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Type Species (type + species)
Selected AbstractsA new look at Kedarnatha P.K.Mukh.FEDDES REPERTORIUM, Issue 3-4 2004& Constance (Umbelliferae) A field investigation of Kedarnatha sanctuarii P.K.Mukh. & Constance in its locus classicus and subsequent carpological analysis show the identity of the species and Trachydium garhwalicum H.Wolff, described from the same region of Tehri Garhwal (Uttaranchal, India). As this species differs in some essential characters from Trachydium, Trachyspermum, Chamaesium, Chamaesciadium, Schulzia, the genus Kedarnatha must be retained, and IndoschulziaPimenov & Kljuykov is to be considered as its latter synonym. A new nomenclatural combination, K. garhwalica (H.Wolff) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov. have been proposed to name the type species. Cortia oreomyrrhiformisFarille & Malla and Trachydium hamelianumFarille & Malla are transferred to Kedarnatha [K. oreomyrrhiformis (Farille & Malla) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov. and K. hameliana (Farille & Malla) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov.]. Two new additional species, K. meifoliaPimenov & Kljuykov sp. nova from India and K. vaginataPimenov & Kljuykov sp. nova from Burma, are described. As a result, the genus contains five species, distributed from Himachal Pradesh (India) to Burma. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) Eine Neufassung von KedarnathaP.K.Mukh. & Constance (Umbelliferae) Eine Feldstudie an Kedarnatha sanctuarii P.K.Mukh. & Constance am locus classicus und die anschließende karpologische Analyse erbrachten die Identität dieser Art mit TrachydiumgarhwalicumH.Wolff, das ebenfalls aus der Region Tehri Garhwal (Uttaranchal, Indien) beschrieben wurde. Da diese Art sich in einigen wesentlichen Merkmalen von Trachydium, Trachyspermum, Chamaesium, Chamaesciadium und Schulzia unterscheidet, muss die Gattung Kedarantha beibehalten werden. Die Gattung IndoschulziaPimenov & Kljuykov ist somit ein späteres Synonym. Die neue nomenklatorische Kombination, K. garhwalica(H.Wolff) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov. wird als Typusart vorgeschlagen. Cortia oreomyrrhiformisFarille & Malla und Trachydium hamelianumFarille & Malla werden in die Gattung Kedarnatha überführt [K. oreomyrrhiformis (Farille & Malla) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov. und K. hameliana(Farille & Malla) Pimenov & Kljuykov comb. nov.]. Zwei weitere Arten werden neu beschrieben: K. meifoliaPimenov & Kljuykov sp. nova aus Indien und K. vaginataPimenov & Kljuykov sp. nova aus Burma. Damit umfasst die Gattung fünf Arten, die von Himachal Pradesh (Indien) bis Burma verbreitet sind. [source] ULTRASTRUCTURE AND LSU rDNA,BASED REVISION OF PERIDINIUM GROUP PALATINUM (DINOPHYCEAE) WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF PALATINUS GEN.JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 5 2009The name Peridinium palatinum Lauterborn currently designates a freshwater peridinioid with 13 epithecal and six cingular plates, and no apical pore complex. Freshwater dinoflagellate floras classify it in Peridinium group palatinum together with P. pseudolaeve M. Lefèvre. General ultrastructure, flagellar apparatus, and pusular components of P. palatinum were examined by serial section TEM and compared to P. cinctum (O. F. Müll.) Ehrenb. and Peridiniopsis borgei Lemmerm., respectively, types of Peridinium and Peridiniopsis. Partial LSU rDNA sequences from P. palatinum, P. pseudolaeve and several peridinioids, woloszynskioids, gymnodinioids, and other dinoflagellates were used for a phylogenetic analysis. General morphology and tabulation of taxa in group palatinum were characterized by SEM. Differences in plate numbers, affecting both the epitheca and the cingulum, combine with differences in plate ornamentation and a suite of internal cell features to suggest a generic-level distinction between Peridinium group palatinum and typical Peridinium. The branching pattern of the phylogenetic tree is compatible with this conclusion, although with low support from bootstrap values and posterior probabilities, as are sequence divergences estimated between species in group palatinum, and typical Peridinium and Peridiniopsis. Palatinus nov. gen. is proposed with the new combinations Palatinus apiculatus nov. comb. (type species; syn. Peridinium palatinum), P. apiculatus var. laevis nov. comb., and P. pseudolaevis nov. comb. Distinctive characters for Palatinus include a smooth or slightly granulate, but not areolate, plate surface, a large central pyrenoid penetrated by cytoplasmic channels and radiating into chloroplast lobes, and the presence of a peduncle-homologous microtubular strand. Palatinus cells exit the theca through the antapical-postcingular area. [source] HETEROGENEITY OF THE CYANOBACTERIAL GENUS SYNECHOCYSTIS AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS, GEMINOCYSTIS,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Jana Korelusová The study and revision of the unicellular cyanobacterial genus Synechocystis was based on the type species S. aquatilis Sauv. and strain PCC 6803, a reference strain for this species. Uniformity in rRNA gene sequence, morphology, and ultrastructure was observed in all available Synechocystis strains, with the exception of the strain PCC 6308, which has been considered by some to be a model strain for Synechocystis. This strain differs substantially from the typical Synechocystis cluster according to both molecular (<90% of similarity, differences in 16S,23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer [ITS] secondary structure) and phenotypic criteria (different ultrastructure of cells). This strain is herein classified into the new genus Geminocystis gen. nov., as a sister taxon to the genus Cyanobacterium. Geminocystis differs from Cyanobacterium by genetic position (<94.4% of similarity) and more importantly by its different type of cell division. Because strain PCC 6308 was designated as a reference strain of the Synechocystis cluster 1 in Bergey's Manual, the members of this genetic cluster have to be revised and reclassified into Geminocystis gen. nov. Only the members of the Synechocystis cluster 2 allied with PCC 6803 correspond both genetically and phenotypically to the type species of the genus Synechocystis (S. aquatilis). [source] PSEUDULVELLA AMERICANA BELONGS TO THE ORDER CHAETOPELTIDALES (CLASS CHLOROPHYCEAE), EVIDENCE FROM ULTRASTRUCTURE AND SSU RDNA SEQUENCE DATA,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 4 2006M. Virginia Sanchez-Puerta The genus Pseudulvella Wille 1909 includes epiphytic, freshwater, or marine disk-shaped green microalgae that form quadriflagellate zoospores. No ultrastructural or molecular studies have been conducted on the genus, and its evolutionary relationships remain unclear. The purpose of the present study is to describe the life history, ultrastructural features, and phylogenetic affiliations of Pseudulvella americana (Snow) Wille, the type species of the genus. Thalli of this microalga were prostrate and composed of radiating branched filaments that coalesced to form a disk. Vegetative cells had a pyrenoid encircled by starch plates and traversed by one or two convoluted cytoplasmic channels. They had well-defined cell walls without plasmodesmata. Asexual reproduction was by means of tetraflagellate zoospores formed in numbers of two to eight from central cells of the thallus. The flagellar apparatus of zoospores was cruciate, with four basal bodies and four microtubular roots. The paired basal bodies lay directly opposite (DO) one another. The microtubular root system had a 5-2-5-2 alternation pattern, where the "s" roots contained five microtubules in a four-over-one configuration. A tetralobate nonstriated distal fiber connected all four basal bodies. A wedge-shaped proximal sheath subtended each of the basal bodies. The ultrastructural features of the zoospores were those of members of the order Chaetopeltidales. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA placed P. americana sister to Chaetopeltis orbicularis in a well-supported Chaetopeltidales clade. Such a combination of features confirmed that this alga is a member of the order Chaetopeltidales. [source] ON THE IDENTITY OF KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM AND DESCRIPTION OF KARLODINIUM ARMIGER SP.JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 1 2006AND PIGMENT COMPOSITION, BASED ON LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE), NUCLEAR-ENCODED LSU RDNA An undescribed species of the dinoflagellate genus Karlodinium J. Larsen (viz. K. armiger sp. nov.) is described from Alfacs Bay (Spain), using light and electron microscopy, pigment composition, and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequence. The new species differs from the type species of Karlodinium (K. micrum (Leadbeater et Dodge) J. Larsen) by lacking rows of amphiesmal plugs, a feature presently considered to be a characteristic of Karlodinium. In K. armiger, an outer membrane is underlain by a complex system of cisternae and vacuoles. The pigment profile of K. armiger revealed the presence of chlorophylls a and c, with fucoxanthin as the major carotenoid. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed K. armiger to be related to other species of Karlodinium; thus forming a monophyletic genus, which, in the LSU tree, occupies a sister group position to Takayama de Salas, Bolch, Botes et Hallegraeff. The culture used by Ballantine to describe Gymnodinium veneficum Ballantine (Plymouth 103) was examined by light and electron microscopy and by partial LSU rDNA. Ultrastructurally, it proved identical to K. micrum (cultures Plymouth 207 and K. Tangen KT-77D, the latter also known as K-0522), and in LSU sequence, differed in only 0.3% of 1438 bp. We consider the two taxa to belong to the same species. This necessitates a change of name for the most widely found species, K. micrum, to K. veneficum. The three genera Karlodinium, Takayama, and Karenia constitute a separate evolutionary lineage, for which the new family Kareniaceae fam. nov. is suggested. [source] ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GYMNODINIUM AUREOLUM (DINOPHYCEAE): TOWARD A FURTHER REDEFINITION OF GYMNODINIUM SENSU STRICTOJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Gert HansenArticle first published online: 21 DEC 200 Examination of the ultrastucture of the unarmored dinoflagellate Gymnodinium aureolum (Hulburt) G. Hansen (syn: Gyrodinium aureolum Hulburt) revealed the presence of nuclear chambers, which are specialized differentiations of the nuclear envelope, similar to those described in the type species of Gymnodinium, G. fuscum (Ehrenberg) Stein and certain other Gymnodinium species. The nuclear pores were restricted to these chambers. In the flagellar apparatus a nuclear fibrous connective linked the longitudinal microtubular root and the nucleus. This structure had so far been observed only in Gymnodinium spp. and in the heterotrophic species Actiniscus pentasterias (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, Nematodinium armatum (Dogiel) Kofoid et Swezy and Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton. Another unusual feature of G. aureolum was the presence of a striated fiber in the longitudinal flagellum, a feature previously only found in Ceratium furca (Ehrenberg) Claparède et Lachmann and C. tripos (O.F. Müller) Nitzsch. Gymnodinium aureolum also possessed a prominent ventral protrusion associated with the peduncle and containing electron opaque material. It is concluded that G. aureolum belongs to the Gymnodinium sensu stricto group. This may be a temporary classification, however, because G. aureolum and its allies differ from the type species G. fuscum by the presence of a transverse striated root, striated collars, trichocysts, and a peduncle. [source] Phylogenetic affinities of the Flabelligeridae (Annelida, Polychaeta)JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008S. I. Salazar-Vallejo Abstract Cirratuliformia includes Acrocirridae, Cirratulidae, Ctenodrilidae, Flabelligeridae, Flotidae and Sternaspidae. The phylogenetic affinities have not been settled due to a limited availability of type or non-type material and the relationship between acrocirrids and flabelligerids have been problematical. In our study, the type material of all type species for all flabelligerid, and most acrocirrid genera have been studied and the morphological features have been used in a phylogenetic analysis. The results indicate that Acrocirridae, Ctenodrilidae, Fauveliopsidae, Flabelligeridae and Flotidae are monophyletic and that Sternaspidae falls within Cirratulidae; however, the latter conclusion might be reversed through increased taxon-sampling. The flabelligerid genera Brada, Flabelligera, Pherusa and Stylarioides each consists of several monophyletic groups and may be split. Conversely, Bradiella includes Diversibranchius, and the pelagic Buskiella includes Flota. The generic affinities of Poeobius remain uncertain, collecting better materials may resolve this issue. [source] Phylogenetic relationships of the European lacertid genera Archaeolacerta and Iberolacerta and their relationships to some other ,Archaeolacertae' (sensu lato) from Near East, derived from mitochondrial DNA sequencesJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 3 2003W. Mayer Abstract Parts of the mitochondrial genes coding for 12SrRNA and 16SrRNA (together about 960 bp) were sequenced for all Mediterranean species of ,Mountain lizards' of the genera Archaeolacerta (sensu lato) and Iberolacerta. All subspecies of the Iberian species Iberolacerta cyreni and I. monticola were included in this study. In addition, samples of Apathya cappadocica and Darevskia rudis were analysed to elucidate the relationships of the European ,Mountain lizards' to their possible relatives in the Near East. Maximum parsimony and neighbour joining analyses lead to the following major conclusions: (i) the monophyly of the genus Iberolacerta is very well supported; (ii) Archaeolacerta bedriagae (the type species of the genus) is most basal with respect to the ingroup taxa. If we accept Iberolacerta as a genus, Archaeolacerta becames paraphyletic. Therefore, we propose to restrict Archaeolacerta to the type species and to treat A. mosorensis and A. oxycephala provisionally as members of the collective genus Lacerta; (iii) within the genus Iberolacerta three groups were found: a Pyrenean group, an Iberian group and I. horvathi. The relationships among these groups remain unresolved; and (iv) the Peña de Francia lizards, described originally as a subspecies of I. cyreni, are in fact more closely related to I. monticola. Zusammenfassung Wir sequenzierten Teilabschnitte der Gene für 12SrRNA und 16SrRNA (zusammen ungefähr 960 Basenpaare) von allen europäischen ,Gebirgseidechsen' der Gattungen Archaeolacerta (sensu lato) und Iberolacerta. Alle Subspezies der iberischen Arten Iberolacerta cyreni und I. monticola wurden in die Studie aufgenommen. Zusätzlich wurden Proben von Apathya cappadocica und Darevskia rudis untersucht, um die phylogenetischen Beziehungen der europäischen ,Gebirgseidechsen' zu ihren möglichen Verwandten im Nahen Osten aufzuklären. Maximum Parsimony und Neighbor Joining Analysen führten zu folgenden wesentlichen Ergebnissen: i) Die Monophylie der Gattung Iberolacerta ist gut abgesichert. ii) Archaeolacerta bedriagae (die species typica der Gattung) hat eine basale Position innerhalb der Gruppe der ,Gebirgseidechsen'. Daher schlagen wir vor, Archaeolacerta auf die species typica zu restringieren und A. mosorensis und A. oxycephala provisorisch in der Sammelgattung Lacerta zu belassen. iii) Die Gattung Iberolacerta zerfällt in drei Gruppen: eine Pyrenäen-Gruppe, eine iberische Gruppe und I. horvathi. Die Beziehungen zwischen diesen Gruppen konnten nicht aufgeklärt werden. iv) Die Eidechsen von Peña de Francia, ursprünglich als Subspezies von I. cyreni beschrieben, sind tatsächlich näher mit I. monticola verwandt. [source] Phylogeny of the Eurasian freshwater turtles of the genus Mauremys Gray 1869 (Testudines), with special reference to a close affinity of Mauremys japonica with Chinemys reevesiiJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2002M. Honda Phylogenetic relationships of the freshwater turtles of the genus Mauremys and representatives of several other batagurid genera were inferred from variations in 863 base positions of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes. Results strongly suggested the non-monophyly of Mauremys by indicating the closest affinity of Mauremys japonica with Chinemys reevesii, the type species of the genus Chinemys. Recent morphological analyses of the batagurid genera suggested that Mauremys is a basal stock of the subfamily Geoemydinae, whereas Chinemys is a member of the subfamily Batagurinae as supported by several putative synapomorphs with other batagurine genera. It is thus probable that the morphological character states used to define Mauremys actually represent symplesiomorphy, and that morphological character states shared between Chinemys and other batagurine genera have resulted from convergence. Also, our results did not support a sister-group relationship between Mauremys annamensis and Mauremys mutica, which has been implicitly or explicitly assumed by a number of previous authors on the basis of morphological data. Instead, M. annamensis was indicated to be closest to Mauremys iversoni, a species assumed to be most divergent among the East Asian Mauremys by previous authors. Phylogenie der eurasischen Su¨ßwasserschildkro¨ten der Gattung Mauremys Gray 1869 (Testudines), mit besonderem Hinweis auf eine enge A¨hnlichkeit von Mauremys japonica mit Chinemys reevesii. Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen zwischen den Süßwasserschildkröten der Gattung Mauremys und Vertretern einiger anderer bataguriner Gattungen wurde aus den Unterschieden an 863 Positionen der 12S-und der 16S-rRNA-Gene des Mitochondriengenoms ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse weisen sehr stark darauf hin, daß die Gattung Mauremys wegen der starken Ähnlichkeit zwischen M. japonica und Chinemys reevesii nicht monophyletisch sein kann. Neue morphologische Analysen der batagiurinen Gattungen ließen vermuten, daß Mauremys einen basalen Ast der Unterfamilie Geomydinae darstellt, während Chinemys zur Unterfamile Batagurinae gehört, was aus den anzunehmenden Synapomorphien mit anderen batagurinen Gattungen gestützt wird. Es ist daher auch wahrscheinlich, daß die zur Beschreibung von Mauremys verwendeten morphologischen Merkmalszustände eher Plesiomorphien darstellen und daß die morphologischen Merkmalsausprägungen, die Chinemys und anderen batagurinen Gattungen gemeinsam sind, auf Konvergenz beruhen. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstützen auch nicht eine Schwestergruppen-Beziehung zwischen M. anamensis und M. mutica, was direkt oder indirekt von einer Zahl von früheren Untersuchern auf Grund morphologischer Daten angenommen wurde. Statt dessen erwies sich M. anamensis am engsten verwandt mit M. iversoni, einer Art, die von früheren Autoren als am stärksten divergent zu den ostasiatischen Mauremys-Arten angesehen wurde. [source] Post-pathological keel-loss compensation in ammonoid growthLETHAIA, Issue 1 2002ALAIN MORARD Among the various pathologies documented in ammonoids, impairs affecting the apertural margin may have long-lasting sequelae on subsequent shell geometry. An interesting healing pattern, known as sculptural compensation, led to the permanent replacement of an ornament by adjacent sculptural elements. Moreover, in several ventrally impaired individuals the symmetry was preserved. Those developed annular ribs in place of any previous ventral ornamentation (keel, sulcus or smooth area). This phenomenon is known from diverse ammonite families. Monestieria resouchei (Monestier 1931), type species of ,Monestieriinae' Sapunov 1965, displays exactly that type of annularly-ribbed morphology and has been shown to be otherwise similar to species of Grammoceratinae Buckman 1904 occurring in the same beds, thus corroborating its pathological nature and leading to the rejection of that taxon. Now, keel absence in Praehaploceras Monestier 1931 and Buckmanites Guex 1973 cannot be explained by the same process as they do not have annular ribs. Moreover, the absence of any clue of malformation, their relative frequency and specific characteristics exclude the previously suggested synonymies with Pseudolioceras Buckman 1889 as equivalent pathological forms. In consequence, their rehabilitation is herein proposed. They should be included within Harpoceratinae Neumayr 1875. [source] Systematics and phylogeny of the Asclerosibutia -group of genera (Coleoptera, Oedemeridae), with description of a new genus and seven new species from tropical AfricaMITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE IN BERLIN-DEUTSCHE ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT, Issue 1 2004Xavier A. Vázquez Abstract The phylogenetic relationships of the Asclerosibutia-group are studied, based on the examination of the type species of all genera previously described. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports that the Asclerosibutia-group is a monophyletic assemblage. On the base of the cladistic analysis, three genera can be recognized, i.e., Idgiomimula Blair, 1926, gen. rediv., Monosigynes gen. n. and Asclerosibutia Pic, 1914, with the following relationships: Idgiomimula (Monosigynes (Asclerosibutia)). Seven new species are described: Idgiomimula uhligi sp. n., Monosigynes difformis sp. n., Monosigynes marci sp. n., Monosigynes zarazagai sp. n., Monosigynes sphyrninus sp. n., Asclerosibutia girardi sp. n. and Asclerosibutia beardae sp. n. Danerces semipicea Karsch. 1881. Microsessinia notatipennis Pic, 1922, Microsessinia rufithorax Pic, 1958, are transferred to the genus Monosigynes. Microsessinia cyanescens Pic, 1922 is transferred to Asclerosibutia and Asclerosibutia terminalis Blair, 1926 is transferred to Idgiomimula. The following new synonyms are established: Microsessinia Pic, 1922 (= Asclerosibutia Pic, 1914), Microsessinia notatipennis var. atrimembris Pic, 1935 (= Monosigynes notatipennis (Pic, 1922)), Asclerosibutia gabonica Pic, 1914. Nacerdes latenigra Pic, 1922, Asclerosibutia lineaticollis var. rufipennis Blair, 1926, Asclerosibutia reducta Pic, 1930, Asclerosibutia divisa Pic. 1952, Asclerosibutia lineaticollis var. ealensis Pic, 1952 (all synonyms of Asclerosibutia lineaticollis Pic, 1914). and Asclerosibutia abdominalis Blair, 1926 (= Asclerosibutia marshalli Blair, 1926). Keys to the genera and species are given. All descriptions are accompanied by male and female genital illustrations. Lectotypes for the following species are designated: Monosigynes rufithorax Pic, 1958, Asclerosibutia violacea Blair, 1926, and Asclerosibutia lineaticollis var. rufipennis Blair. 1926. [source] Potato spindle tuber viroid: the simplicity paradox resolved?MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007ROBERT A. OWENS SUMMARY Taxonomy: , Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is the type species of the genus Posipiviroid, family Pospiviroidae. An absence of hammerhead ribozymes and the presence of a ,central conserved region' distinguish PSTVd and related viroids from members of a second viroid family, the Avsunviroidae. Physical properties: , Viroids are small, unencapsidated, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules which replicate autonomously when inoculated into host plants. Because viroids are non-protein-coding RNAs, designation of the more abundant, highly infectious polarity strand as the positive strand is arbitrary. PSTVd assumes a rod-like, highly structured conformation that is resistant to nuclease degradation in vitro. Naturally occurring sequence variants of PSTVd range in size from 356 to 361 nt. Hosts and symptoms: , The natural host range of PSTVd,cultivated potato, certain other Solanum spp., and avocado,appears to be quite limited. Foliar symptoms in potato are often obscure, and the severity of tuber symptoms (elongation with the appearance of prominent bud scales/eyebrows and growth cracks) depends on both temperature and length of infection. PSTVd has a broad experimental host range, especially among solanaceous species, and strains are classified as mild, intermediate or severe based upon the symptoms observed in sensitive tomato cultivars. These symptoms include shortening of internodes, petioles and mid-ribs, severe epinasty and wrinkling of the leaves, and necrosis of mid-ribs, petioles and stems. [source] Turnip yellow mosaic virus: transfer RNA mimicry, chloroplasts and a C-rich genomeMOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2004THEO W. DREHER SUMMARY Taxonomy:,Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) is the type species of the genus Tymovirus, family Tymoviridae. TYMV is a positive strand RNA virus of the alphavirus-like supergroup. Physical properties:, Virions are non-enveloped 28-nm T = 3 icosahedrons composed of a single 20-kDa coat protein that is clustered in 20 hexameric and 12 pentameric subunits. Infectious particles and empty capsids coexist in infected tissue. The genomic RNA is 6.3 kb long, with a 5,m7GpppG cap and a 3, untranslated region ending in a tRNA-like structure to which valine can be covalently added. The genome has a distinctive skewed C-rich, G-poor composition (39% C, 17% G). Viral proteins:, Two proteins, whose open reading frames extensively overlap, are translated from the genomic RNA. p206, which contains sequences indicative of RNA capping, NTPase/helicase and polymerase activities, is the only viral protein that is necessary for genome replication in single cells. It is produced as a polyprotein and self-cleaved to yield 141- and 66-kDa proteins. p69 is required for virus movement within the plant and is also a suppressor of gene silencing. The coat protein is expressed from the single subgenomic RNA. Hosts and symptoms:, TYMV has a narrow host range almost completely restricted to the Cruciferae. Experimental host species are Brassica pekinensis (Chinese cabbage) or B. rapa (turnip), in which diffuse chlorotic local lesions and systemic yellow mosaic symptoms appear. Arabidopsis thaliana can also be used. Clumping of chloroplasts and the accumulation of vesicular invaginations of the chloroplast outer membranes are distinctive cytopathological symptoms. High yields of virus are produced in all leaf tissues, and the virus is readily transmissible by mechanical inoculation. Localized transmission by flea beetles may occur in the field. [source] ON PENTAMPLEXUSSCHINDEWOLF, 1940 (ANTHOZOA, RUGOSA) AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATIVES AND ANALOGUESPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2009JERZY FEDOROWSKI Abstract:, Three ampleximorphic taxa are revised and their most important characters are discussed in terms of possible or apparent relationships. Re-interpretation of its early ontogeny allows the assignment of Pentamplexus Schindewolf, 1940 to the family Polycoeliidae de Fromentel, 1861. Stereolasma variabilisVojnovsky-Krieger, 1934 is established as the type species of Vojnovskytes gen. nov. It resembles the family Polycoeliidae in some characters and the Antiphyllidae Ilina, 1970 or the Laccophyllidae Grabau, 1928 in others. Thus, its family status is not established. Revision of the type material of Fasciculophyllum tripusSchindewolf, 1952 allows its inclusion within the new genus Silesamplus, probably related to the family Laccophyllidae Grabau, 1928. Amplexoid morphology is further shown to be inadequate for the establishment of relationships on the family or subfamily level. Early ontogeny is most important in that respect, but biform vs normal morphology in the tabularium and free vs contratingent development of minor septa must also be considered, where appropriate. [source] THE FIRST DAMSELFLIES FROM THE LOWERMOST EOCENE OF DENMARK, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBFAMILY (ODONATA, ZYGOPTERA: DYSAGRIONIDAE)PALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2008JES RUST Abstract:,Eodysagrion mikkelseni gen. et sp. nov., type species of the new subfamily Eodysagrioninae, and the dysagrionine Primorilestes madseni sp. nov., the first thaumatoneurid damselflies from the lowermost Eocene of Denmark, are described. They confirm the presence of this American family in the Palaeogene of Western Europe. [source] NEW CLADID AND FLEXIBLE CRINOIDS FROM THE MISSISSIPPIAN (TOURNAISIAN, IVORIAN) OF ENGLAND AND WALESPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2007THOMAS W. KAMMER Abstract:, The modern study of fossil crinoids began with J. S. Miller who, in 1821, described specimens from southern England, nearby Wales and other regions, and named several common Early Carboniferous genera. Later, in 1950,60, James Wright monographed all known Early Carboniferous crinoids from the British Isles. In spite of such previous scrutiny, we recognize here two new genera among species already described: Glamorganocrinus gen. nov. (type species: Ophiurocrinus gowerensis Wright, 1960) from South Wales and Mendipocrinus gen. nov. (type species: Poteriocrinus latifrons Austin and Austin, 1847) from southern England. These new genera increase the number of advanced cladid genera in the Ivorian Substage of the Tournaisian in western Europe to 18, and the total number of crinoid genera to 36. A review of species assigned to Mespilocrinus has led to the recognition of M. granulifer De Koninck and LeHon, 1854 as a nomen dubium. A new species of Mespilocrinus, M. wrighti sp. nov., is described from the Ivorian of South Wales; this is the most highly derived species of the genus, as based on a phylogenetic analysis including ten species and 13 characters, with Pycnosaccus as the outgroup. A single, well-ordered tree resulted from this analysis. Interpretation of this tree suggests that the centre of evolution for Mespilocrinus was North America, where three species appeared during the Kinderhookian (early Tournaisian), rapidly achieving morphological disparity within the genus. This radiation event was part of the overall explosive radiation of crinoids following the Late Devonian mass extinction event when crinoid diversity was at a global minimum during the Frasnian. Recovery began during the Famennian, followed by an explosive radiation in the Tournaisian. [source] A NEW SPECIES OF BANDICOOT FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF NORTHERN AUSTRALIA AND IMPLICATIONS OF BANDICOOTS FOR CORRELATING AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY MAMMAL FAUNASPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2006LEAH R. S. SCHWARTZ Abstract:, A new species of primitive bandicoot, Yarala kida sp. nov., is described from Kangaroo Well, a site in the Northern Territory of Australia. This species is possibly ancestral to Yarala burchfieldi, the type species of the Yaraloidea, and supports a late Oligocene age for the Kangaroo Well Local Fauna. The yaraloid bandicoots are likely to become important biochronological tools for Australian faunas of late Oligocene to early Miocene age, as they are widespread and diverse. Developing morphoclines for this group is therefore essential, as is publication of the mostly undescribed bandicoot material known from other sites of similar age. [source] FENESTRATE BRYOZOAN GENERA BASED ON SPECIES FROM IRELAND ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED BY FREDERICK M,COY IN 1844PALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2006PATRICK N. WYSE JACKSON Abstract:, A large number of fenestrate bryozoan species were named in ,A Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland' by Frederick M,Coy (1844). At the same time, M,Coy named the bryozoan genera Ichthyorachis, Ptylopora and Polypora, each of which by monotypy or by subsequent designation was based on new species within that work. Subsequently, d' Orbigny (1849) named Fenestrellina with the type species Fenestella crassa M,Coy, 1844 as type species; Miller (1961) named Parafenestella with the type species Fenestella formosa M,Coy, 1844 as type species; and Wyse Jackson (1988) named Baculopora with the type species Vincularia megastoma M,Coy, 1844. We re-describe here in more detail than previously the fenestrate type species originally published in M,Coy (1844), provide diagnoses of the genera, and compare the nineteenth century genera with more recently named genera that have been discriminated specifically from them. [source] SYSTEMATICS OF THE CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE FAMILY NEPEIDAE, WITH REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN SPECIESPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2005JOHN R. PATERSON Abstract:, Taxonomy of the Cambrian trilobite family Nepeidae is revised. Morphometric analyses of the genera Nepea and Penarosa demonstrate that use of proportions of linear dimensions of the cranidium to differentiate species is invalid, and that infrageneric variation is continuous. The taxonomy and biostratigraphy of all Australian species of Nepeidae is revised. Species considered valid herein include: Nepea narinosa (type species), N. tonsillata, N. nans, Penarosa retifera (type species), P. elaticeps, P. rhinodelphis, P. netenta, Loxonepea loxophrys (type species) and Ferenepea hispida (type species). Folliceps is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Nepea, Trinepea is regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Penarosa, and Ascionepea is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Ferenepea. [source] NEW SPECIES OF PARAPHIOMYS (RODENTIA, THRYONOMYIDAE) FROM THE LOWER MIOCENE OF AS-SARRAR, SAUDI ARABIAPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2005RAQUEL LÓPEZ ANTOÑANZAS Abstract:, The family Thryonomyidae is represented in the Lower Miocene of Saudi Arabia by a single species, Paraphiomys knolli sp. nov. This new taxon differs from all other thryonomyids in being small, lower molars having a short metalophulid II and an isolated anterolabial cuspid, and upper molars being antero-posteriorly compressed and pentalophodont. A cladistic analysis involving all extinct and extant species of thryonomyids is provided. Paraphiomys knolli branches as the sister-species of Paraphiomys pigotti, type species of the genus. [source] Cladistic Analysis of A Problematic Ammonite Group: the Hamitidae (Cretaceous, Albian,turonian) and Proposals for New Cladistic TermsPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Neale MonksArticle first published online: 24 NOV 200 The Hamitidae are a family of mid,Cretaceous heteromorph ammonites including lineages leading to four other families. Problems are outlined in trying to describe the phylogeny of completely extinct groups such as these heteromorph ammonites using the existing cladistic terminology, which is largely concerned with extant taxa and their ancestors. To solve these problems, two new terms are proposed: ,crown groups and ,stem groups, which are equivalent to crown and stem groups in terms of the evolutionary history of a clade, but are not defined on the basis of extant taxa. Instead they are defined by the topology of the phylogenetic tree, the ,crown group being a clade defined by synapomorphies but which gave rise to no descendants. A ,stem group is a branch of a phylogenetic tree which comprises the immediate sister groups of a given ,crown group but is not itself a clade. Examples of these terms are described here with reference to the phylogeny of the Hamitidae and their descendants. The Hamitidae are paraphyletic and form ,stem groups to a number of ,crown groups, namely the Anisoceratidae, Baculitidae, Scaphitidae, and Turrilitidae. The definitions of the genera and subgenera are refined with respect to the type species and the clades within which they occur, and four new genera are described: Eohamites, Helicohamites, Sziveshamites, and Planohamites. [source] The Jurassic Bivalve Genus Placunopsis: New Evidence On Anatomy and AffinitiesPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Jonathan A. Todd The Jurassic bivalve genus Placunopsis Morris and Lycett, 1853 is shown to be an anomiid on account of the detailed anatomy of its hitherto unknown right valve and the corresponding musculature in the left valve. Herein the most appropriate choice for type species is considered to be P. inaequalis (Phillips, 1829), which accommodates a number of the larger Late Jurassic nominal species. A species from the English Bathonian previously confused with P. inaequalis is described as P. fuersichi sp. nov. Placunopsis inaequalis is shown to be closely related to Recent Pododesmus, which has previously been interpreted as the most ,primitive' of the extant anomiids on the basis of its anatomy. There is thus no need to retain a separate family for the genus, as has been proposed by some workers. The distinct small species P. socialis Morris and Lycett, 1853 can also be assigned to the anomiids on the basis of the differences between the structure of the outer layers in the two valves, and the presence of a byssal foramen. There is some suggestion of calcification of the byssus, but not enough detail is known of its musculature to justify transferring it to the genus Juranomia Fürsich and Werner, 1989 at this stage. The cemented bivalves traditionally referred to Placunopsis that are so common in the European Muschelkalk (Triassic) are not anomiids and thus require systematic revision. [source] A Review Of Two De Koninck Retzioid Brachiopod Species, And Description Of A New Genus From The Carboniferous Of EuropePALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2000Fernando Alvarez A new neoretziid brachiopod genus, Coveenia, from the Lower Carboniferous of western Europe is erected; the type species is Coveenia ulothrix (de Koninck, 1843), and C. buchiana (de Koninck, 1843, sensu 1887) and C. tilsleia sp. nov. are included, diagnosed and described. Neotypes are selected and illustrated for C. ulothrixC. buchiana. [source] Cranial osteology of the sauropterygian Plesiosaurus brachypterygius from the Lower Toarcian of GermanyPALAEONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Michael W. Maisch An osteological re-study of the holotype skull of Plesiosaurus brachypterygius leads to a correction of several inaccuracies and misidentifications of the original description by von Huene and reveals additional facts on the cranial anatomy of this plesiosaur. Comparison with the type species, Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, from the Lower Lias of England shows considerable differences in many parts of the cranial skeleton, even though the two species are generally so similar that their inclusion in the same genus proposed by von Huene, and agreed with by all subsequent authors, can be supported. Plesiosaurus brachypterygius is provisionally considered as a valid species distinguishable from the contemporaneous Plesiosaurus guilelmiimperatoris by its much shorter limbs, a difference that cannot be explained by ontogenetic variation as proposed by Storrs. Plesiosaurus brachypterygius was probably an ichthyophagous form that occurred rarely in the Posidonienschiefer fauna. [source] Using molecular data to resolve the taxonomic limits of the genera Callophyllis, Euthora and Pugetia (Kallymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2002James T. Harper SUMMARY Callophyllis is the largest genus in the red algal family Kallymeniaceae and includes over 50 described species. Since its description, there has been considerable debate over the circumscription of this genus relative to related genera. Specifically, the genus Euthora has sometimes been placed in synonymy with Callophyllis, and a number of species of Pugetia have been transferred to Callophyllis. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of nuclear large-subunit ribosomal DNA for representatives of the Kallymeniaceae were completed to assess the various taxonomic proposals surrounding Callophyllis, Euthora and Pugetia. Results indicate that the genus Callophyllis (as generally recognized) is polyphyletic. Callophyllis cristata occupies a position in the trees separate from the remainder of Callophyllis species (including the type Callophyllis variegata), supporting recognition of Euthora as a distinct genus. Callophyllis chilensis and Callophyllis firma group with the type species of Pugetia, Pugetia fragilissima, thus confirming an earlier taxonomic decision to include these species in the latter genus. A discussion of the relative merits of various reproductive versus vegetative features for assigning species among these three genera is provided. Though outside the scope of the current study, relationships among species of Callophyllis sensu stricto must be visited in light of the results. Although the remaining six species of Callophyllis included in the present trees unequivocally form a monophyletic group, two isolates identified as Callophyllis pinnata (from California and Chile) do not group together, illustrating the confusion generated from the morphological variation within this genus. [source] Chloroplast rotation and morphological plasticity of the unicellular alga Rhodosorus (Rhodophyta, Stylonematales)PHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002Sarah Wilson SUMMARY Time-lapse videomicroscopy was used to film chloroplast rotation in the 13 isolates of Rhodosorus marinus Geitler and one isolate of Rhodosorus magnei Fresnel & Billard maintained in culture. Cell diameter, rates of chloroplast rotation and the number of chloroplast lobes were measured in all isolates. Chloroplast rotation is a definitive characteristic of the genus Rhodosorus and should be included in its taxonomic description. Isolates of the type species, R. marinus, measure 4,7 ,m in diameter in low light (2,4 ,mol photons m,2 s,1) and 4.5,11.5 ,m in diameter in bright light (15,20 ,mol photons m,2 s,1), and have two to seven chloroplast lobes. Rhodosorus magnei is 9 ,m in diameter and has seven to nine chloroplast lobes in bright light. However, these cells are much smaller (approx. 4 ,m diam.) and have only two to three chloroplast lobes when maintained in low light. The species R. magnei was created based on its larger cell size and numerous chloroplast lobes compared with R. marinus, but since these characteristics were found to be quite variable and dependant on culture conditions, they cannot be used to differentiate these two species. [source] Observation of developmental processes in loosely attached diatom (Bacillariophyceae) communitiesPHYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2000Akihiro Tuji SUMMARY The succession of attached algal communities was studied in Lake Biwa and the Omiya River. After the ,climax' which was characterized by large numbers of Cymbella turgidula Grunow and Gomphoneis quadripunctatum (Østrup) P. Dawson, the community was dominated by species attached directly to stalks or tangled among stalks. Stalks produced by species of the previous phase are important as secondary substrata. The dominant species of the new phase were ,loosely attached species', as defined by Hudon and Bourget (1983). I propose a new model consisting of phase 1, characterized by the first colonizers, including large rosette-type species and motile type species; phase 2, characterized by the stalk-producing species; and phase 3, characterized by the growth of loosely attached species. [source] Molecular Characterization of Gregarines from Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Description of Psychodiella n. g. (Apicomplexa: Gregarinida)THE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009JAN VOTÝPKA ABSTRACT. Sand fly and mosquito gregarines have been lumped for a long time in the single genus Ascogregarina and on the basis of their morphological characters and the lack of merogony been placed into the eugregarine family Lecudinidae. Phylogenetic analyses performed in this study clearly demonstrated paraphyly of the current genus Ascogregarina and revealed disparate phylogenetic positions of gregarines parasitizing mosquitoes and gregarines retrieved from sand flies. Therefore, we reclassified the genus Ascogregarina and created a new genus Psychodiella to accommodate gregarines from sand flies. The genus Psychodiella is distinguished from all other related gregarine genera by the characteristic localization of oocysts in accessory glands of female hosts, distinctive nucleotide sequences of the small subunit rDNA, and host specificity to flies belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae. The genus comprises three described species: the type species for the new genus,Psychodiella chagasi (Adler and Mayrink 1961) n. comb., Psychodiella mackiei (Shortt and Swaminath 1927) n. comb., and Psychodiella saraviae (Ostrovska, Warburg, and Montoya-Lerma 1990) n. comb. Its creation is additionally supported by sequencing data from other gregarine species originating from the sand fly Phlebotomus sergenti. In the evolutionary context, both genera of gregarines from mosquitoes (Ascogregarina) and sand flies (Psychodiella) have a close relationship to neogregarines; the genera represent clades distinct from the other previously sequenced gregarines. [source] Taxonomic Redescriptions of Two Ciliates, Protogastrostyla pulchra n. g., n. comb. and Hemigastrostyla enigmatica (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea, Stichotrichia), with Phylogenetic Analyses Based on 18S and 28S rRNA Gene SequencesTHE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007JUN GONG ABSTRACT. The morphology and infraciliature of two stichotrichid ciliates, Gastrostyla pulchra(Perejaslawzewa 1886) Kahl, 1932 and Hemigastrostyla enigmatica(Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis 1986) Song & Wilbert, 1997, collected from marine and brackish sediments, were investigated by using living observations and protargol impregnations. Both 18S and 28S rRNA genes of these two species were sequenced. The 18S rDNA show high similarities (98.4%,99.7%) among populations of each species. There is about 94% similarity in 18S rDNA genes between G. pulchra and Gastrostyla steinii, the type species of the genus, which has been confirmed to be an oxytrichid by previous studies. In the phylogenetic trees of 18S, 28S, and combined 18S and 28S rDNA, both G. pulchra and H. enigmatica are consistently placed outside the well-established oxytrichid clade. Based on our analyses and previous ontogenetic data, we conclude that these two species may represent some lower groups in the subclass Stichotrichia, and that G. pulchra should represent a new genus, Protogastrostyla n. g. This new genus, which is morphologically similar to Gastrostyla, differs in its morphogenesis: the apical part of the old AZM is retained combining with the newly built membranelles that develop from the proter's oral primordium; the primary primordia of the dorsal kinety; and marginal primordia commence de novo without a definite contribution from the old structure. [source] Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of Eucomonympha imla (Parabasalia: Hypermastigida)THE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007KEVIN J. CARPENTER ABSTRACT. Eucomonympha imla is a hypermastigote parabasalian found in the gut of the wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus. It has received little attention since its original description in 1934 as the type species of the genus Eucomonympha and the family Eucomonymphidae. We used light and scanning electron microscopy to characterize surface morphology and organelles, with particular attention to the form of the rostrum, operculum, nucleus, and parabasals. Two previously unrecognized groups of bacterial ectobionts were observed,spirochetes that associate with the flagella and one or more types of rod-shaped bacteria that adhere to the cell surface. The small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) sequence was determined from manually isolated cells, and phylogenetic analyses place E. imla in a strongly supported clade with the genera Teranympha and Pseudotrichonympha and three sequences from formally undescribed termite symbionts provisionally assigned to Eucomonympha. Unexpectedly, the Eucomonympha isolates from termites are more closely related to Teranympha than to the type species, suggesting these should not be classified as species of Eucomonympha, despite their morphological similarity to E. imla. Eucomonymphidae fall within a strongly supported Trichonymphida (also including Hoplonymphidae, Trichonymphidae, and Staurojoeninidae), but this clade branches separately from other hypermastigote groups (lophomonads and spirotrichonymphids), suggesting that hypermastigotes are polyphyletic. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||