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Upper Body (upper + body)
Selected AbstractsThe development of "roughness" in the play fighting of rats: A Laban Movement Analysis perspectiveDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Afra Foroud Abstract With increasing age, rats, when play fighting, become rougher. In part, this change can be accounted for by the increasing likelihood of using adult-typical fighting tactics. However, even when using the same tactics, adults appear rougher than juveniles in their play. In this study, videotaped sequences of play fighting in rats from the juvenile (30 days) to the post-pubertal (70 days) period were analyzed using Laban Movement Analysis (LMA). Movement qualities called Effort Factors in LMA captured the character of some of this change. Juveniles tended to use Indulging Efforts, whereas older rats tended to use Condensing Efforts. The latter are related to performing movements that are more controlled. This greater level of control was also evident in the way older rats maintained postural support during play fights. When standing over supine partners, juveniles are more likely to stand on the partner with all four paws, reducing their postural stability, and hence ability to control their partner's movements. Older rats are more likely to place their hind paws on the ground, thus providing a firmer anchor for movements with their upper bodies and forepaws. These age-related changes in behavior were found for both males and females. The findings lend support to a growing body of evidence that play fighting in the juvenile phase of rats is not just a more frequently occurring version of that present in adults, but rather, has unique organizational properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 35,43, 2003. [source] Differences in endoscopic views during biopsy through the right and left lower biopsy channels of the upper gastrointestinal endoscopeDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 3 2004Naoki Mantani Background:, It has not been established as to which side the biopsy (instrument) channel should be placed in the tip of a front-viewing upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscope to allow an en-face approach to lesions on various aspects of the stomach wall. Methods:, Using a front-viewing two-channel endoscope, we identi,ed a difference in endoscopic views during biopsy between lower-right and lower-left channels. Colored marks were distributed on the lesser curvature (LC), greater curvature (GC), anterior wall (AW), and posterior wall (PW) in the ,stomach' of a dummy for mock-performance of upper GI endoscopy. When biopsy forceps through the different channels touched the marks, an endoscopic photograph was taken. Furthermore, when biopsy specimens were obtained from PW lesions in several patients, endoscopic views were compared between the two biopsy channels. Results:, In the dummy study, no remarkable difference was detected in targeting the marks on AW, LC, or GC of the stomach. The dummy and the patient study showed that the lower-right approach could target PW lesions with a more adequate endoscopic view than from the lower left. The lower-left approach targeted PW lesions on the higher body with a nearly blinded endoscopic view. Specimens from PW of the upper body, which could be precisely obtained under direct visual control through the lower-right channel, were no smaller than those obtained using the channel on the lower left. Conclusion:, The present study suggests that the lower-right channel may be preferable to the lower-left channel in the tip of a front-viewing upper GI endoscope. [source] SOLITARY PEDUNCULATED GASTRIC GLAND HETEROTOPIA TREATED BY ENDOSCOPIC POLYPECTOMY: REPORT OF A CASEDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 1 2001Kazuo Kitabayashi The patient, a 68-year-old woman with a long-standing history of schizophrenia, was admitted to our hospital complaining of vomiting which had lasted approximately 3 weeks. Endoscopic examination of the stomach revealed a solitary pedunculated submucosal tumor, of approximately 2 cm in diameter, on the anterior wall of the upper body, close to the greater curvature. The lesion was endoscopically excised using a polypectomy snare without any complication. Microscopic examination was compatible with the diagnosis of gastric gland heterotopia showing submucosal proliferation of pseudopyloric glands, fundic glands and foveolar epithelium with fibromuscular stromal framework. The proliferating foveolar epithelium and fibromuscular stroma were in continuity with the overlaying gastric mucosa and muscularis mucosae, respectively. The lesion was entirely covered by normal gastric epithelium. No atypical cells were revealed in the lesion. The clinical significance of gastric gland heterotopia is unclear because of its controversial histogenesis and carcinogenetic potential. We herein report a rare case of solitary pedunculated gastric gland heterotopia with some review of scientific reports. [source] A case study of possible differential diagnoses of a medieval skeleton from Denmark: leprosy, ergotism, treponematosis, sarcoidosis or smallpox?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 4 2007M. Lefort Abstract This paper uses macroscopic and radiological examinations to provide differential diagnoses of pathological lesions in the skeleton of a young woman, 20,25 years of age, which triggered the Danish palaeopathologist Vilhelm Møller-Christensen's interest in leprosy. The skeleton was incomplete, but the majority of bones of the upper body, as well as the skull, were present. The pathological changes consisted of medullary and cortical lytic foci, periosteal reaction and enhanced cortical density. The lesions were most extensive on the left side, especially around the elbow, wrist and scapula. Treponematosis, leprosy, smallpox, ergotism, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis and sarcoidosis are all reviewed with regard to bone and joint pathology and their likelihood of being the correct diagnosis. We concluded that the most plausible diagnosis is treponematosis, but neither sarcoidosis nor smallpox can be completely excluded. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Differences among forced-air warming systems with upper body blankets are small.ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 9 2003A randomized trial for heat transfer in volunteers Background:, Forced-air warming is known as an effective procedure in prevention and treatment of perioperative hypothermia. Significant differences have been described between forced-air warming systems in combination with full body blankets. We investigated four forced-air warming systems in combination with upper body blankets for existing differences in heat transfer. Methods:, After approval of the local Ethics Committee and written informed consent, four forced-air warming systems combined with upper body blankets were investigated in a randomized cross-over trial on six healthy volunteers: (1) BairHuggerÔ 505 and Upper Body Blanket 520, Augustine Medical; (2) ThermaCareÔ TC 3003, GaymarÔ and OptisanÔ Upper Body Blanket, Brinkhaus; (3) WarmAirÔ 134 and FilteredFlowÔ Upper Body Blanket, CSZ; and (4) WarmTouchÔ 5800 and CareDrapeÔ Upper Body Blanket, Mallinckrodt. Heat transfer from the blanket to the body surface was measured with 11 calibrated heat flux transducers (HFTs) with integrated thermistors on the upper body. Additionally, the blanket temperature was measured 1 cm above the HFT. After a preparation time of 60 min measurements were started for 20 min. Mean values were calculated over 20 min. The t -test for matched pairs with Bonferroni-Holm-correcture for multiple testing was used for statistical evaluation at a P -level of 0.05. The values are presented as mean±SD. Results:, The WarmTouchÔ blower with the CareDrapeÔ blanket obtained the best heat flux (17.0±3.5 W). The BairHuggerÔ system gave the lowest heat transfer (8.1±1.1 W). The heat transfer of the ThermaCareÔ system and WarmAirÔ systems were intermediate with 14.3±2.1 W and 11.3±1.0 W. Conclusions:, Based on an estimated heat loss from the covered area of 38 W the heat balance is changed by 46.1 W to 55 W by forced-air warming systems with upper body blankets. Although the differences in heat transfer are significant, the clinical relevance of this difference is small. [source] Independent changes in female body shape with parity and age: A life-history approach to female adiposityAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Jonathan C.K. Wells Both aging and reproduction have been shown to influence female body shape in industrialized populations, involving redistribution of fat from lower to upper body regions. However, the extent to which effects of parity vary by age and the extent to which age affects shape independent of parity remain unclear. We studied shape variability in relation to age and parity in a cross-sectional survey of 4,130 white British women, using three-dimensional photonic scanning. In women ,40 years, bearing children was associated with increased abdominal and reduced thigh girths, independent of age and BMI. Very few such differences were statistically significant in women >40 years, suggesting the effects of parity on shape wash out over time. In nulliparous women, aging was associated with shape variability, independent of BMI, with a similar pattern of associations evident in women both ,40 and >40 years. Our data support previous findings of "covert maternal depletion" in relation to parity, but show that this is merely a more pronounced component of a general strategic shift of fat from lower to upper body with age. These findings are consistent with a life-history model of female energy stores being allocated to competing "reproduction" and "maintenance" depots, with the optimal trade-off strategy changing with age and with that strategic shift accelerated by bearing children. This model is relevant to the "grandmother hypothesis." The dual effects of age and parity on fat distribution substantially resolve by old age the profound sexual dimorphism in adiposity present at the start of adult life. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Aortic isthmus Doppler velocimetry: role in assessment of preterm fetal growth restrictionPRENATAL DIAGNOSIS, Issue 5 2010M. M. Kennelly Abstract Intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR) is an important pregnancy complication associated with significant adverse clinical outcome, stillbirth, perinatal morbidity and cerebral palsy. To date, no uniformly accepted management protocol of Doppler surveillance that reduces mortality and cognitive morbidity has emerged. Aortic isthmus (AoI) evaluation has been proposed as a potential monitoring tool for IUGR fetuses. In this review, the current knowledge of the relationship between AoI Doppler velocimetry and preterm fetal growth restriction is reviewed. Relevant technical aspects and reproducibility data are reviewed as we discuss AoI Doppler and its place within the existing repertoire of Doppler assessments in placental insufficiency. The AoI is a link between the right and left ventricles which perfuse the lower and upper body, respectively. The clinical use of AoI waveforms for monitoring fetal deterioration in IUGR has been limited, but preliminary work suggests that abnormal AoI impedance indices are an intermediate step between placental insufficiency-hypoxemia and cardiac decompensation. Further prospective studies correlating AoI indices with arterial and venous Doppler indices and perinatal outcome are required before encorporating this index into clinical practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Economic intensification and degenerative joint disease: Life and labor on the postcontact north coast of PeruAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Haagen D. Klaus Abstract This study tests the hypothesis that the colonial economy of the Lambayeque region of northern coastal Peru was associated with a mechanically strenuous lifestyle among the indigenous Mochica population. To test the hypothesis, we documented the changes in the prevalence of degenerative joint disease (or DJD) in human remains from the late pre-Hispanic and colonial Lambayeque Valley Complex. Comparisons were made using multivariate odds ratios calculated across four age classes and 11 principle joint systems corresponding to 113 late pre-Hispanic and 139 postcontact adult Mochica individuals. Statistically significant patterns of elevated postcontact DJD prevalence are observed in the joint systems of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and knee. More finely grained comparison between temporal phases indicates that increases in prevalence were focused immediately following contact in the Early/Middle Colonial period. Analysis of DJD by sex indicates postcontact males experienced greater DJD prevalence than females. Also, trends between pre- and postcontact females indicate nearly universally elevated DJD prevalence among native colonial women. Inferred altered behavioral uses of the upper body and knee are contextualized within ecological, ethnohistoric, and ethnoarchaeological frameworks and appear highly consistent with descriptions of the local postcontact economy. These patterns of DJD appear to stem from a synergism of broad, hemispheric level sociopolitical alterations, specific changes to Mochica activity and behavior, regional economic intensification, and local microenvironmental characteristics, which were all focused into these biological outcomes by the operation of a colonial Spanish political economy on the north coast of Peru from A.D. 1536 to 1751. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Influence of body fat distribution on oxygen uptake and pulmonary performance in morbidly obese females during exerciseRESPIROLOGY, Issue 1 2001Jing Li Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fat distribution on aerobic and ventilatory response to exercise testing in morbidly obese (MO) females. Methodology: The study population consisted of 164 MO females, 55% (n = 90) with upper body or abdominal adiposity (UBD), as defined by waist,hip circumference ratio (WHR) , 0.80, and 45% (n = 74) with lower body fat distribution (LBD) (WHR < 0.80). An incremental exercise testing on cycle ergometer was performed to determine the effect of exercise on oxygen consumption (V·O2), carbon dioxide production (V·CO2), minute ventilation (V·E), tidal volume ( T), respiratory rate (fb) and heart rate (HR). Results: Upper body adiposity individuals had significantly higher O2 and V·CO2 than LBD subjects (P < 0.05) from 0 watt (W) of pedalling up to their anaerobic threshold (AT) and maximal exercise. E was significantly higher in UBD subjects compared with LBD subjects, from 20 W during exercise up to AT and peak work levels (P < 0.05). Upper body adiposity group also had a significantly higher fb than the LBD group at rest, after each workload and at AT and peak exercise work rates (P < 0.05). T was lower in UBD subjects at free pedalling and up to AT and peak workload with significant difference at 60 and 80 W (P < 0.05). The anaerobic threshold, expressed as work rate, was significantly lower in the UBD subjects (P < 0.05) and peak workload achieved did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusions: Upper body adiposity subjects had higher oxygen requirement, more rapid and shallow breathing, higher ventilatory demand, but lower anaerobic threshold than the LBD individuals during progressive exercise. It suggests that the cardiopulmonary endurance to exercise in MO patients with upper body fat distribution is lower than in those with lower body fat distribution. [source] Toxic epidermal necrolysis and neutropaenia: Complications of omeprazoleAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Avnesh S Thakor ABSTRACT Worldwide, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are one of the most frequently prescribed drugs; however, up to 70% of patients taking these drugs have no appropriate indication. Although PPI are relatively well tolerated, they are not free from side-effects and several life-threatening complications are associated with them. In the present report, a 43-year-old woman presented to her general practitioner with an erythematous rash over her face and chest, having been started on omeprazole for chronic abdominal bloating. Over the next 24 h she became increasingly unwell and was admitted to hospital with shortness of breath, pyrexia and the rash spreading over her back, arms and legs. Vesicles had now started to appear within the erythematous regions over her upper body and within 24 h the rash became confluent and desquamative, spreading to involve her entire body. A diagnosis of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) was made. Despite supportive treatment within a critical care setting, she became neutropaenic and her skin loss became more extensive, resulting in 95% epidermal detachment. This case highlights that TEN is a life-threatening condition associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Optimal management requires early diagnosis and transfer to a specialized unit. Clinicians need to be aware that PPI are not free from side-effects and that their routine prescription should be strongly discouraged. [source] Cancer incidence after localized therapy for prostate cancerCANCER, Issue 5 2006Kihyuck Moon MD Abstract BACKGROUND. Second cancers may occur in patients who have undergone radiation therapy. The risk for these adverse events after therapy is uncertain. In this study, the authors examined the size and significance of the observed association between occurrences of secondary cancers 5 years after radiotherapy in a large population of men with incident prostate cancer. METHODS. Men with incident prostate cancer were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry and were distinguished by the type of treatment received, tumor stage, tumor grade, and age at diagnosis. SEER data also were used to identify occurrences of secondary cancer beginning 5 years after the date patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted odds of the subsequent occurrence of other cancers associated with types of radiation therapy received and was adjusted for the type of surgery, tumor grade, stage, and patient age. RESULTS. Compared with men who received no prostate cancer-directed radiation, men who received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) as their only form of radiation therapy had statistically significant increased odds of developing secondary cancers at several sites potentially related to radiation therapy, including the bladder (odds ratio [OR], 1.63; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.44,1.84) and rectum (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.29,1.99). Men who received EBRT also had statistically significant higher odds of developing secondary cancers at sites in the upper body and other areas not potentially related to radiation therapy, including the cecum (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10,1.70), transverse colon (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.30,2.63), brain (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.22,2.75), stomach (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09,1.75), melanoma (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.09,1.53), and lung and bronchus (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13,1.37) compared with the odds among men who received no radiation therapy. Men who received radiation therapy in the form of radioactive implants or isotopes, either in isolation or combined with beam radiation, did not have significantly different odds of secondary cancer occurring at any of the 20 most common sites. CONCLUSIONS. Patients who received with EBRT had significantly higher odds of developing second cancers both overall and in the areas that were exposed to radiation. It is noteworthy that, to the authors' knowledge, this report shows for the first time that, despite the higher doses of radiation delivered, patients who received radioactive implants had the lowest odds of developing second cancers. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society. [source] A systematic review of the features that indicate intentional scalds in childrenCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2009Richard Reading A systematic review of the features that indicate intentional scalds in children . MaguireS., MoynihanS., MannM., PotokarT. & KempA. M. ( 2008 ) Burns , 34 , 1072 , 1081 . DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.02.011 . Background Most intentional burns are scalds, and distinguishing these from unintentional causes is challenging. Aim To conduct a systematic review to identify distinguishing features of intentional and unintentional scalds. Methods We performed an all language literature search of 12 databases 1950,2006. Studies were reviewed by two paediatric/burns specialists, using standardized methodology. Included: Primary studies of validated intentional or accidental scalds in children 0,18 years old and ranked by confirmation of intentional or unintentional origin. Excluded: Neglectful scalds; management or complications; studies of mixed burn type or mixed adult and child data. Results A total of 258 studies were reviewed, and 26 included. Five comparative studies ranked highly for confirmation of intentional/unintentional cause of injury. The distinguishing characteristics were defined based on best evidence. Intentional scalds were commonly immersion injuries, caused by hot tap water, affecting the extremities, buttocks or perineum or both. The scalds were symmetrical with clear upper margins, and associated with old fractures and unrelated injuries. Unintentional scalds were more commonly due to spill injuries of other hot liquids, affecting the upper body with irregular margins and depth. Conclusions We propose an evidence-based triage tool to aid in distinguishing intentional from unintentional scalds, requiring prospective validation. [source] Cerebral tissue oxygenation index and superior vena cava blood flow in the very low birth weight infantACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2009M Moran Abstract Background: Superior vena cava (SVC) flow assesses blood flow from the upper body, including the brain. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides information on brain perfusion and oxygenation. Aim: To assess the relationship between cerebral tissue oxygenation index (cTOI) and cardiac output measures in the very low birth weight (VLBW) infant in the first day of life. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study. Neonates with birth weight less than 1500 g (VLBW) were eligible for enrollment. Newborns with congenital heart disease, major congenital malformations and greater than Papile grade1 Intraventricular Haemorrhage on day 1 of life were excluded. Echocardiographic evaluation of SVC flow was performed in the first 24 h of life. Low SVC flow states were defined as a flow less than 40 mL/kg/min. cTOI was measured using NIRO 200 Hamamatsu. Results: Twenty-seven VLBW neonates had both echocardiography and NIRS performed. The median (range) gestation was 29/40 (25 + 3 to 31 + 5 weeks) and median birth weight was 1.2 kg (0.57,1.48 kg). The mean (SD) TOI was 68.1 (7.9)%. The mean (SD) SVC flow was 70.36(39.5) mLs/kg/min. The correlation coefficient of cerebral tissue oxygenation and SVC flow was r = 0.53, p-value 0.005. There was a poor correlation between right and left ventricular output and cTOI which is not surprising considering the influence of intra- and extracardiac shunts. Conclusion: There is a positive relationship between cerebral TOI values and SVC flow in the very low birth infant on day one of life. [source] | ||||||||||||||||