Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Bean Plants (bean + plant)
Selected AbstractsPlant,Water Relations of Kidney Bean Plants Treated with NaCl and Foliarly Applied GlycinebetaineJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 2 2002C. M. L. Lopez Salinity is at present one of the most serious environmental problems influencing crop growth. It has been extensively demonstrated that salinity affects several physiological processes in the plant, including the plant,water relations of most salt-sensitive crops species. In this study, the effects of salinity on the plant,water relations of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the possibility that foliarly applied glycinebetaine improves these water relations are examined. Kidney bean plants were grown in a greenhouse and treated with 0, 30, 50 and 100 mM NaCl, combined with 0, 10 and 30 mM glycinebetaine in foliar applications. Increased salinity levels decreased stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration and leaf relative water content in the 30, 50 and 100 mM treatments relative to the control treatment. Glycinebetaine applications of 10 mM increased stomatal conductance at 50 mM NaCl, ameliorating significantly the effect of salinity on water relations through increases in the leaf relative water content. At 100 mM NaCl, 30 mM glycinebetaine applications in particular contributed to osmotic stress, and had an adverse effect on plants. Our experiment suggests that glycinebetaine can be used as an alternative treatment to reduce the effects of salt stress on the water relations of salt-sensitive plants, but only to limited salinity levels. Furthermore, the improvement in the water status of kidney beans was dose dependent, suggesting that the concentration of glycinebetaine essential for the survival of salt-sensitive plants is species specific and must be determined individually for each plant species. Pflanzen,Wasser-Beziehungen von NaCl-behandelten und mit Glycinbetain besprühten Blättern von Gartenbohnenpflanzen Versalzung ist zur Zeit eine der am meisten wirksamen Umweltprobleme im Hinblick auf das Wachstum von Kulturpflanzen. Es hat umfangreiche Untersuchungen gegeben, die Versalzungswirkungen in ihrem Einfluss auf zahlreiche physiologische Vorgänge in der Pflanze zu untersuchen; hierbei wurden auch die Pflanzen,Wasser-Beziehungen von hochsalzempfindlichen Pflanzenarten berück-sichtigt. In dieser Untersuchung wurden die Einflüsse der Versalzung auf die Pflanzen,Wasser-Beziehungen bei Buschbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) und die Möglichkeit über Blattbesprühungen mit Glycinbetain die Wasser-Beziehungen zu verbessern, untersucht. Die Buschbohnen wurden im Gewächshaus angezogen und mit 0, 30, 50 mM NaCl in Kombination mit 0, 10, 30 mM Glycinbetain Blattbehandlungen angezogen. Eine Erhöhung der Versalzung führte zu einer Abnahme der stomatären Konduktanz, der Photosyntheserate, der Transpiration und des relativen Blattwassergehaltes bei den Behandlungen mit 30, 50 und 100 mM im Vergleich zur Kontrolle. Glysinbetainanwendungen von 10mM erhöhten die stomatäre Konduktanz bei 50 mM NaCl und verbesserten signifikant den ungünstigen Einfluss der Versalzung auf die Wasser-Beziehungen über eine Erhöhung des relativen Blattwassergehaltes. Verwendung von 100 mM NaCl und 30 mM GB trug zu dem osmotischen Streß durch Versalzung bei und hatten einen ungünstigen Einfluss auf die Pflanzen. Unser Experiment weist darauf hin, dass Glycinbetain eine alternative Möglichkeit ist, um die Einflüsse des Salzstresses auf die Wasser-Beziehungen von salzempfindlichen Pflanzen abzuschwächen; es bestehen aber Begrenzungen bezüglich des Versalzungsgrades, bei denen eine günstige Wirkung nachgewiesen werden kann. Ausserdem ist die Verbesserung im Wasserzustand der Buschbohnen von der Anwendungsstärke abhängig, so dass die Konzentration von GB wesentlich für das Überleben der salzempfindlichen Pflanzenart spezifisch ist und für jede Pflanzenart untersucht werden. [source] The Effect of Seed Vernalization and Irradiation on Growth and Photosynthesis of Field Bean Plants (Vicia faba L. minor) and on Nitrogenase Activity of Root NodulesJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 4 2000W. Filek The effect of seed vernalization (2,3°C; 36 days) and irradiation intensity during vegetation of field bean upon growth and maximum leaf photosynthesis (Pmax) as well as specific (SNA) and total nitrogenase activity (TNA) of root nodules was investigated. The measurements were performed at the initial stage of pod development of varieties with undetermined (cv. Nadwi,a,ski) and determined (cv. Tibo) growth habit. In comparison with plants in shading, those which grew in full irradiation produced larger leaf area and more dry weight, achieving higher Pmax values. Stimulation of leaf area enlargement and dry weight increase, especially in respect to the dry weight of underground parts had a positive and significant effect upon TNA value. Accumulation of dry weight was higher in vernalized than non-vernalized plants, but only in the case of cv. Nadwi,la,ski, in full irradiation conditions. In the case of plants grown in poorer irradiation conditions TNA values were about 68 % (cv. Nadwi,la,ski) and 54 % (cv. Tibo) lower, due to significant limitation of root nodules. TNA value of vernalized cv. Nadwi,la,ski plants was 66 % higher in comparison with non-vernalized plants. However, the effect was visible only in full irradiation conditions, due to simultaneous greater intensity of root nodules production and higher SNA value. A positive effect of vernalization could also be observed in the decrease of a negative correlation between dry weight of root nodules and SNA in both varieties. Zusammenfassung Der Einfluss der Samenvernalisation (3,3°C; 36 Tage) und der Strahlungsintensität während der Vegetation von Fababohnen hinsichtlich des Wachstums und der maximalen Blattfotosynthese (Pmax) sowie der spezifischen (SNA) und Gesamtnitrogenaseaktivität (TNA) der Wurzelknöllchen wurde untersucht. Die Messungen wurden im ersten Stadium der Hülsenentwicklung an Sorten mit undeterminierten (cv. Nadwi,la,ski) und determinierten (cv. Tibo) Wachstumsstrukturen durchgeführt. Ein Vergleich von Pflanzen unter Beschattung mit Pflanzen unter voller Strahlung zeigte, dass beschattete Pflanzen eine gröiere Blattfläche und höheres Trockengewicht produzierten und damit höhere Pmax -Werte erreichten. Stimulation der Blattflächenvergröierung und der Trockenge wichtszunahme, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Trockengewichte der unterirdischen Pflanzenteile hatte eine positive und signifikante Auswirkung auf den DNA-Wert. Die Akkumulation von Trockenmasse war in vernalisierten Pflanzen höher als in nicht vernalisierten; dies gilt nur für Sorte Nadwi,la,ski unter dem Einfluss voller Strahlung. Im Fall der Pflanzen, die unter geringer Strahlung wuchsen, waren die TNA-Werte ca. 68 % (cv.Nadwi,la,ski) und 54 % (cv. Tibo) geringer als Folge einer signifikanten Begrenzung des Wurzelknöllchenwachstums. TNA-Werte vernalisierter cv. Nadwi,la,ski-Pflanzen waren um 66 % höher im Vergleich mit nicht vernalisierten Pflanzen. Allerdings zeigte sich diese Wirkung nur unter voller Strahlung als Folge einer vergleichsweise gröieren Intensität der Wurzelknöllchenproduktion und höherer SNA-Werte. Der positive Effekt der Vernalisation konnte ebenfalls beobachtet werden bei einer Abnahme der negativen Korrelation zwischen dem Trockengewicht der Wurzelknöllchen und SNA in beiden Sorten. [source] Dropping behaviour of larvae of aphidophagous ladybirds and its effects on incidence of intraguild predation: interactions between the intraguild prey, Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata (L.), and the intraguild predator, Harmonia axyridis PallasECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Satoru Sato Abstract., 1.,Two experiments were performed in the laboratory to assess the behaviour of dropping from a host plant as a defence against intraguild predation in aphidophagous ladybird larvae. 2.,In the first experiment, encounters were observed on bean plants between fourth instars of the intraguild predator species, Harmonia axyridis, and first instars of two other ladybird species, Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata (L.). The percentages of first instars of the latter two species that dropped from the plant in response to attack differed dramatically, with 47.5% of C. septempunctata first instars dropping vs. 0% of A. bipunctata. 3.,In the second experiment, first instars of A. bipunctata or C. septempunctata and a fourth instar of H. axyridis were allowed to forage together on bean plants for 3 h. During this time, 44.3% of C. septempunctata larvae dropped from the plant, but less than 2% of A. bipunctata larvae did so. In contrast, 95.0% of A. bipunctata larvae fell victim to intraguild predation by H. axyridis vs. only 54.5% of C. septempunctata larvae. 4.,The significance of dropping behaviour of ladybird larvae as a defence against intraguild predation, and the relationship of dropping behaviour to species-specific habitat affinity of ladybirds, is discussed. [source] Plant,Water Relations of Kidney Bean Plants Treated with NaCl and Foliarly Applied GlycinebetaineJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 2 2002C. M. L. Lopez Salinity is at present one of the most serious environmental problems influencing crop growth. It has been extensively demonstrated that salinity affects several physiological processes in the plant, including the plant,water relations of most salt-sensitive crops species. In this study, the effects of salinity on the plant,water relations of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the possibility that foliarly applied glycinebetaine improves these water relations are examined. Kidney bean plants were grown in a greenhouse and treated with 0, 30, 50 and 100 mM NaCl, combined with 0, 10 and 30 mM glycinebetaine in foliar applications. Increased salinity levels decreased stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration and leaf relative water content in the 30, 50 and 100 mM treatments relative to the control treatment. Glycinebetaine applications of 10 mM increased stomatal conductance at 50 mM NaCl, ameliorating significantly the effect of salinity on water relations through increases in the leaf relative water content. At 100 mM NaCl, 30 mM glycinebetaine applications in particular contributed to osmotic stress, and had an adverse effect on plants. Our experiment suggests that glycinebetaine can be used as an alternative treatment to reduce the effects of salt stress on the water relations of salt-sensitive plants, but only to limited salinity levels. Furthermore, the improvement in the water status of kidney beans was dose dependent, suggesting that the concentration of glycinebetaine essential for the survival of salt-sensitive plants is species specific and must be determined individually for each plant species. Pflanzen,Wasser-Beziehungen von NaCl-behandelten und mit Glycinbetain besprühten Blättern von Gartenbohnenpflanzen Versalzung ist zur Zeit eine der am meisten wirksamen Umweltprobleme im Hinblick auf das Wachstum von Kulturpflanzen. Es hat umfangreiche Untersuchungen gegeben, die Versalzungswirkungen in ihrem Einfluss auf zahlreiche physiologische Vorgänge in der Pflanze zu untersuchen; hierbei wurden auch die Pflanzen,Wasser-Beziehungen von hochsalzempfindlichen Pflanzenarten berück-sichtigt. In dieser Untersuchung wurden die Einflüsse der Versalzung auf die Pflanzen,Wasser-Beziehungen bei Buschbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) und die Möglichkeit über Blattbesprühungen mit Glycinbetain die Wasser-Beziehungen zu verbessern, untersucht. Die Buschbohnen wurden im Gewächshaus angezogen und mit 0, 30, 50 mM NaCl in Kombination mit 0, 10, 30 mM Glycinbetain Blattbehandlungen angezogen. Eine Erhöhung der Versalzung führte zu einer Abnahme der stomatären Konduktanz, der Photosyntheserate, der Transpiration und des relativen Blattwassergehaltes bei den Behandlungen mit 30, 50 und 100 mM im Vergleich zur Kontrolle. Glysinbetainanwendungen von 10mM erhöhten die stomatäre Konduktanz bei 50 mM NaCl und verbesserten signifikant den ungünstigen Einfluss der Versalzung auf die Wasser-Beziehungen über eine Erhöhung des relativen Blattwassergehaltes. Verwendung von 100 mM NaCl und 30 mM GB trug zu dem osmotischen Streß durch Versalzung bei und hatten einen ungünstigen Einfluss auf die Pflanzen. Unser Experiment weist darauf hin, dass Glycinbetain eine alternative Möglichkeit ist, um die Einflüsse des Salzstresses auf die Wasser-Beziehungen von salzempfindlichen Pflanzen abzuschwächen; es bestehen aber Begrenzungen bezüglich des Versalzungsgrades, bei denen eine günstige Wirkung nachgewiesen werden kann. Ausserdem ist die Verbesserung im Wasserzustand der Buschbohnen von der Anwendungsstärke abhängig, so dass die Konzentration von GB wesentlich für das Überleben der salzempfindlichen Pflanzenart spezifisch ist und für jede Pflanzenart untersucht werden. [source] Bean dwarf mosaic virus: a model system for the study of viral movementMOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010AVNER LEVY SUMMARY Taxonomy:Bean dwarf mosaic virus -[Colombia:1987] (BDMV-[CO:87]) is a single-stranded plant DNA virus, a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. Physical properties: BDMV virions are twinned incomplete isosahedra measuring 18 × 30 nm. The viral particle is composed of 110 subunits of coat protein, organized as 22 pentameric capsomers. Each subunit has a molecular mass of ,29 kDa. BDMV possesses two DNA components (designated DNA-A and DNA-B), each ,2.6 kb in size. Host range: The natural and most important host of BDMV is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nicotiana benthamiana is often used as an experimental host. Common bean germplasm can be divided into two major gene pools: Andean materials, which are mostly susceptible to BDMV, and Middle American materials, which are mostly resistant to BDMV. Disease symptoms: The symptom intensity in common bean plants depends on the stage of infection. Early infection of susceptible bean seedlings will result in severe stunting and dwarfing, leaf distortion and mottling or mosaic, as well as chlorotic or yellow spots or blotches. BDMV-infected plants usually abort their flowers or produce severely distorted pods. Late infection of susceptible plants or early infection of moderately resistant genotypes may show a mild mosaic, mottle and crumpling or an irregular distribution of variegated patches. Biological properties: As a member of the Begomovirus group, BDMV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BDMV is a nonphloem-limited virus and can replicate and move in the epidermal, cortical and phloem cells. As a nonphloem-limited virus, it is sap-transmissible. [source] Nitrogen and phosphorus availability limit N2 fixation in beanNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 2 2000E. O. LEIDI Availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) might significantly affect N2 fixation in legumes. The interaction of N and P was studied in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), considering their effects on nodulation and N2 fixation, nitrate reductase activity, and the composition of N compounds in xylem sap. The effect of N on the uptake of P by plants was estimated by analysing rhizospheric pH and P concentration in xylem sap and in plant shoots. Inoculated bean plants were grown in pots containing perlite/vermiculite in two experiments with different amounts of P and N. In a third experiment, bean plants were grown on two soil types or on river sand supplied with different concentrations of N. At harvest, shoot growth, number of nodules and mass, and nitrogenase activity were determined. Xylem sap was collected for the determination of ureides, amino acids, nitrate and phosphate concentration. At low nitrate concentration (1 mM), increasing amounts of P promoted both nodule formation and N2 fixation, measured as ureide content in the xylem sap. However, at high nitrate concentration (10 mM), nodulation and N2 fixation did not improve with increased P supply. Glutamine and aspartate were the main organic N compounds transported in the xylem sap of plants grown in low nitrate, whereas asparagine was the dominant N compound in xylem sap from plants grown in high nitrate. Nitrate reductase activity in roots was higher than in shoots of plants grown with low P and high N. In both soils and in the sand experiment, increased application of N decreased nodule mass and number, nitrogenase activity and xylem ureides but increased the concentration of asparagine in xylem sap. Increasing P nutrition improved symbiotic N2 fixation in bean only at low N concentrations. It did not alleviate the inhibitory effect of high nitrate concentration on N2 fixation. A decrease in plant P uptake was observed, as indicated by a lower concentration of P in the xylem sap and shoots, correlating with the amount of N supplied. Simultaneously with the specific inhibition of N2 fixation, high nitrate concentrations might decrease P availability, thus inhibiting even further the symbiotic association because of the high P requirement for nodulation and N2 fixation. [source] Characterization of a type A response regulator in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in response to phosphate starvationPHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM, Issue 3 2008Yolanda Camacho Type A response regulators are a family of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana involved primarily in cytokinin signal transduction. A member of this family was isolated from a cDNA library constructed from bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown under conditions of phosphate starvation. The complete cDNA sequence showed the presence of the DDK domain, which is the hallmark of the response regulator family. Expression of the P. vulgaris response regulator 1 (PvRR1) showed clear regulation based on phosphate availability because transcript levels increased during phosphate starvation and returned to basal levels after resupplementation with phosphorus. Nitrogen and potassium starvation also upregulated PvRR1, indicating that cross talk with other nutrient signaling pathways might occur. Addition of cytokinins to plants growing under phosphate-sufficient conditions stimulated PvRR1 transcript levels both in detached leaves and in roots. However, cytokinins strongly inhibited PvRR1 expression in phosphate-starved plants after 24 h of incubation. At the protein level, subcellular localization of PvRR1 indicated that it is a nuclear protein and that phosphate starvation modified protein levels but not the localization. [source] Synthesis of novel superabsorbing copolymers for agricultural and horticultural applicationsPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 8 2001K Mohana Raju Abstract A series of novel superabsorbent copolymers (SAPs) based on monomers acrylamide, calcium acrylate and sodium acrylate have been prepared using ammonium persulfate as initiator and N,N -methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent; the monomer concentration, MBA concentration and initiator concentration were varied. The experimental results show that the SAPs have good absorbency both in water and NaCl solutions. The copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy. Water retention in soil is enhanced by use of these superabsorbents. The effect of SAPs on the growth of bean plants is reported. SAPs may be of use as water management materials for agricultural and horticultural purposes in desert and drought-prone areas. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Effect of sowing date and straw mulch on virus incidence and aphid infestation in organically grown faba beans (Vicia faba)ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009H. Saucke Abstract The effect of sowing date on aphid infestation and the incidence of aphid-transmitted viruses were investigated in organically managed, small-scale field experiments with two faba bean cultivars over 3 years (2002,04). As an additional factor, straw mulch was applied in 2 of the 3 years shortly before the start of vector activity in May. Virus incidence was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectron microscopy. Aphid flight activity was monitored using standard yellow water traps. Bean colonising aphids were assessed throughout the vegetation period by counting the number of plants infested with Acyrthosiphon pisum, Megoura viciae and Aphis fabae. Pea enation mosaic virus and bean yellow mosaic virus were the most abundant aphid-transmitted viruses, being detected in 22,54% and 9,69%, respectively, of the total number of virus-infected plants analysed per year. Further aphid-transmitted viruses found in faba bean were bean leaf roll virus, beet western yellows virus, clover yellow vein virus (in 2002) and soybean dwarf virus (in 2004). A. pisum was the predominant aphid species colonising faba bean plants. Early sowing compared with late sowing led to a significant reduction of the total virus incidence in faba bean in all 3 years. However, significantly decreased levels of A. pisum colonisation as a result of early sowing were observed only in 1 year and one cultivar. Irrespective of sowing date, straw mulching had no significant effects on virus incidence and aphid colonisation. Compared with late sowing, early sowing significantly increased bean yield in all 3 years and kernel weight in 2 years, whereas straw mulching had no effect on yield. [source] Rainforest habitat resistance to the migration of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in south-eastern QueenslandAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Mohammad Golam N Azam Abstract, This paper tests the hypothesis that habitat differences affect the migratory ability of the Chilean predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, an introduced biological control agent of the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. It is suggested that habitat resistance accounts for the species' inability to invade rainforests in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Like its prey, P. persimilis migrates to distant plants on air currents. To test our hypothesis, populations of the Chilean predatory mite were established on potted bean plants in both remnant rainforest and adjacent open fields, and their migration monitored using sticky traps. Overall it was found that prey populations on leaves were similar in both habitats, but those of predators were about 20% lower in rainforest. However, the numbers of both predators and prey caught on sticky traps in rainforest were about 6% and 25%, respectively, of those caught in open fields, indicating a strongly reduced rate of aerial migration in the forest. The number of P. persimilis caught on the sticky traps increased with increasing populations of predators on foliage. Thus, dense vegetation inhibits the movement of air currents and inhibits colonisation by both predators and, to a lesser extent, spider mites. These results suggest that the inhibition of aerial migration is one reason for lower numbers of P. persimilis in forest habitats, both because its own vagility is restricted, and because its prey is less able to disperse. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||