Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Unusual Phenomenon (unusual + phenomenon)
Selected AbstractsNumerical simulation of the unsteady flow over an elliptic cylinder at different orientationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 8 2001H. M. Badr Abstract A numerical method is developed for investigating the two-dimensional unsteady viscous flow over an inclined elliptic cylinder placed in a uniform stream of infinite extent. The direction of the free stream is normal to the cylinder axis and the flow field unsteadiness arises from two effects, the first is due to the flow field development following the start of the motion and the second is due to vortex shedding in the wake region. The time-dependent flow is governed by the full conservation equations of mass and momentum with no boundary layer approximations. The parameters involved are the cylinder axis ratio, Reynolds number and the angle of attack. The investigation covers a Reynolds number range up to 5000. The minor,major axis ratio of the elliptic cylinder ranges between 0.5 and 0.6, and the angle of attack ranges between 0° and 90°. A series truncation method based on Fourier series is used to reduce the governing Navier,Stokes equations to two coupled infinite sets of second-order differential equations. These equations are approximated by retaining only a finite number of terms and are then solved by approximating the derivatives using central differences. The results reveal an unusual phenomenon of negative lift occurring shortly after the start of motion. Various comparisons are made with previous theoretical and experimental results, including flow visualizations, to validate the solution methodology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Threading warts: a beauty parlor dermatosisJOURNAL OF COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Rajesh Kumar MD Summary Threading is a common beauty parlor procedure usually performed to shape the eyebrows and remove unwanted facial hair for cosmetic reasons. Appearance of warts at the site of threading is an unusual phenomenon. We report two such cases, first as koebnerization from the initial lesion elsewhere on the patient's body and second, possibly from the infected material at the beauty parlor. We emphasize the importance of identification of this condition and discuss its dermatological and cosmetological perspectives. [source] Effects of salt stress on purslane (Portulaca oleracea) nutritionANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009M. Teixeira Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the influence of saline stress on the chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea), in particular the mineral composition. Four salinity levels were investigated using irrigation solutions with electrical conductivity values of 0.8, 6.8, 12.8 and 24.2 dS m,1 and two planting dates (May and July) were tested. Samples of full-grown leaf and stems of purslane were harvested after 7 and 15 days of the saline treatment exposure. Chemical analysis (dry matter basis) of leaves showed significant differences among the different saline treatments for all the characteristics measured. Salinity levels, planting date and harvest time significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the levels of crude protein, total lipids, ash and carbohydrate content. Salinity treatments did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the water content of purslane leaves. The crude protein content of purslane leaves decreased with increasing salinity levels and time of exposure to treatment. However, carbohydrates and mineral residue content increased. An unusual phenomenon was noted for intermediate salinity levels, whereby an increase in total lipid content was measured in leaves of plants exposed to salinity treatments of 6.8 and 12.8 dS m,1. The highest mineral residue content was seen in leaves of purslane exposed to the highest salinity treatment. The mineral composition was also affected by salinity levels, Na and Cl uptake, and accumulation increased with increasing salinity in irrigation solution; Mg concentration was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by salinity levels, although a slight increase was seen, and Ca, K and Zn levels significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. Ca and Zn preferentially accumulated in the leaves, while K and Na values were higher in the stems. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in relative ratio of Na/K, Mg/K, Na/Ca and Mg/Ca was observed with increasing salinity levels. A decrease in the yield of purslane was only observed for the most severe saline treatment, where the highest ratio of Mg/Ca was seen. This study reveals that purslane is relatively tolerant to conditions of moderate salinity, thus improving its potential to become a key vegetable crop for animal and human consumption. [source] Structure determination of a cocaine hydrolytic antibody from a pseudomerohedrally twinned crystalACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D, Issue 12 2002Nicholas A. Larsen Few examples of pseudomerohedrally twinned macromolecular crystals have been described in the literature. This unusual phenomenon arises when a fortuitous unit-cell geometry makes it possible for twinning to occur in a space group that ordinarily does not allow twinning. Here, the crystallization, structure determination and refinement of the cocaine hydrolytic antibody 15A10 at 2.35,Å resolution are described. The crystal belongs to space group P21, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit and unit-cell parameters a = 37.5, b = 108.4, c = 111.3,Å and , fortuitously near 90°; the refined twinning fraction is , = 0.43. Interestingly, the non-crystallographic symmetry (NCS) and twin operators are nearly parallel, which appears to be a relatively frequent situation in protein crystals twinned by merohedry or pseudomerohedry. [source] The evolution of human fatness and susceptibility to obesity: an ethological approachBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 2 2006Jonathan C. K. Wells ABSTRACT Human susceptibility to obesity is an unusual phenomenon amongst animals. An evolutionary analysis, identifying factors favouring the capacity for fat deposition, may aid in the development of preventive public health strategies. This article considers the proximate causes, ontogeny, fitness value and evolutionary history of human fat deposition. Proximate causes include diet composition, physical activity level, feeding behaviour, endocrine and genetic factors, psychological traits, and exposure to broader environmental factors. Fat deposition peaks during late gestation and early infancy, and again during adolescence in females. As in other species, human fat stores not only buffer malnutrition, but also regulate reproduction and immune function, and are subject to sexual selection. Nevertheless, our characteristic ontogenetic pattern of fat deposition, along with relatively high fatness in adulthood, contrasts with the phenotype of other mammals occupying the tropical savannah environment in which hominids evolved. The increased value of energy stores in our species can be attributed to factors increasing either uncertainty in energy availability, or vulnerability to that uncertainty. Early hominid evolution was characterised by adaptation to a more seasonal environment, when selection would have favoured general thriftiness. The evolution of the large expensive brain in the genus Homo then favoured increased energy stores in the reproducing female, and in the offspring in early life. More recently, the introduction of agriculture has had three significant effects: exposure to regular famine; adaptation to a variety of local niches favouring population-specific adaptations; and the development of social hierarchies which predispose to differential exposure to environmental pressures. Thus, humans have persistently encountered greater energy stress than that experienced by their closest living relatives during recent evolution. The capacity to accumulate fat has therefore been a major adaptive feature of our species, but is now increasingly maladaptive in the modern environment where fluctuations in energy supply have been minimised, and productivity is dependent on mechanisation rather than physical effort. Alterations to the obesogenic environment are predicted to play a key role in reducing the prevalence of obesity. [source] The Interplay of Inverted Redox Potentials and Aromaticity in the Oxidized States of New ,-Electron Donors: 9-(1,3-Dithiol-2-ylidene)fluorene and 9-(1,3-Dithiol-2-ylidene)thioxanthene DerivativesCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 12 2006Samia Amriou Dr. Abstract Derivatives of 9-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)fluorene (9) and 9-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)thioxanthene (10) have been synthesised using Horner,Wadsworth,Emmons reactions of (1,3-dithiol-2-yl)phosphonate reagents with fluorenone and thioxanthen-9-one. X-ray crystallography, solution electrochemistry, optical spectroscopy, spectroelectrochemistry and simultaneous electrochemistry and electron paramagnetic resonance (SEEPR), combined with theoretical calculations performed at the B3P86/6-31G** level, elucidate the interplay of the electronic and structural properties in these molecules. These compounds are strong two-electron donors, and the oxidation potentials depend on the electronic structure of the oxidised state. Two, single-electron oxidations (<) were observed for 9-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)fluorene systems (9). In contrast, derivatives of 9-(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)thioxanthene (10) display the unusual phenomenon of inverted potentials (>) resulting in a single, two-electron oxidation process. The latter is due to the aromatic structure of the thioxanthenium cation (formed on the loss of a second electron), which stabilises the dication state (102+) compared with the radical cation. This contrasts with the nonaromatic structure of the fluorenium cation of system 9. The two-electron oxidation wave in the thioxanthene derivatives is split into two separate one-electron waves in the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives 27,29 owing to destabilisation of the dication state. [source] Preferential enrichment: Full crystallographic analysis of the unusual phenomenon in the mixed crystals' versionCHIRALITY, Issue 7 2002Hiroki Takahashi Abstract Full characterization of the crystal structures of the racemate, nonracemate (20% ee), and pure enantiomer of [2-[4-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenylcarbamoyl]ethyl]trimethylammonium p -bromobenzenesulfonate (NBMe3), which has successfully shown an unusual enantiomeric resolution phenomenon, "preferential enrichment," was achieved by means of X-ray crystallographic analysis and construction of the binary melting point phase diagram. The crystalline nature of the racemate is not a racemic compound but a fairly ordered mixed crystal composed of the two enantiomers. The crystal structure of the nonracemate (20% ee) is virtually identical with that of the racemate and similar to that of the pure enantiomer. The binary melting point phase diagram of NBMe3 is consistent with the nature of a mixed crystal composed of the two enantiomers. Chirality 14:541,547, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||