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True
Kinds of True Terms modified by True Selected AbstractsTHE DOCTRINE OF UNIVOCITY IS TRUE AND SALUTARYMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2005THOMAS WILLIAMS After clearing up some misunderstandings of Scotus's doctrine of univocity, I argue that the doctrine of univocity is true. All predications about God must be reducible to univocity if they are to be intelligible at all. So even if the doctrine has unwelcome consequences, we ought to affirm it anyway; it is not the job of the theologian or philosopher to shrink from uncomfortable truths. I then argue that the doctrine of univocity in fact has no unwelcome consequences. Moreover, it has at least two salutary logical consequences of the highest importance. I conclude that the polemic against univocity, and against Scotus as its defender, is misplaced. [source] PHYSICALISM COULD BE TRUE EVEN IF MARY LEARNS SOMETHING NEWTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 227 2007Barbara Montero Mary knows all there is to know about physics, chemistry and neurophysiology, yet has never experienced colour. Most philosophers think that if Mary learns something genuinely new upon seeing colour for the first time, then physicalism is false. I argue, however, that physicalism is consistent with Mary's acquisition of new information. Indeed, even if she has perfect powers of deduction, and higher-level physical facts are a priori deducible from lower-level ones, Mary may still lack concepts which are required in order to deduce from the lower-level physical facts what it is like to see red. [source] SUPPLEMENTARY OXYGEN AND WOUND HEALING IN VASCULAR SURGERY: TOO SIMPLE TO BE TRUE?ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 6 2007FRACS, John P. Harris AM No abstract is available for this article. [source] ,ALMOST TRUE': PETER RINDISBACHER'S EARLY IMAGES OF RUPERT'S LAND, 1821,26ART HISTORY, Issue 3 2009LAURA PEERS This article examines early watercolours and sketches by Peter Rindisbacher, who in 1821, emigrated with his family from Switzerland to the Red River Settlement in Winnipeg, Canada. Rindisbacher's work has been praised, and made use of, for its detailed renderings of clothing and objects typical of the Northwestern fur trade. The article examines both the materiality of the images and the materiality within them, in order to understand his European mindset and training and consider their implications for the veracity of his work, which reflects European stereotypes of Aboriginal people. Viewers' responses to Rindisbacher's images are also explored, and the correlation between the assumption of veracity in these images and expectations about the ,frontier' is noted. Rindisbacher's images both reflect such expectations, and complicate them. [source] Against Universal Mereological CompositionDIALECTICA, Issue 4 2008Crawford Elder This paper opposes universal mereological composition (UMC). Sider defends it: unless UMC were true, he says, it could be indeterminate how many objects there are in the world. I argue that there is no general connection between how widely composition occurs and how many objects there are in the world. Sider fails to support UMC. I further argue that we should disbelieve in UMC objects. Existing objections against them say that they are radically unlike Aristotelian substances. True, but there is a stronger objection. This is that they are characterized by no properties, and so fail to be like anything , even themselves. [source] True and false positive peaks in genomewide scans: The long and the short of itGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Peter Visscher Abstract When performing a genome scan in linkage or linkage disequilibrium studies to detect loci underlying complex or quantitative traits, it is important to attempt to distinguish between true and false positives using the appropriate statistical methods. There has been some controversy in the literature regarding the use of the length of a positive peak, i.e., the length of a chromosome region displaying identity-by-descent in linkage studies among affected individuals or the length of a continuous chromosome region for which the test statistic is above a certain threshold. We show in this study, by reasoning and by simulation studies, that conditional on the strength of evidence for a locus affecting a trait of interest, i.e., conditional on the peak height of a test statistic, there is no information in the length of the peak. Our finding has implications for linkage and association studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:409,414, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] "True" weight-based dosing versus "flat" dosing of ribavirin: Will the WIN-R please come forward?,,HEPATOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Jason Smith Pharm.D. First page of article [source] The HIPC Initiative: True and False PromisesINTERNATIONAL FINANCE, Issue 3 2001Daniel Cohen The paper develops the view that understanding of the HIPC initiative is distorted by a lack of perspective on the ,market value' of the debt which is written down. The appropriate ,market value' takes account of the risk of non-payment: arrears, rescheduling and ,constrained' refinancing of various sorts. Building on econometric evidence that relies on middle income debtors in the 1980s, the paper argues that the initiative is about ten times less generous than face value accounting would suggest. [source] STATUS, RELATIONSHIPS, AND DISTRIBUTION OF MESOPLODON BOWDOINI ANDREWS, 1908 (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE)MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2001Alan N. Baker Abstract The specific status of Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews is reviewed and new information on its morphology, reproduction, and distribution is presented. This species of beaked whale, known only from 35 specimens, has a southern, circumpolar distribution north of the Antarctic convergence, between 32° and 54°30,S. It shares with M. bahamondi Reyes, Van Waerebeek, Cárdenas and Yáñez from the south Pacific Ocean including New Zealand (this paper) and M. carlhubbsi Moore from the north Pacific, a number of morphological features such as prominential notches in the maxillary bones in the skull. It is less similar to M. stejnegeri True from the north Pacific and M. ginkgodens Nishiwaki and Kamiya from the tropical Indo-Pacific. Mesoplodon bowdoini can be distinguished from all other species of Mesoplodon by the shape of its teeth (male and female), and differences in the morphology of its skull, especially the proportions of the rostrum, separation of the nasals, the shape of the prominential notches, and the nature of the antorbital processes. The species' distinguishing external characteristics are: a robust body up to about 4.50 m long; a low melon and short, thick beak; an elevated jawline posteriorly; and a low, blunt-tipped, triangular dorsal fin. The occurrence of fetuses of M. bowdoini in May and September, and perinatal juveniles in May and June, indicates a summer-autumn breeding season in the New Zealand region; the length at birth is estimated at about 2.20 m. [source] Realistic Rationalism [1998]: Can We Know That Platonism is True?PHILOSOPHICAL FORUM, Issue 3-4 2003Mark Balaguer Book reviewed: Jerrold J. Katz, Realistic Rationalism [source] Punctuated Equilibrium, Bureaucratization, and Budgetary Changes in SchoolsPOLICY STUDIES JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Scott E. Robinson For half of a century, models of nonrational behavior have grown in popularity for explaining the behavior of administrative organizations. However, models of nonrational behavior are notoriously difficult to test because nonrational behavior is often difficult to separate from fully rational behavior. Recent research has suggested that particular types of nonrational processes should produce "punctuated" equilibria rather than "instantaneous" equilibria. In these nonrational processes, a decision maker underresponds to changes for a long period of time. Once pressure for change becomes overwhelming, the decision maker adopts a radical change. This is called "punctuation." The key to identifying this type of nonrationality of a process's rationality is the comparative success of fitting the observed behavior to "punctuated" rather than "instantaneous" equilibria. True, Jones, and Baumgartner (1999) developed a method for comparing the distribution of decision outputs as a strategy for assessing the relative degree of "punctuation" in the decision processes. By assessing the kurtosis (or "peakedness") of the distribution of decision outputs, one can get a sense of the excess (compared with a standard, normal distribution) of low and high rates of change,a sign of punctuated equilibrium. This article extends these recent developments by adapting the method to a comparative kurtosis framework. The results suggest that bureaucracy in K,12 schools serves to reduce (rather than amplify) the punctuations in budgeting processes. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential extension of the empirical results and modifications to the testing procedure. [source] The probabilistic analysis of a greedy satisfiability algorithmRANDOM STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS, Issue 4 2006Alexis C. Kaporis On input a random 3-CNF formula of clauses-to-variables ratio r3 applies repeatedly the following simple heuristic: Set to True a literal that appears in the maximum number of clauses, irrespective of their size and the number of occurrences of the negation of the literal (ties are broken randomly; 1-clauses when they appear get priority). We prove that for r3 < 3.42 this heuristic succeeds with probability asymptotically bounded away from zero. Previously, heuristics of increasing sophistication were shown to succeed for r3 < 3.26. We improve up to r3 < 3.52 by further exploiting the degree of the negation of the evaluated to True literal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006 [source] RELIGIOUS CULTURE AND HISTORICAL CHANGE: VATICAN II ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOMTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008M. JOHN FARRELLY O.S.B. At Vatican II and since Vatican II there have been Catholics who have held that the Council's teaching on religious freedom is in contradiction to the Church's earlier teaching and practice. The Council defended it as a legitimate development of doctrine in part through claiming that changing human experience in history shows us only gradually what human dignity entails, and the Church learns from this experience. True, the Council's teaching is in part a denial of its earlier teaching and practice. The present article defends the legitimacy of this development through showing that there is a change of paradigm by which the Church now views this issue, a change that includes both continuity and discontinuity. This reliance on what is revealed to us by changing human experience is accepted by the Church only when it sees it as critically evaluated by an adequate philosophy and as in accord with Christian revelation, but its acceptance moves us to a growth in our understanding of revelation itself. [source] Is It True that Artificial Organ Technologies Will Be Replaced by Regenerative Medicine in the 21st Century?ARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 7 2003Yukihiko Nosé M.D. Ph.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] True and Apparent Temperature Dependence of Protein Adsorption Equilibrium in Reversed-Phase HPLCBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 6 2002Szabelski The adsorption behavior of bovine insulin on a C8 -bonded silica stationary phase was investigated at different column pressures and temperatures in isocratic reversed-phase HPLC. Changes in the molar volume of insulin (, Vm) upon adsorption were derived from the pressure dependence of the isothermal retention factor ( k,). The values of , Vm were found to be practically independent of the temperature between 25 and 50 °C at ,96 mL/mol and to increase with increasing temperature, up to ,108 mL/mol reached at 50 °C. This trend was confirmed by two separate series of measurements of the thermal dependence of ln( k,). In the first series the average column pressure was kept constant. The second series involved measurements of ln( k,) under constant mobile-phase flow rate, the average column pressure varying with the temperature. In both cases, a parabolic shape relationship was observed between ln( k,) and the temperature, but the values obtained for ln k, were higher in the first than in the second case. The relative difference in ln( k,), caused by the change in pressure drop induced by the temperature, is equivalent to a systematic error in the estimate of the Gibbs free energy of 12%. Thus, a substantial error is made in the estimates of the enthalpy and entropy of adsorption when neglecting the pressure effects associated with the change in the molar volume of insulin. This work proves that the average column pressure must be kept constant during thermodynamic measurements of protein adsorption constants, especially in RPLC and HIC. Our results show also that there is a critical temperature, Tc , 53 °C, at which ln( k,) is maximum and the insulin adsorption process changes from an exothermic to an endothermic one. This temperature determines also the transition point in the molecular mechanism of insulin adsorption that involves successive unfolding of the protein chain. [source] Trends in Labor Induction in the United States: Is It True That What Goes Up Must Come Down?BIRTH, Issue 2 2004IN THE LITERATURE Commentary on: Zhang J, Yancey MK, Henderson CE. U.S. national trends in labor induction, 1989,1998. J Reprod Med 2002;47:120,124. MacDorman MF, Mathews TJ, Martin JA, Malloy MH. Trends and characteristics of induced labour in the United States, 1989,98. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2002;16:263,273. Kozak LJ, Weeks JD. U.S. trends in obstetric procedures, 1990,2000. Birth 2002;29:157,161. Abstract:,Three recent studies examined the national trend in labor induction in the United States. All show a doubling in the rate of induction during the 1990s, although vital statistics data show a consistently higher trend than that obtained from national hospital discharge data. Neither data source adequately documents the full range of indications for induction, its timing, hospital staffing considerations, and other factors that may play a role. Although rates of induction of labor may be leveling off, despite a lack of scientific evidence for its widespread use, rates are likely to remain at current levels for the next few years. [source] Preparing for Ethical Leadership in OrganizationsCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES, Issue 4 2001Manuel Mendonca True and effective leadership is that in which the leader's behaviour and the exercise of the leadership influence process are consistent with ethical and moral values. This paper explores the need for ethical leadership and the ways in which it is manifested in organizations. It identifies the three components of the ethical leadership model proposed by Kanungo and Mendonca (1996): the ethics of the leader's motives, influence process strategies, and the nature of the self-transformation needed for ethical leadership. As a central theme, the paper then examines what the leader can do to prepare for ethical leadership in organizations. More specifically, it identifies some of the sources that the leader can tap to develop as a moral person possessed of inner strength and resourcefulness that lead to the self-transformation of both the leader and the followers. Résumé Le leadership véritable et efficace en est un dans lequel le comportement du leader et l'exercice du processus d'influence de leadership sont consistants avec des valeurs morales et éthiques. Cette étude explore le besoin d'un leadership éthique et les façons dont il est manifesté dans les organisations. Elle identifie les trois composantes du modèle de leadership éthique proposé par Kanungo et Mendonca (1996): l'éthique des motifs du leader, les stratégies du processus d'influence et la nature de la transformation de soi-même requises pour le leadership éthique. Comme thème central, l'étude examine ce que le leader peutfaire pour se préparer au leadership éthique dans les organisations. Spécifiquement, elle identifie quelques-unes des sources auxquelles le leader peut avoir accès pour se développer en tant que personne morale possédant une force intérieure et qui est pleine de ressources qui mènent à la transformation personnelle du leader et de ses adeptes. [source] Department of Health Research Overviews , Past, Present and Future: An evaluation of the dissemination of the Blue Book, Child Protection: Messages from ResearchCHILD & FAMILY SOCIAL WORK, Issue 3 2000Weyts Since 1985 the Department of Health has been providing child care research overviews as a means of bringing together the findings of its funded research programmes. With each successive publication a pattern of design and dissemination has emerged. This is illustrated by Child Protection: Messages from Research ( Department of Health 1995), an overview of 20 studies of child protection. It included an introductory essay, summaries of each project and a set of ,True for Us' exercises. Publication was followed by national seminars and widespread distribution of free copies. Given the substantial investment, it seems timely to assess the impact of the dissemination process in terms of reaching and affecting practice. The survey sought to assess awareness, use and opinions of the report from social services, education and health professionals. It consisted of questionnaires administered by post and telephone calls to a representative sample of 600 professionals working in child protection, 292 of whom replied. The results demonstrate that the book is very well known among most professionals working in child welfare, particularly in social services, and is perceived to have affected the practice of over half of the respondents. The study supports the structure adopted for the report but suggests further benefits in employing a variety of dissemination strategies for different professional groups. Finally, the paper discusses the relationship between overviews and evidence-based services. [source] Toward A Formalism for Conversation Protocols Using Joint Intention TheoryCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 2 2002Sanjeev Kumar Conversation protocols are used to achieve certain goals or to bring about certain states in the world. Therefore, one may identify the landmarks or the states that must be brought about during the goal,directed execution of a protocol. Accordingly, the landmarks, characterized by propositions that are true in the state represented by that landmark, are the most important aspect of a protocol. Families of conversation protocols can be expressed formally as partially ordered landmarks after the landmarks necessary to achieve a goal have been identified. Concrete protocols represented as joint action expressions can, then, be derived from the partially ordered landmarks and executed directly by joint intention interpreters. This approach of applying Joint Intention theory to protocols also supports flexibility in the actions used to get to landmarks, shortcutting protocol execution, automatic exception handling, and correctness criterion for protocols and protocol compositions. [source] How accurately can parameters from exponential models be estimated?CONCEPTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE, Issue 2 2005A Bayesian view Abstract Estimating the amplitudes and decay rate constants of exponentially decaying signals is an important problem in NMR. Understanding how the uncertainty in the parameter estimates depends on the data acquisition parameters and on the "true" but unknown values of the exponential signal parameters is an important step in designing experiments and determining the amount and quality of the data that must be gathered to make good parameter estimates. In this article, Bayesian probability theory is applied to this problem. Explicit relationships between the data acquisition parameters and the "true" but unknown exponential signal parameters are derived for the cases of data containing one and two exponential signal components. Because uniform prior probabilities are purposely employed, the results are broadly applicable to experimental parameter estimation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 27A: 73,83, 2005 [source] An evidence-based iterative content trust algorithm for the credibility of online newsCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 15 2009Guosun Zeng Abstract People encounter more information than they can possibly use every day. But all information is not necessarily of equal value. In many cases, certain information appears to be better, or more trustworthy, than other information. And the challenge that most people then face is to judge which information is more credible. In this paper we propose a new problem called Corroboration Trust, which studies how to find credible news events by seeking more than one source to verify information on a given topic. We design an evidence-based corroboration trust algorithm called TrustNewsFinder, which utilizes the relationships between news articles and related evidence information (person, location, time and keywords about the news). A news article is trustworthy if it provides many pieces of trustworthy evidence, and a piece of evidence is likely to be true if it is provided by many trustworthy news articles. Our experiments show that TrustNewsFinder successfully finds true events among conflicting information and identifies trustworthy news better than the popular search engines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Dynamic file system semantics to enable metadata optimizations in PVFSCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 14 2009Michael Kuhn Abstract Modern file systems maintain extensive metadata about stored files. While metadata typically is useful, there are situations when the additional overhead of such a design becomes a problem in terms of performance. This is especially true for parallel and cluster file systems, where every metadata operation is even more expensive due to their architecture. In this paper several changes made to the parallel cluster file system Parallel Virtual File System (PVFS) are presented. The changes target at the optimization of workloads with large numbers of small files. To improve the metadata performance, PVFS was modified such that unnecessary metadata is not managed anymore. Several tests with a large quantity of files were performed to measure the benefits of these changes. The tests have shown that common file system operations can be sped up by a factor of two even with relatively few changes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mechanisms of exercise-induced improvements in the contractile apparatus of the mammalian myocardiumACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2010O. J. Kemi Abstract One of the main outcomes of aerobic endurance exercise training is the improved maximal oxygen uptake, and this is pivotal to the improved work capacity that follows the exercise training. Improved maximal oxygen uptake in turn is at least partly achieved because exercise training increases the ability of the myocardium to produce a greater cardiac output. In healthy subjects, this has been demonstrated repeatedly over many decades. It has recently emerged that this scenario may also be true under conditions of an initial myocardial dysfunction. For instance, myocardial improvements may still be observed after exercise training in post-myocardial infarction heart failure. In both health and disease, it is the changes that occur in the individual cardiomyocytes with respect to their ability to contract that by and large drive the exercise training-induced adaptation to the heart. Here, we review the evidence and the mechanisms by which exercise training induces beneficial changes in the mammalian myocardium, as obtained by means of experimental and clinical studies, and argue that these changes ultimately alter the function of the whole heart and contribute to the changes in whole-body function. [source] BNP Consensus Panel 2004: A Clinical Approach for the Diagnostic, Prognostic, Screening, Treatment Monitoring, and Therapeutic Roles of Natriuretic Peptides in Cardiovascular DiseasesCONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, Issue 2004Marc A. Silver MD Among the most exciting developments in the field of heart failure in recent times has been the rediscovery of the natriuretic peptide system and its pleuripotent effects on cardiac structure and function. This is particularly true of its natriuretic and hemodynamic effects. There has been an explosion of the knowledge base seeking to understand the wide range of homeostatic, regulatory, and counter-regulatory functions in which the natriuretic peptide system participates. Additional interest has been stimulated by advances in technology such as point-of-care and core laboratory BNP assays and the use of the recombinant B-type natriuretic peptide nesiritide as a treatment option. Despite this recent interest, the available literature lacks a comprehensive expert review of the current science and roles of natriuretic peptides for diagnostic, prognostic, screening, treatment monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. More importantly, a summary updating and guiding the clinician on most of these advances was lacking. An expert Consensus Panel with basic, methodological, and clinical expertise was convened to summarize current knowledge in these areas and the findings and consensus statements are contained herein. [source] Nonindigenous Species: Ecological Explanation, Environmental Ethics, and Public PolicyCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003David M. Lodge Misunderstandings and tension exist regarding the science, values, environmental ethics, and public policy relevant to invasive species, which are the subset of nonindigenous species that cause economic or environmental damage. Although there is a natural background rate at which species invasions occur, it is much lower than the current human-induced rates at which species are being moved around the globe. Contrary to some recently voiced opinions , the fact that some species invasions occur without human assistance does not confer acceptability on all species invasions. Also, despite claims to the contrary, the reductions of native biodiversity caused by nonindigenous species are large and well documented. Even if that were not true, an emphasis on species numbers alone as a metric for the impact of nonindigenous species does not adequately incorporate the high value many humans place on the uniqueness of regional biota. Because regional biota are being homogenized by species invasions, it has become an appropriate and official public policy goal in the United States to reduce the harm done by invasive species. The goal is not, however, a reduction of numbers of nonindigenous species per se, as recently claimed by some authors, but a reduction in the damage caused by invasive species, including many sorts of environmental and economic damage. A major challenge remaining for ecology, environmental ethics, and public policy is therefore the development of widely applicable risk-assessment protocols that are acceptable to diverse constituencies. Despite apparent disagreements among scholars, little real disagreement exists about the occurrence, effects, or public-policy implications of nonindigenous species. Resumen: El público está recibiendo un mensaje confuso de ecologistas, otros académicos y periodistas sobre el tema de especies no nativas. Existen malos entendidos y tensión en relación con la ciencia, los valores, la ética ambiental y las políticas públicas relevantes a las especies invasoras, que son un subconjunto de las especies no nativas que causan daños económicos o ambientales. Aunque existe una tasa natural a la que ocurren invasiones, es mucho más baja que las actuales tasas, inducidas por humanos, a las que especies son movidas alrededor del mundo. Al contrario de algunos autores recientes, el hecho de que algunas invasiones de especies ocurren sin asistencia humana no le confiere aceptabilidad moral sobre todas las invasiones de especies. También, a pesar de recientes afirmaciones de lo contrario, las reducciones de biodiversidad nativa debido a especies no nativas son notables y están bien documentadas. Aún si no fuera verdad, el énfasis sólo en el número de especies como una medida del impacto de especies no nativas no incorpora adecuadamente el alto valor que muchos humanos reconocen en la singularidad de la biota regional. Debido a que la biota regional está siendo homogeneizada por invasiones de especies, la reducción del daño causado por especies invasoras se ha convertido en una política pública apropiada y oficial en los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, la meta no es la reducción de especies no nativas, en si, como afirman algunos autores recientes, sino una reducción de los impactos dañinos de las especies invasoras, incluyendo muchos tipos de daño económico y ambiental. Por lo tanto, un reto mayor para la ecología, la ética ambiental y la política pública es el desarrollo de protocolos de evaluación de riesgos ampliamente aplicables que sean aceptables para electores diversos. A pesar de aparentes desacuerdos entre académicos, existe poco desacuerdo real acerca de la ocurrencia, el impacto o las implicancias en política pública de las especies no nativas. [source] Conservation of Insect Diversity: a Habitat ApproachCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2000Jennifer B. Hughes To explore the feasibility of basing conservation action on community-level biogeography, we sampled a montane insect community. We addressed three issues: (1) the appropriate scale for sampling insect communities; (2) the association of habitat specialization,perhaps a measure of extinction vulnerability,with other ecological or physical traits; and (3) the correlation of diversity across major insect groups. Using malaise traps in Gunnison County, Colorado, we captured 8847 Diptera (identified to family and morphospecies), 1822 Hymenoptera (identified to morphospecies), and 2107 other insects (identified to order). We sampled in three habitat types,meadow, aspen, and conifer,defined on the basis of the dominant vegetation at the scale of hundreds of meters. Dipteran communities were clearly differentiated by habitat type rather than geographic proximity. This result also holds true for hymenopteran communities. Body size and feeding habits were associated with habitat specialization at the family level. In particular, habitat generalists at the family level,taxa perhaps more likely to survive anthropogenic habitat alteration,tended to be trophic generalists. Dipteran species richness was marginally correlated with hymenopteran species richness and was significantly correlated with the total number of insect orders sampled by site. Because these correlations result from differences in richness among habitat types, insect taxa may be reasonable surrogates for one another when sampling is done across habitat types. In sum, community-wide studies appear to offer a practical way to gather information about the diversity and distribution of little-known taxa. Resumen:No existe ni el tiempo ni los recursos para diseñar planes de conservación para cada especie, particularmente para los taxones poco estudiados, no carismáticas, pero ecológicamente importantes que componen la mayoría de la biodiversidad. Para explorar la factibilidad de basar acciones de conservación en biogegrafía a nivel comunitario, muestreamos una comunidad de insectos de montaña. Evaluamos tres aspectos: (1) la escala adecuada para el muestreo de comunidades de insectos; (2) la asociación de especialización de hábitat,quizá una medida de vulnerabilidad de extinción,con otras características ecológicas o físicas; y (3) la correlación de la diversidad a lo largo de los grupos principales de insectos. Mediante el uso de trampas en el condado Gunnison, en Colorado, capturamos 8847 dípteros (identificados a nivel de familia y morfoespecies), 1822 himenópteros (identificadas hasta morfoespecies) y 2107 otros insectos (identificados a nivel de orden). Muestreamos tres tipos de hábitats,vega, álamos temblones y coníferas,definidos en base a la vegetación dominante a escala de cientos de metros. Las comunidades de dípteros estuvieron claramente diferenciadas por tipos de hábitat y no por la proximidad geográfica. Este resultado también se mantiene para las comunidades de himenópteros. El tamaño del cuerpo y los hábitos alimenticios estuvieron asociados con la especialización del hábitat a nivel de familia. En particular, los generalistas de hábitat a nivel de familia,los taxones que posiblemente tengan mayor probabilidad de sobrevivir alteraciones antropogénicas del hábitat,tendieron a ser generalistas tróficos. La riqueza de las especies de dípteros estuvo marginalmente correlacionada con la riqueza de especies de himenópteros y estuvo significativamente correlacionada con el número total de órdenes de insectos muestreadas por sitio. Debido a que estas correlaciones resultaron de diferencias en la riqueza de especies entre tipos de hábitats, los taxones de insectos podrían ser substitutos mutuos razonables cuando se muestrea entre diferentes tipos de hábitats. En resumen, los estudios a lo largo de comunidades parecen ofrecer una forma práctica de recolectar información sobre la diversidad y distribución de los taxones poco estudiados. [source] Imaging of the lymphatic system: new horizons,CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING, Issue 6 2006Tristan Barrett Abstract The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymph vessels, lymphatic organs and lymph nodes. Traditionally, imaging of the lymphatic system has been based on conventional imaging methods like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whereby enlargement of lymph nodes is considered the primary diagnostic criterion for disease. This is particularly true in oncology, where nodal enlargement can be indicative of nodal metastases or lymphoma. CT and MRI on their own are, however, anatomical imaging methods. Newer imaging methods such as positron emission tomography (PET), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) provide a functional assessment of node status. None of these techniques is capable of detecting flow within the lymphatics and, thus, several intra-lymphatic imaging methods have been developed. Direct lymphangiography is an all-but-extinct method of visualizing the lymphatic drainage from an extremity using oil-based iodine contrast agents. More recently, interstitially injected intra-lymphatic imaging, such as lymphoscintigraphy, has been used for lymphedema assessment and sentinel node detection. Nevertheless, radionuclide-based imaging has the disadvantage of poor resolution. This has lead to the development of novel systemic and interstitial imaging techniques which are minimally invasive and have the potential to provide both structural and functional information; this is a particular advantage for cancer imaging, where anatomical depiction alone often provides insufficient information. At present the respective role each modality plays remains to be determined. Indeed, multi-modal imaging may be more appropriate for certain lymphatic disorders. The field of lymphatic imaging is ever evolving, and technological advances, combined with the development of new contrast agents, continue to improve diagnostic accuracy. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessing corporate environmental reporting motivations: differences between ,close-to-market' and ,business-to-business' companiesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2008Janet Haddock-Fraser Abstract In this paper we examine whether proximity to market affects the extent and form of corporate environmental reporting of companies listed in the FTSE 250. The reason for examining this issue is that it is frequently asserted, but not demonstrated, that closeness to market will correlate positively with proactive communication of environmental activities. Our results show that this assertion is, in particular reporting contexts, true. In particular, we find that companies who are close to market, or are brand-name companies, are highly likely to adopt one of the several forms of environmental reporting considered (particularly reporting on product life-cycle or supply chain and reporting through the BitC benchmark system). We also show that companies proximate to market are more likely to be the target of media attention, but are unable within the bounds of the research to assess whether this is a cause of increased environmental reporting or an effect of it. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] The end of the MFA and apparel exports: has good CSR allowed Cambodia to hold steady against China in a quota free environment?CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2006Stephen Frost Abstract In the lead up the end of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), commentators routinely argued that Chinese apparel exports would surge in a quota-free environment. It was also expected that Southeast Asian apparel exporting nations would suffer declines, leading to job and economic losses. Of particular concern was Cambodia, a country that relies almost exclusively on apparel exports for foreign earnings. By mid-2005, as trade data started to filter in, the doomsday scenario for countries like Cambodia seemed less clear cut. Although China's apparel exports had indeed soured, a surprising outcome was that exports to the US from Cambodia (and several other neighbours such as Indonesia and Vietnam) had also increased. This article focuses specifically on Cambodia (which of all the Southeast Asian countries surveyed has shown the greatest growth in apparel exports) and examines some of the CSR initiatives that help explain why gloomy prognostications have not yet become true. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Towards a New Logic for Front End Management: From Drug Discovery to Drug Design in Pharmaceutical R&DCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2007Maria Elmquist Under pressure to innovate and be cost-effective at the same time, R&D departments are being challenged to develop new organizations and processes for Front End activities. This is especially true in the pharmaceutical industry. As drug development becomes more risky and costly, the discovery departments of pharmaceutical companies are increasingly being compelled to provide strong drug candidates for efficient development processes and quick market launches. It is argued that the Fuzzy Front End consists less of the discovery or recognition of opportunities than of the building of expanded concepts: the notion of concept generation is revisited, suggesting the need for a new logic for organizing Front End activities in order to support sustainable innovative product development. Based on an in-depth empirical study at a European pharmaceutical company, this paper contributes to improved understanding of the actual management practices used in the Front End. Using a design reasoning model (the C-K model), it also adds to the growing body of literature on the management of Front End activities in new product development processes. 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