Tries

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Distribution within Humanities and Social Sciences

Kinds of Tries

  • article try
  • i try
  • paper try
  • study try


  • Selected Abstracts


    Heating and cooling energy recovery for an HVAC system: Economic analysis for the Italian climate

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 8 2001
    Adolfo Palombo
    Abstract In this paper the economic analysis of the energy recovery in all-outdoor-air HVAC systems for the Italian climate is performed. The energy recovery device considered here is the same for both heating and cooling periods. During the summer season, the energy saving is achieved by evaporative cooling. The performances of the hybrid innovative HVAC system and the traditional system are calculated hour by hour by following the test reference year (TRY) profile. Such analysis is carried out taking into account simultaneously, the trend of some climatic indexes computed in order to (i) better understand the influence of climate on the HVAC system behaviour, (ii) obtain a swift feasibility analysis of the energy recovery system and (iii) perform a rough operating cost estimate of the traditional HVAC system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    BIOGENIC AMINE CONTENT OF SOME TURKISH CHEESES

    JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 4 2002
    FÜGEN DURLU-ÖZKAYA
    Biogenic amines in ten samples of Ka,ar (aged), five samples of Ka,ar (fresh), four samples of Mihaliç, nine samples of Van Otlu (herbed), nine samples of Örgü, nine samples of Urfa and six samples of Civil cheeses were obtained from local supermarkets of Ankara. Tryptamine (TRY), phenylethylamine (PHA), putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), histamine (HIT), tyramine (TYA), spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD) contents of Turkish cheese samples were screened by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PUT, CAD, HIT, TYA and SPD were the predominant biogenic amines in maturated Ka,ar (aged), vacuum-packed Ka,ar (fresh), Mihaliç, Otlu (herbed) and Örgü cheeses. PHA, CAD, TYA and SPD were the predominant biogenic amines in Urfa cheese samples. Civil cheeses were found to contain the highest HIT and TYA content with an average of 94.76 mg/100 g and 138.16 mg/100 g, respectively, much higher than the toxic dose. HIT level of Mihaliç cheeses were also higher than the accepted limit. The concentration of amines in all other cheeses was much lower than the toxic dose limits. [source]


    Comparison of TRY and the closely related At1g01380 gene in controlling Arabidopsis trichome patterning

    THE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004
    Jeffrey J. Esch
    Summary A screen of activation-tagged Arabidopsis lines resulted in the identification of At1g01380, which encodes a small R3 single repeat MYB gene, as a negative regulator of trichome initiation. Plants that overexpress this gene have fewer trichomes. The gene is closely related to the previously identified negative regulator TRY, and has a similar pattern of expression as TRY in developing leaves. As previously shown for TRY, At1g01380 protein can inhibit the interaction between the positive trichome regulators GL1 and GL3, and likely limits trichome initiation via this inhibition. While TRY and At1g01380 are closely related, they are not completely functionally equivalent. When placed under the transcriptional control of the TRY promoter, At1g01380 can only partially rescue the try mutant. Interestingly, Atg01380 is highly expressed in gl3-sst trichomes, while TRY expression is greatly reduced. The mutation in gl3-sst causes a reduced interaction between the GL1 and GL3 proteins and results in fewer leaf trichomes that develop in clusters. The differential expression of TRY and At1g01380 in this mutant can be used to explain how its altered trichome pattern in gl2-sst is generated. [source]


    Molecular dynamics of detoxification and toxin-tolerance genes in brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stĺl., Homoptera: Delphacidae) feeding on resistant rice plants

    ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2005
    Zhifan Yang
    Abstract To investigate the molecular response of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) to BPH-resistant rice plants, we isolated cDNA fragments of the genes encoding for carboxylesterase (CAR), trypsin (TRY), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450), NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), acetylcholinesterase (ACE), and Glutathione S-transferase (GST). Expression profiles of the genes were monitored on fourth instar nymphs feeding on rice varieties with different resistance levels. Northern blot hybridization showed that, compared with BPH reared on susceptible rice TN1, expression of the genes for P450 and CAR was apparently up-regulated and TRY mRNA decreased in BPH feeding on a highly resistant rice line B5 and a moderately resistant rice variety MH63, respectively. Two transcripts of GST increased in BPH feeding on B5; but in BPH feeding on MH63, this gene was inducible and its expression reached a maximum level at 24 h, and then decreased slightly. The expression of NQO gene was enhanced in BPH on B5 plants but showed a constant expression in BPH on MH63 plants. No difference in ACE gene expression among BPH on different rice plants was detected by the RT-PCR method. The results suggest these genes may play important roles in the defense response of BPH to resistant rice. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 59:59,66, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Dissecting the essentiality of the bifunctional trypanothione synthetase-amidase in Trypanosoma brucei using chemical and genetic methods

    MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
    Susan Wyllie
    Summary The bifunctional trypanothione synthetase-amidase (TRYS) comprises two structurally distinct catalytic domains for synthesis and hydrolysis of trypanothione (N1,N8 - bis(glutathionyl)spermidine). This unique dithiol plays a pivotal role in thiol-redox homeostasis and in defence against chemical and oxidative stress in trypanosomatids. A tetracycline-dependent conditional double knockout of TRYS (cDKO) was generated in bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. Culture of cDKO parasites without tetracycline induction resulted in loss of trypanothione and accumulation of glutathione, followed by growth inhibition and cell lysis after 6 days. In the absence of inducer, cDKO cells were unable to infect mice, confirming that this enzyme is essential for virulence in vivo as well as in vitro. To establish whether both enzymatic functions were essential, an amidase-dead mutant cDKO line was generated. In the presence of inducer, this line showed decreased growth in vitro and decreased virulence in vivo, indicating that the amidase function is not absolutely required for viability. The druggability of TRYS was assessed using a potent small molecule inhibitor developed in our laboratory. Growth inhibition correlated in rank order cDKO, single KO, wild-type and overexpressing lines and produced the predicted biochemical phenotype. The synthetase function of TRYS is thus unequivocally validated as a drug target by both chemical and genetic methods. [source]


    Blood serum branched chain amino acids and tryptophan modifications in horses competing in long-distance rides of different length

    JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3-4 2004
    A. Assenza
    Summary During long-distance exercise, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism could lead to an increase in the blood tryptophan/BCAA ratio and an early onset of ,central fatigue'. Based on these considerations, we studied the modifications of blood serum BCAA and tryptophan (Try) levels in 30 endurance horses competing in rides varying in distance from 20 to 72 km. From all horses, blood samples were drawn just before and just after the end of the ride. Samples were analysed for their leucine (Leu), valine (Val), isoleucine (Iso) and Try levels. Data were processed by anova, using sampling moment and ride as factors, and by LSD post hoc test. Significant differences were recorded among the different distance rides for Leu, Val, Iso, Try, Try/BCAA ratio; the same trend was recorded between samples taken at the start and the end of the race for Val and Leu. The main effect observed was an increase of BCAA levels for all rides, except the 72-km ride; for Try, a significant increase was present in all races, except the 50-km ride. The Try/BCAA ratio decreased in 20- and 50-km races and increased in the others. These data confirm that long-distance exercise involves a mobilization of BCAA. The utilization of BCAA seems to be important in prolonged exercise: in the 72-km ride, we observed a decrease in BCAA blood serum levels, while a major role of Try was indicated by its increase, resulting in a rise of the Try/BCAA ratio. [source]


    standard enthalpy of formation

    CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2002

    The solid complexes of Cr(AA)2 Cl3 · nH2O of CrCl3, with L-, -amino acids (AA= Val, Leu, Thr, Met, Arg, Phe, Try and His) have been prepared in 95% EtOH medium, and characterized structurally by elemental analysis, chemical analysis, IR spectra and TG-DTG. The constant-volume combustion energies of the complexes have been determined by RBC-II type rotating-bomb calorimeter. The standard enthalpies of formation of the complexes have been calculated as well, which are (-2543.16 ± 3.71) (Val), ( ,2561.32 ± 4.06) (Leu), (-2284.02 ± 2.95) (Thr), (-1418.77 ± 4.60) (Met), (-3218.91 ± 4.67) (Arg), (-2643.90 ± 5.02) (Phe), (-1707.18 ± 3.23) (Try) and (-2838.05 ± 3.45) (His) kJ/mol, respectively. [source]


    Comparing three attitude-behavior theories for predicting science teachers' intentions

    JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 9 2002
    Michaela Zint
    Social psychologists' attitude-behavior theories can contribute to understanding science teachers' behaviors. Such understanding can, in turn, be used to improve professional development. This article describes leading attitude-behavior theories and summarizes results from past tests of these theories. A study predicting science teachers' intention to incorporate environmental risk education based on these theories is also reported. Data for that study were collected through a mail questionnaire (n,=,1336, radjusted,=,80%) and analyzed using confirmatory factor and multiple regression analysis. All determinants of intention to act in the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior and some determinants in the Theory of Trying predicted science teachers' environmental risk education intentions. Given the consistency of results across studies, the Theory of Planned Behavior augmented with past behavior is concluded to provide the best attitude-behavior model for predicting science teachers' intention to act. Thus, science teachers' attitude toward the behavior, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm need to be enhanced to modify their behavior. Based on the Theory of Trying, improving their attitude toward the process and toward success, and expectations of success may also result in changes. Future research should focus on identifying determinants that can further enhance the ability of these theories to predict and explain science teachers' behaviors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 819,844, 2002 [source]


    II,On Modelling Vagueness,and on not Modelling Incommensurability

    ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME, Issue 1 2009
    Robert Sugden
    This paper defines and analyses the concept of a ,ranking problem'. In a ranking problem, a set of objects, each of which possesses some common property P to some degree, are ranked by P-ness. I argue that every eligible answer to a ranking problem can be expressed as a complete and transitive ,is at least as P as' relation. Vagueness is expressed as a multiplicity of eligible rankings. Incommensurability, properly understood, is the absence of a common property P. Trying to analyse incommensurability in the same framework as ranking problems causes unnecessary confusion. [source]


    Oral Language Competence, Social Skills and High-risk Boys: What are Juvenile Offenders Trying to Tell us?

    CHILDREN & SOCIETY, Issue 1 2008
    Pamela C. Snow
    A cross-sectional study examining the oral language abilities and social skills of male juvenile offenders is described. Fifty juvenile offenders and 50 non-offending controls completed measures of language processing and production, and measures of social skill and IQ. Information about type of offending, substance use histories and learning/literacy problems was also gathered. Young offenders performed significantly worse on all language and social skill measures, but these differences could not be accounted for on the basis of IQ. Just over half of the young offenders were identified as language impaired. This subgroup was compared with non-language impaired offending peers on a range of variables. The findings have particular implications in the areas of early intervention for high-risk boys and investigative interviewing of juvenile offenders. © 2007 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2007 National Children's Bureau. [source]


    SEARCHING FOR EXPLANATORY WEB PAGES USING AUTOMATIC QUERY EXPANSION

    COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 1 2007
    Manabu Tauchi
    When one tries to use the Web as a dictionary or encyclopedia, entering some single term into a search engine, the highly ranked pages in the result can include irrelevant or useless sites. The problem is that single-term queries, if taken literally, underspecify the type of page the user wants. For such problems automatic query expansion, also known as pseudo-feedback, is often effective. In this method the top n documents returned by an initial retrieval are used to provide terms for a second retrieval. This paper contributes, first, new normalization techniques for query expansion, and second, a new way of computing the similarity between an expanded query and a document, the "local relevance density" metric, which complements the standard vector product metric. Both of these techniques are shown to be useful for single-term queries, in Japanese, in experiments done over the World Wide Web in early 2001. [source]


    A Local/Global Approach to Mesh Parameterization

    COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 5 2008
    Ligang Liu
    Abstract We present a novel approach to parameterize a mesh with disk topology to the plane in a shape-preserving manner. Our key contribution is a local/global algorithm, which combines a local mapping of each 3D triangle to the plane, using transformations taken from a restricted set, with a global "stitch" operation of all triangles, involving a sparse linear system. The local transformations can be taken from a variety of families, e.g. similarities or rotations, generating different types of parameterizations. In the first case, the parameterization tries to force each 2D triangle to be an as-similar-as-possible version of its 3D counterpart. This is shown to yield results identical to those of the LSCM algorithm. In the second case, the parameterization tries to force each 2D triangle to be an as-rigid-as-possible version of its 3D counterpart. This approach preserves shape as much as possible. It is simple, effective, and fast, due to pre-factoring of the linear system involved in the global phase. Experimental results show that our approach provides almost isometric parameterizations and obtains more shape-preserving results than other state-of-the-art approaches. We present also a more general "hybrid" parameterization model which provides a continuous spectrum of possibilities, controlled by a single parameter. The two cases described above lie at the two ends of the spectrum. We generalize our local/global algorithm to compute these parameterizations. The local phase may also be accelerated by parallelizing the independent computations per triangle. [source]


    Texture Synthesis using Exact Neighborhood Matching

    COMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 2 2007
    M. Sabha
    Abstract In this paper we present an elegant pixel-based texture synthesis technique that is able to generate visually pleasing results from source textures of both stochastic and structured nature. Inspired by the observation that the most common artifacts that occur when synthesizing textures are high-frequency discontinuities, our technique tries to avoid these artifacts by forcing at least one of the direct neighboring pixels in each causal neighborhood to match within a predetermined threshold. This does not only avoid deterioration of the visual quality, but also results in faster synthesis timings. We demonstrate our technique on a variety of stochastic and structured textures. [source]


    A comparative study of Java and C performance in two large-scale parallel applications

    CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 15 2009
    Aamir Shafi
    Abstract In the 1990s the Message Passing Interface Forum defined MPI bindings for Fortran, C, and C++. With the success of MPI these relatively conservative languages have continued to dominate in the parallel computing community. There are compelling arguments in favour of more modern languages like Java. These include portability, better runtime error checking, modularity, and multi-threading. But these arguments have not converted many HPC programmers, perhaps due to the scarcity of full-scale scientific Java codes, and the lack of evidence for performance competitive with C or Fortran. This paper tries to redress this situation by porting two scientific applications to Java. Both of these applications are parallelized using our thread-safe Java messaging system,MPJ Express. The first application is the Gadget-2 code, which is a massively parallel structure formation code for cosmological simulations. The second application uses the finite-domain time-difference method for simulations in the area of computational electromagnetics. We evaluate and compare the performance of the Java and C versions of these two scientific applications, and demonstrate that the Java codes can achieve performance comparable with legacy applications written in conventional HPC languages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    On the connectivity of Bluetooth-based ad hoc networks

    CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 7 2009
    P. Crescenzi
    Abstract We study the connectivity properties of a family of random graphs that closely model the Bluetooth's device discovery process, where each device tries to connect to other devices within its visibility range in order to establish reliable communication channels yielding a connected topology. Specifically, we provide both analytical and experimental evidence that when the visibility range of each node (i.e. device) is limited to a vanishing function of n, the total number of nodes in the system, full connectivity can still be achieved with high probability by letting each node connect only to a ,small' number of visible neighbors. Our results extend previous studies, where connectivity properties were analyzed only for the case of a constant visibility range, and provide evidence that Bluetooth can indeed be used for establishing large ad hoc networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Object combining: a new aggressive optimization for object intensive programs

    CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 5-6 2005
    Ronald Veldema
    Abstract Object combining tries to put objects together that have roughly the same life times in order to reduce strain on the memory manager and to reduce the number of pointer indirections during a program's execution. Object combining works by appending the fields of one object to another, allowing allocation and freeing of multiple objects with a single heap (de)allocation. Unlike object inlining, which will only optimize objects where one has a (unique) pointer to another, our optimization also works if there is no such relation. Object inlining also directly replaces the pointer by the inlined object's fields. Object combining leaves the pointer in place to allow more combining. Elimination of the pointer accesses is implemented in a separate compiler optimization pass. Unlike previous object inlining systems, reference field overwrites are allowed and handled, resulting in much more aggressive optimization. Our object combining heuristics also allow unrelated objects to be combined, for example, those allocated inside a loop; recursive data structures (linked lists, trees) can be allocated several at a time and objects that are always used together can be combined. As Java explicitly permits code to be loaded at runtime and allows the new code to contribute to a running computation, we do not require a closed-world assumption to enable these optimizations (but it will increase performance). The main focus of object combining in this paper is on reducing object (de)allocation overhead, by reducing both garbage collection work and the number of object allocations. Reduction of memory management overhead causes execution time to be reduced by up to 35%. Indirection removal further reduces execution time by up to 6%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Dialogic mediation in conflict resolution education

    CONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2010
    Claudio Baraldi
    Conflict resolution education is an interesting field for both teachers and experts. This contribution tries to understand how conflict management can be productive in the interaction between adults and children. For this purpose, the results of field research are presented; they concern videotaped interaction in classrooms and formal groups of children coordinated by adults trying to support children's conflict management. The data show the adults' dialogic actions, which may promote children's conflict management, as well as the problems and limitations of these actions, highlighting coordination between adults' dialogic actions and children's agency in conflict resolution education. [source]


    The Italian experience in social reporting: an empirical analysis

    CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2006
    Davide Secchi
    Abstract This analysis tries to discover an empirical validation to back up the hypothesis that the Italian phenomenon of social reporting has changed with regard to the past and is growing in importance. After considering the evolution of Italian literature on the issue, the paper tries to find connections between this literature and social reporting practices. Empirical findings are based on 62 Italian social reports. The paper tries to answer three questions: (a) what kind of organization publishes social reports; (b) what are the main differences, if any, between different reports belonging to diverse organizations; (c) which are the leading models. Social reports have been sorted according to three main issues: report objectives, emerging models and stakeholder mapping. Collected data suggest that there is a common ground for organizations in socially responsible behaviour, but also that this common ground fits the need of every single organization. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source]


    The Macro-Economic Effects of Directed Credit Policies: A Real-Financial CGE Evaluation for India

    DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2001
    C. W. M. Naastepad
    The effectiveness of directed credit programmes as an instrument for economic development is the subject of considerable debate. However, the focus of this debate is almost exclusively on the intra-sectoral effects of directed credit and its adverse effects on financial sector performance, neglecting possible spillover effects on demand, production and investment in the rest of the economy. This article tries to fill this gap by examining the macro-economic effects of directed credit in India with the help of a novel real-financial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Focusing on credit rather than money, the model goes beyond earlier modelling approaches by (1) incorporating directed credit policy and credit rationing; (2) recognizing the dual role of credit for working capital and investment; and (3) allowing for switches between credit-constrained, capacity-constrained and demand-constrained regimes. The results from short- and medium-term simulation experiments with the model indicate that, when credit market failures result in rationing as in India's agricultural and small-scale industrial sectors, the macro-economic effects of directed credit are likely to be significant and positive. [source]


    The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Discourse, Policy Controversies and the Role of Science in the Politics of Shrimp Farming Development

    DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 5 2005
    Christophe Béné
    This article revisits through a policy analysis the ongoing debate on shrimp farming aquaculture. It describes the changes in policy orientations that have taken place in recent years, and tries to relate them to the advocacy strategies developed by different networks and policy communities. The analysis reveals in particular the crucial contribution of the ,power of expertise' and shows how it has been instrumentalised by certain advocacy networks to depoliticise the debate. While this has allowed a number of key stakeholders to refocus the debate on technical solutions, it has prevented other groups concerned with more intractable social and political issues from engaging successfully in the policy process, thus leaving the long-term sustainability of aquaculture still a contentious issue. [source]


    Emotion, Perception and Perspective

    DIALECTICA, Issue 1 2006
    Julien A. Deonna
    The content of an emotion, unlike the content of a perception, is directly dependent on the motivational set of the subject experiencing the emotion. Given the instability of this motivational set, it might be thought that there is no sense in which emotions can be said to pick up information about the environment in the same way that perception does. Whereas it is admitted that perception tracks for us what is the case in the environment, no such tracking relation, it is argued, holds between one's emotions and what they are about. It is to this worry , that the construal of the emotions as perceptions inevitably raises , that this paper tries to respond. In this paper, I suggest that when it is realized that one dimension of perception itself is directly dependent on the perceiver's perspective on her environment, then emotion, which is also essentially perspectival in this sense, bears the comparison with perception very well. After having clarified the nature and the role that perspective plays in perception, I argue that, in the case of emotions, the same perspectival role can be played by agents' long-standing evaluative tendencies and character traits. The resulting conception of emotion as perception is then tested against possible objections. [source]


    Seismic risk assessments and GIS technology: applications to infrastructures in the Friuli,Venezia Giulia region (NE Italy)

    EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 11 2003
    Raffaella Codermatz
    Abstract This paper illustrates the seismic risk preliminary estimates of two different groups of structures located on the territory of the Friuli,Venezia Giulia region (NE Italy) : the first group includes some special industrial plants, and the second group includes bridges and tunnels belonging to the regional highway network. The part of the study on special industrial plants tries to evaluate the degree of expected damage, taking into account their structural typology and ground shaking expressed in terms of macroseismic intensity. The second part of the study is an application of the HAZUS methodology to the tunnels and bridges of a highway network: the combination of expected ground shaking and the construction characteristics lead to very different risk levels, especially when considering the bridges. The resulting damage levels to bridges and tunnels are still only indicative because of the fragility curves used in the evaluations: they were developed for existing bridge and tunnel structural typologies in the U.S.A. Moreover, both examples show the power of GIS technology in storing, elaborating, and mapping spatial data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    "Offshoring": How big an issue?

    ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, Issue 3 2004
    Grant Colquhoun
    Spurred by the political debate in the US and several high-profile corporate moves, "offshoring" has become a lively topic of discussion. This paper by Grant Colquhoun, Keith Edmonds and David Goodger tries to put recent developments in context and argues that "offshoring" should be seen as part of a long-standing and largely beneficial trend of international specialisation. In the short term at least, the transfer of service sector activities abroad is likely to involve relatively small numbers of jobs when compared to overall UK employment and labour market turnover. However, specific areas , such as call centres, back office functions and software programming , are expected to be increasingly affected, impacting upon regions of the UK with heavy exposure to those activities and giving rise to adjustment costs. In contrast, retailing, hotels and catering and personal services could well benefit from the move of low value-added jobs abroad. Overall, the impact of "offshoring" on the UK economy in terms of output and productivity should be positive. [source]


    Organic solvents in CE

    ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue S1 2009
    Ernst Kenndler
    Abstract In this contribution some fundamental aspects are discussed serving for a critical reflection and elucidation of the role of organic solvents in CE. The implications of the solvent on the parameters governing peak resolution are discussed based on the concepts describing migration and zone broadening in capillary zone electrophoresis. This discussion includes the solvent-dependent influence of the ionic strength on the mobility. The role of the solvent on the plate number in case of the inevitable diffusional peak dispersion is outlined, and its effect on other peak broadening contributions is briefly examined. This paper also deals with the problems of conductance, applicable voltage and analysis time upon application of organic solvents, and tries to clarify some misunderstandings common in the literature. [source]


    Toward an Integrative Model of Effective FOB Succession

    ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 4 2004
    Isabelle Le Breton-Miller
    Given that less than 10% of family owned businesses (FOBs) survive into the third generation, the issue of top executive succession has received a good deal of attention. Unfortunately, the literature on the topic is fragmented, as it deals with different parts of the elephant. This synthetic effort tries to put together the pieces to (1) derive a more encompassing model of what it takes for a succession to succeed, (2) determine the trends, consensus findings, as well as the gaps in our conceptual and empirical knowledge, and (3) suggest areas for further research. [source]


    Dynamic flood modeling: combining Hurst and Gumbel's approach

    ENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 1 2009
    Arthur Charpentier
    Abstract When working on river floods,annual river levels maxima,, two approaches are usually considered: one inspired from Emil Gumbel where annual maxima are supposed to be i.i.d. and distributed according to Gumbel's distribution, and one inspired from Edwin Hurst where annual maxima are strongly dependent, and exhibit long range memory. This paper tries to solve this apparent paradox by deriving a dynamic model inspired from financial models, which does not take into account annual maxima only but also threshold exceedances. It studies the implications of such a paradox in terms of return period,a notion valid as long as the data are i.i.d,and of extremal events. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Role of macrophage activation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated dementia

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 6 2000
    Smits
    The structure and function of neurons are changed not only during development of the central nervous system but also in certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) -associated dementia. Immunological activation and altered production of neurotoxins and neurotrophins by brain macrophages are thought to play an important role in neuronal structure and function. This review describes the clinical and pathological features of both Alzheimer's disease and HIV-1-associated dementia and tries to interpret the role of the macrophage and astrocytes therein. The consequences of activation of macrophages by amyloid-, in Alzheimer's disease and HIV infection of macrophages in HIV-1-associated dementia and the similarities between these diseases will be discussed. Although the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease and HIV-1-associated dementia differs, Alzheimer's disease is a cortical dementia and HIV-1-associated dementia is a subcortical dementia, the process of macrophage activation and the resulting pathways leading to neurotoxicity seem very similar. In both Alzheimer's disease and HIV-1-associated dementia, interaction of macrophages and astrocytes appear to play an important role. [source]


    WTDWTR: What To Do With This Reaction?

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 22 2006
    A New Program in the Field of Computer-Aided Synthesis Design, Alder Reaction, Application to the Diels
    Abstract We present WTDWTR (What To Do With This Reaction?), which is a new program in the field of computer-aided organic synthesis. WTDWTR tries to answer the question: what kind of structures can be obtained from a given reaction? We present the results that were obtained for the Diels,Alder reaction of structures that possess four fused rings of size 6, 6, 6 and 5 ("isomers" of the steroidal skeleton) for which WTDWTR generated 590 solutions. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source]


    Thalidomide, BSE and the single market: An historical-institutionalist approach to regulatory regimes in the European Union

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2007
    SEBASTIAN KRAPOHL
    In the last decade, the regulatory regime for pharmaceuticals has functioned without raising public concerns. The establishment of a European agency for pharmaceuticals in the early 1990s has been evaluated positively by both producers and consumers, and there have been no large scandals so far. At the same time, the food sector was subject to a whole range of crises, of which the BSE scandal was certainly the most significant one. In reaction to this, the regulatory regime for foodstuffs was reformed by setting up the European Food Safety Agency in 2002. This article adopts an historical-institutionalist approach, and thus tries to give an explanation for the striking differences between the two regulatory regimes. Accordingly, the development of supranational regulatory regimes is distinguished by two critical junctures: a crisis of consumer confidence and the establishment of a single market. It is crucial which of these occurred first. If a crisis of consumer confidence leads to the establishment of national regulatory authorities, these authorities act as stakeholders, which could be an obstacle for harmonization, but also ensures a necessary commitment to health and consumer protection once a single market is set up. If national regulatory authorities are missing, it might be easier to set up a single market, but a regulatory deficit is more likely to occur and, in case of a crisis, the whole regulatory regime has to be established at the supranational level. [source]


    An organisational approach to European integration: Outline of a complementary perspective

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2004
    Morten Egeberg
    Intergovernmentalists usually preclude any profound impact of European Union (EU) institutions and organisations. Institutionalists (other than rational-choice institutionalists), on the other hand, claim that EU institutions are able to shape and reshape individual actors' preferences and sense of belonging. Seen from an organisational perspective, however, institutionalists often fail to specify (and theorise) the organisational components that institutions may contain. This ,unpacking' of institutions is necessary in order to clarify the conditions under which transformation of actors and policy processes might occur. This article tries to illustrate what an organisational approach has to offer in fields like committee governance and Commission decision making. In addition, organisational theory provides a yardstick for assessing the degree of overall system integration. [source]