol is rapidly eliminated from the circulation, however, the time span for this detection is in the range of hours. Several new markers have been proposed to extend the detection interval, but their characteristics have not yet justified their use in routine clinical practice. We therefore investigated three new markers and compared their kinetics and sensitivities: (1) fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in serum, (2) ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in urine, and (3) the ratio of 5-hydroxytryptophol to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HTOL/5-HIAA) in urine. Methods: Seventeen healthy men participated in a drinking experiment. Blood and urine samples were collected twice daily on three consecutive days and once daily on days 4 and 5. Ethanol concentration was determined by gas chromatography, FAEE levels, by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, EtG concentration, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio, by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The peak serum ethanol concentrations of the subjects ranged from 5.4 to 44.7 mmol/liter (mean ± SD, 30.1 ± 9.1 mmol/liter). In the case of the serum ethanol determination, 100% sensitivity was reached only immediately after the end of the drinking experiment, and in the case of FAEE levels and 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio, it tested for 6.7 hr after the end of the ethanol intake. Thereafter, these latter parameters declined until 15.3 hr (FAEEs) and 29.4 hr (5-HTOL/5-HIAA), subsequently remaining in a stable range until 78.5 hr without further decrease. In contrast, EtG concentration showed 100% sensitivity until 39.3 hr and thereafter decreased, falling to below the limit of quantification of 0.1 mg/liter at 102.5 hr. Conclusion: After moderate drinking, EtG in the urine proved to be a superior marker of recent ethanol consumption in healthy subjects. This is because EtG is a direct ethanol metabolite, it occurs in the urine only when ethanol has been consumed, and its sensitivity remains at the level of 100% for 39.3 hr. [source] Subjective and objective incontinence 5 to 10 years after Burch colposuspensionNEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 2 2002Sigurd Kulseng-Hanssen Abstract The outcome of incontinence surgery was studied using a questionnaire, a 24-hour pad test (24hPT), and a stress test (ST). Five to 10 years after a Burch colposuspension, 111 patients were asked to complete the Bristol Female Urinary Tract Symptom Questionnaire (BFLUTS) and to perform a 24hPT and a ST. Eighty-two patients completed the questionnaire and 71 and 69 patients performed the stress and pad tests, respectively. Seventy-three percent of the patients did not leak during the ST and 75% of the patients were not leaking during the 24hPT. Seventy-three percent of the patients stated that they were at least occasionally stress or urge incontinent and 62% stated that they were both stress and urge incontinent. However, only 24% of the stress incontinent and 28% of the urge incontinent patients found their incontinence to be "quite a problem" or "a serious problem." Patients leaking urine only "occasionally," "once a week," leaking "drops," and finding the leakage to be "a bit of a problem" had median leakage 0g during ST and 24hPT. Patients who reported the leakage to occur "sometimes" "most or all of the time" and who found the leakage to be "a bit, quite, or a serious problem" accounted for 20 to 30% of all patients, as did patients leaking during objective tests. Objective tests revealed leakage to occur less frequently compared with self-reported leakage. The BFLUTS questionnaire revealed leakage to occur with varying frequency, amount, and bother. Leakage occurring seldom, of small amount and bother may be of minor clinical importance. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:100,105, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Genital Carriage of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) DNA in Prepubertal Girls with and without Vulval DiseasePEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Jennifer Powell, M.R.C.P. Our objective was to compare HPV in prepubertal girls with and without lichen sclerosus (LS). We compared the frequencies and types of HPV in girls with LS with those in children with non-LS vulval disease (vulval swab and urine) and in children with no known vulval disease (urine only). HPV DNA was detected using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with general and consensus primers amplifying a region of the L1 gene, and PCR amplicons were typed using reverse hybridization with labeled HPV type-specific probes. Specimens untypeable by this method were typed by DNA sequencing. In the cohort of children with LS, we recorded the presence of maternal anogenital warts or a dysplastic cervical smear within 3 years of the affected child's birth. We found that HPV was present in the urine and vulval swabs of 8 of 32 children with LS and in 2 of 31 children with non-LS vulval disease, but also in the urine of 7 of 29 controls. In those with LS, the frequency was not increased significantly, but the types were predominantly those commonly associated with dysplasia of the cervix, penis, vulva, and anus, as opposed to the broader spectrum of types found in the control group, not all dysplasia associated. Two of the 32 mothers reported warts, and 15 of 32 (46.9%) had an abnormal smear. (The national average of abnormal cervical smears is less than 10%.) We concluded that HPV appears to be common in all prepubertal girls, but children with LS carried types associated with dysplasia and their mothers had had a high incidence of dyskaryotic smears. [source] Integrated analytical approach in veal calves administered the anabolic androgenic steroids boldenone and boldione: urine and plasma kinetic profile and changes in plasma protein expressionPROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 17 2007Rosa Draisci Abstract Surveillance of illegal use of steroids hormones in cattle breeding is a key issue to preserve human health. To this purpose, an integrated approach has been developed for the analysis of plasma and urine from calves treated orally with a single dose of a combination of the androgenic steroids boldenone and boldione. A quantitative estimation of steroid hormones was obtained by LC-APCI-Q-MS/MS analysis of plasma and urine samples obtained at various times up to 36 and 24,h after treatment, respectively. These experiments demonstrated that boldione was never found, while boldenone ,- and ,-epimers were detected in plasma and urine only within 2 and 24,h after drug administration, respectively. Parallel proteomic analysis of plasma samples was obtained by combined 2-DE, MALDI-TOF-MS and ,LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS procedures. A specific protein, poorly represented in normal plasma samples collected before treatment, was found upregulated even 36,h after hormone treatment. Extensive mass mapping experiments proved this component as an N-terminal truncated form of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), a protein involved in cholesterol transport. The expression profile of ApoA1 analysed by Western blot analysis confirmed a significant and time dependent increase of this ApoA1 fragment. Then, provided that further experiments performed with a growth-promoting schedule will confirm these preliminary findings, truncated ApoA1 may be proposed as a candidate biomarker for steroid boldenone and possibly other anabolic androgens misuse in cattle veal calves, when no traces of hormones are detectable in plasma or urine. [source] | ||||||||||