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Kinds of Trips Terms modified by Trips Selected AbstractsEffect of Evidence-Based Acute Pain Management Practices on Inpatient CostsHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009John M. Brooks Objectives. To estimate hospital cost changes associated with a behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based acute pain management practices in an inpatient setting and to estimate the direct effect that changes in evidence-based acute pain management practices have on inpatient cost. Data Sources/Study Setting. Data from a randomized "translating research into practice" (TRIP) behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based acute pain management practices for patients hospitalized with hip fractures. Study Design. Experimental design and observational "as-treated" and instrumental variable (IV) methods. Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Abstraction from medical records and Uniform Billing 1992 (UB92) discharge abstracts. Principal Findings. The TRIP intervention cost on average $17,714 to implement within a hospital but led to cost savings per inpatient stay of more than $1,500. The intervention increased the cost of nursing services, special operating rooms, and therapy services per inpatient stay, but these costs were more than offset by cost reductions within other cost categories. "As-treated" estimates of the effect of changes in evidence-based acute pain management practices on inpatient cost appear significantly underestimated, whereas IV estimates are statistically significant and are distinct from, but consistent with, estimates associated with the intervention. Conclusions. A hospital treating more that 12 patients with acute hip fractures can expect to lower overall cost by implementing the TRIP intervention. We also demonstrated the advantages of using IV methods over "as-treated" methods to assess the direct effect of practice changes on cost. [source] Translating Research into Practice Intervention Improves Management of Acute Pain in Older Hip Fracture PatientsHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009Marita G. Titler Objective. To test an interdisciplinary, multifaceted, translating research into practice (TRIP) intervention to (a) promote adoption, by physicians and nurses, of evidence-based (EB) acute pain management practices in hospitalized older adults, (b) decrease barriers to use of EB acute pain management practices, and (c) decrease pain intensity of older hospitalized adults. Study Design. Experimental design with the hospital as the unit of randomization. Study Setting. Twelve acute care hospitals in the Midwest. Data Sources. (a) Medical records (MRs) of patients ,65 years or older with a hip fracture admitted before and following implementation of the TRIP intervention and (b) physicians and nurses who care for those patients. Data Collection. Data were abstracted from MRs and questions distributed to nurses and physicians. Principal Findings. The Summative Index for Quality of Acute Pain Care (0,18 scale) was significantly higher for the experimental (10.1) than comparison group (8.4) at the end of the TRIP implementation phase. At the end of the TRIP implementation phase, patients in the experimental group had a lower mean pain intensity rating than those in the comparison group ( p<.0001). Conclusion. The TRIP intervention improved quality of acute pain management of older adults hospitalized with a hip fracture. [source] Lack of evidence of the effectiveness of primary brachial plexus surgery for infants (under the age of two years) diagnosed with obstetric brachial plexus palsyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED HEALTHCARE, Issue 4 2006Andrea Bialocerkowski PhD M App Sc (Physio) M App Sc (Physio) Grad Dip Public Health Abstract Background, Obstetric brachial plexus palsy, which occurs in 1,3 per 1000 live births, results from traction and/or compression of the brachial plexus in utero, during descent through the birth canal or during delivery. This results in a spectrum of injuries that range in extent of damage and severity and can lead to a lifelong impairment and functional difficulties associated with the use of the affected upper limb. Most infants diagnosed with obstetric brachial plexus palsy receive treatment, such as surgery to the brachial plexus, physiotherapy or occupational therapy, within the first months of life. However, there is controversy regarding the most effective form of management. This review follows on from our previous systematic review which investigated the effectiveness of primary conservative management in infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. This systematic review focuses on the effects of primary surgery. Objectives, The objective of this review was to systematically assess and collate all available evidence on effectiveness of primary brachial plexus surgery for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Search strategy, A systematic literature search was performed using 13 databases: TRIP, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Proquest 5000, Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, Expanded Academic ASAP, Meditext, Science Direct, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Proquest Digital Dissertations, Open Archives Initiative Search Engine, the Australian Digital Thesis program. Those studies that were reported in English and published between July 1992 to June 2004 were included in this review. Selection criteria, Quantitative studies that investigated the effectiveness of primary brachial plexus surgery for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy were eligible for inclusion into this review. This excluded studies where infants were solely managed conservatively or with pharmacological agents, or underwent surgery for the management of secondary deformities. Data collection and analysis, Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of each study for inclusion into the review, the study design used and its methodological quality. Where any disagreement occurred, consensus was reached by discussion. Studies were also assessed for clinical homogeneity by considering populations, interventions and outcomes. Where heterogeneity was present, synthesis was undertaken in a narrative format. Results, Twenty-one studies were included in the review. Most were ranked low on the hierarchy of evidence (no randomised controlled trials were found), and most had only fair methodological quality. Surgical intervention was variable, as were the eligibility criteria for surgery, the timing of surgery and the outcome instruments used to evaluate the effect of surgery. Therefore, it is difficult to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of primary brachial plexus surgery for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Conclusions, Although there is a wealth of information regarding the outcome following primary brachial plexus surgery it was not possible to determine whether this treatment is effective in increasing functional recovery in infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Further research is required to develop standardised surgical criteria, and standardised outcome measures should be used at specific points in time during the recovery process to facilitate comparison between studies. Moreover, comparison groups are required to determine the relative effectiveness of surgery compared with other forms of management. [source] Effectiveness of primary conservative management for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE BASED HEALTHCARE, Issue 2 2005Andrea Bialocerkowski PhD MAppSc(Phty) GradDipPublicHealth Executive summary Background, Obstetric brachial plexus palsy, a complication of childbirth, occurs in 1,3 per 1000 live births internationally. Traction and/or compression of the brachial plexus is thought to be the primary mechanism of injury and this may occur in utero, during the descent through the birth canal or during delivery. This results in a spectrum of injuries that vary in severity, extent of damage and functional use of the affected upper limb. Most infants receive treatment, such as conservative management (physiotherapy, occupational therapy) or surgery; however, there is controversy regarding the most appropriate form of management. To date, no synthesised evidence is available regarding the effectiveness of primary conservative management for obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Objectives, The objective of this review was to systematically assess the literature and present the best available evidence that investigated the effectiveness of primary conservative management for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Search strategy, A systematic literature search was performed using 14 databases: TRIP, MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, Web of Science, Proquest 5000, Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, Expanded Academic ASAP, Meditext, Science Direct, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Proquest Digital Dissertations, Open Archives Initiative Search Engine, Australian Digital Thesis Program. Those studies that were reported in English and published over the last decade (July 1992 to June 2003) were included in this review. Selection criteria, Quantitative studies that investigated the effectiveness of primary conservative management for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy were eligible for inclusion in this review. This excluded studies that solely investigated the effect of primary surgery for these infants, management of secondary deformities and the investigation of the effects of pharmacological agents, such as botulinum toxin. Data collection and analysis, Two independent reviewers assessed the eligibility of each study for inclusion into the review, the study design used and its methodological quality. Where any disagreement occurred, consensus was reached by discussion. Studies were assessed for clinical homogeneity by considering populations, interventions and outcomes. Where heterogeneity was present, synthesis was undertaken in a narrative format. Results, Eight studies were included in the review. Most were ranked low on the Hierarchy of Evidence (no randomised controlled trials were found), and had only fair methodological quality. Conservative management was variable and could consist of active or passive exercise, splints or traction. All studies lacked a clear description of what constituted conservative management, which would not allow the treatment to be replicated in the clinical setting. A variety of outcome instruments were used, none of which had evidence of validity, reliability or sensitivity to detect change. Furthermore, less severely affected infants were selected to receive conservative management. Therefore, it is difficult to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of conservative management for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Conclusions, There is scant, inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of primary conservative intervention for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Further research should be directed to develop outcome instruments with sound psychometric properties for infants with obstetric brachial plexus palsy and their families. These outcome instruments should then be used in well-designed comparative studies. [source] TRIP: a psycho-educational programme in Hong Kong for people with schizophreniaOCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2007Sunny Ho-Wan Chan Abstract ,TRIP' (Transforming Relapse and Instilling Prosperity) is a ward-based illness management programme that aims to decrease treatment non-compliance and relapse rate by improving the insight and health of acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia. Eighty-one stable male acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive the TRIP programme (n = 44) or the comparison group of traditional ward occupational therapy (WOT) programme (n = 37). Participants' insights and health were assessed by the Unawareness of Mental Disorder Scale and the Hong Kong version of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey, respectively. Each group was then followed up for a 12-month period. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that participants in the TRIP programme had significantly better insight and health than a comparison group during post-study measurement. Participants in the TRIP programme had significantly fewer re-admissions in the 12-month follow-up period than those who attended the WOT programme. In summary the TRIP programme, as led by an occupational therapist, was effective in improving insight, awareness of health and in having a lower re-admission rate than a traditional occupational therapy programme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Databases for outcomes research: what has 10 years of experience taught us?PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 5 2001Lynn Bosco MD Abstract This paper describes how the mission of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is being executed through the many programs that it has developed and implemented. The Evidence-based Practice Center program was developed to provide systematic reviews on common and expensive conditions and health technologies and to ensure that this information is used to improve health care outcomes and costs. The National Guidelines Clearinghouse provides an internet-based source of clinical practice guidelines that are produced by clinical specialty organizations for the primary purpose of improving health care delivery and outcomes. Relevant to this symposium on databases, AHRQ has supported the development of databases to track hospital utilization on a state-by-state basis. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) allows comparisons between states and within regions of individual states. New initiatives have been launched to evaluate interventions across systems rather than focusing on the individual patient (Translating Research into Practice,TRIP). The Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) program was developed to conduct real world evaluations to better understand the benefits and risks of single and combined therapy. Both programs further the mission of the AHRQ to improve the outcomes and quality of health care, with additional focus on the cost-effectiveness, patient safety, and increasing access to care for all. Information on programs developed by the AHRQ is available in more detail at the Agency Web site http://www.ahrq.gov. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modellierung der Umwandlungsplastizität und Viskoplastizität niedrig legierter StählePROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2008Andreas Schneidt Bei dem Hybridumformprozess zur Einstellung gradierter Strukturen werden Kalt, und Warmumformung kombiniert. Dabei ist die gleichzeitige Umformung erwärmter und nicht erwärmter Bereiche eine verfahrensspezifische Besonderheit des Prozesses. Durch die Einstellung eines vordefinierten Temperaturprofils werden Werkstücke mit gradierten und somit flexiblen Werkstoffeigenschaften erreicht. Aufgrund der simultan auftretenden kalten und erwärmten Bereiche während des Hybridumformprozesses herrschen in dem Bauteil verschiedene Gefügezustände vor. Es treten sowohl weiche perlitische und ferritische als auch harte martensitische und bainitische Gefüge auf. Der Schwerpunkt unserer Arbeit wird auf die Austenit,Martensit Umwandlung gelegt. Für die numerische Simulation wird ein makroskopisches viskoplastisches Materialmodell mit Berücksichtigung der Umwandlungsplastizität (TRIP) präsentiert. Auf der Basis experimenteller Daten wird das Materialmodell kalibriert. Aufgrund fehlender Experimente wird ein numerisches Homogenisierungsverfahren eingesetzt, um das Fließverhalten des Mischgefüges zu berücksichtigen. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Thermo,mechanical behaviour of steel including phase transitions and transformation,induced plasticityPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2003Michael Wolff In the framework of Rational Mechanics, we formulate a continuum-mechanical model for the thermo-mechanical behaviour of steel. Our plasticity model is based on the assumption of intermediate configurations. We include phase transitions, plasticity as well as transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and allow for general material laws. Some consequences will be derived from the Clausius-Duhem inequality. The resulting model is a system of strongly coupled PDE's for displacement, temperature and phase distributions. A quenching test is numerically simulated. This work has been partially supported by the DFG via the SFB 570 "Distortion Engineering", University of Bremen. [source] TRIP: a psycho-educational programme in Hong Kong for people with schizophreniaOCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2007Sunny Ho-Wan Chan Abstract ,TRIP' (Transforming Relapse and Instilling Prosperity) is a ward-based illness management programme that aims to decrease treatment non-compliance and relapse rate by improving the insight and health of acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia. Eighty-one stable male acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive the TRIP programme (n = 44) or the comparison group of traditional ward occupational therapy (WOT) programme (n = 37). Participants' insights and health were assessed by the Unawareness of Mental Disorder Scale and the Hong Kong version of the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey, respectively. Each group was then followed up for a 12-month period. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that participants in the TRIP programme had significantly better insight and health than a comparison group during post-study measurement. Participants in the TRIP programme had significantly fewer re-admissions in the 12-month follow-up period than those who attended the WOT programme. In summary the TRIP programme, as led by an occupational therapist, was effective in improving insight, awareness of health and in having a lower re-admission rate than a traditional occupational therapy programme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] China,Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for the TRIPS-Plus Border MeasuresTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2010Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan One of the ground-breaking features of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is its part III on the enforcement of intellectual property (IP) rights. In early 2009, the first WTO Dispute Settlement Panel Report primarily addressed obligations on IP enforcement. Here, the technical success of the US border measures claim comes with a crucial limitation: those Chinese measures that cover basically all of the commercially relevant activity are ab initio excluded from the panel's findings. Because they go beyond the minimum standards of TRIPS, the panel relied on one of the few TRIPS provisions that specify the relevance of TRIPS for additional "TRIPS-Plus" IP protection and enforcement. Given that such "TRIPS-Plus" measures are increasingly common in national laws and international treaties, it is time to take a closer look at how TRIPS addresses TRIPS-Plus IP protection. With a focus on border measures, I conclude that TRIPS contains not only minimum but also maximum standards or "ceilings" that impose limits on additional IP protection and enforcement. Such ceilings in TRIPS can function as limits for further extensions of IP protection and enforcement,as currently negotiated under a proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement or relating to border measures against generic drugs in transit. [source] The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Flexibilities on Intellectual Property Enforcement: The World Trade Organization Panel Interpretation of China-Intellectual Property Enforcement of Criminal Measures and Its ImplicationsTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2010Xuan Li Criminal procedure is one of the three major points in the China-Intellectual Property (IP) case brought about by the United States. A number of experts believed that United States failed on this point because of lack of sufficient evidence. However, the author is of the view that the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) text-based interpretation of IP enforcement flexibility served as the core of the panel decision. This article starts with the criminal thresholds of China's criminal laws, and focuses on analysing the interpretation by the panel on the scope of responsibility and its limitations as enshrined in article 61, which led to the conclusion that the essence of the dispute is how to interpret and determine "IP enforcement flexibility". On this basis, the article expounds the concept and content of the "IP enforcement flexibility" and highlights the implications of this concept on current international TRIPS-plus initiatives. Some implications are given on how the World Trade Organization members can take advantage of the enforcement flexibility to serve the needs of innovation and development in their own countries. [source] Unfettered Consumer Access to Affordable Therapies in the Post-TRIPS Era: A Dead-End Journey for Patients?THE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 3 2010India Case Studies, Kenya Increasing access to essential medicines has become an international priority, given the rapid spread of intractable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. It follows that the quests to improve the global quality of healthcare and achieve health equity present a challenge for many countries, especially those that have been hard hit by deadly pandemics and whose populations are also still without essential drugs. Consequently, many countries have stepped up efforts to remove the obstacles to the availability and affordability of essential medicines. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) contains flexibilities that can be used as tools for enhancing access to cheap medicines and for controlling drug pricing. However, these flexibilities are not necessarily a panacea and cannot singly solve the problem of limited access to essential medicines. Put differently, cheaper medicines cannot reach the poor without the infrastructure to deliver them. For this to become a reality, commitment on the part of the member countries to adopt comprehensive and cooperative measures to tackle the burdensome barriers that limit access to critical medicines is needed. It is only then that the flexibilities in TRIPS can be optimized and a real difference made in the lives of poor patients across the developing world. [source] (Re)implementing the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights to Foster InnovationTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2009Daniel J. Gervais This article considers the impact of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) in developing countries. After an initial phase of "paper compliance" with TRIPS, followed by efforts to manage the welfare costs of its implementation, a number of developing countries are looking at ways to optimize the implementation or reimplementation of the agreement to foster domestic competitiveness and innovation. One part of the equation involves attracting technology-intensive foreign direct investment. Another involves enhancing local innovation potential. Surfing the wave of outsourcing, which increasingly targets higher knowledge functions, a number of developing countries are becoming globally competitive innovators and displacing the geographical centres of innovation, with substantial political and economic impacts. [source] Does Plant Variety Protection Contribute to Crop Productivity?THE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 2 2009Lessons for Developing Countries from US Wheat Breeding The application of intellectual property rights (IP) in developing countries is and remains highly controversial, particularly as regards applications to food/agriculture, and pharmaceuticals, which have direct ramifications for large numbers of peoples. One dimension complicating a reasoned dialogue on the public benefits of IP, particularly when many developing countries are implementing the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as mandated by membership in the World Trade Organization, is a dearth of information on their actual operation and effects. In this study, we address one particular aspect of the limited documentation on the effects of IP systems, the effect of plant variety protection (PVP) on the genetic productivity potential of varieties. Specifically, we examine wheat varieties in Washington State, United States, which are produced by both public and private sector breeders. Results from the study show that implementation of PVP attracted private investment in open pollinated crops such as wheat in the United States and provided greater numbers of varieties of these crops, which are high yielding from both the public and private sectors. These results may provide some insights for policy makers from developing countries on the effects of IP for plants as their TRIPS commitments are being implemented. [source] TRIPS-Plus Implications for Access to Medicines in Developing Countries: Lessons from Jordan,United States Free Trade AgreementTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 6 2007Hamed El-Said Since the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995 and implementation of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as a result, the United States (US) sought to impose still higher levels of intellectual property rights on developing countries, a phenomenon that is commonly known today as TRIPS-Plus. The Jordan,US FTA, signed in 2001, contains several TRIPS-Plus rules that restrict the poor's access to medicines, and is today touted by US officials and the US Trade Representative (USTR) as a success, and providing a wide range of benefits. These benefits not only include a higher growth rate, but also more specific benefits to the pharmaceutical sector in particular, such as an improved ability to develop generic medicine and engage in new innovative research, as well as increasing the presence of and collaboration with multinational drug makers. This article analyzes in detail the TRIPS-Plus provisions of the Jordan,US FTA. It challenges the claims that the FTA brings general and specific benefits to developing countries, and provides fresh evidence which strongly suggests that benefits from the Jordan,US FTA have been largely exaggerated while the costs underestimated. [source] Context and Ambiguity in the Making of Law: A Comment on Amending India's Patent ActTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2007Dwijen Rangnekar In implementing its patent-related obligations to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), India opted for the optional additional transitional provisions in article 65.4. This, delayed the introduction of product patents in exempt technologies, notably pharmaceuticals, until 1 January 2005. Ostensibly, this gave India the opportunity to exploit changing circumstances to and emergent views on TRIPS implementation, in particular exploring new interpretations to residual flexibility in TRIPS and any continuing legal ambiguity in TRIPS obligations. Here, the Panel Report in Canada: Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products is pertinent in having exhibited rare reticence in stepping back from defining the principle of non-discrimination in article 27.1 of TRIPS. In maintaining legal ambiguity, this reticence also provides space for law-making and regulatory diversity. The article reviews the three amendments to India's Patent Act 1970 and finds mixed use of residual flexibility and some evidence of efforts to explore legal ambiguity. Thus, despite a favourable climate to TRIPS implementation and an active transnational access to medicine campaign, legislators in India have demonstrated a degree of caution. The article concludes that this caution is best explained in terms of deepening ambivalence concerning intellectual property within the government and the changing economic interests of sections of Indian pharma. [source] Intellectual Property Rights Jurisprudence in Tanzania: Turning an Eye to the Commercial Division of the High CourtTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 6 2006Paul Faustin Kihwelo This article seeks to address the practice and judicial development in Tanzania insofar as interpretation of matters relating to intellectual property (IP) are concerned. The article begins by examining the various forms of IP and proceeds to illucidate legal frameworks both globally, which includes matters relating to the World Intellectual Property Organization as well as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) provisions, and the Tanzania legal framework. In addition, the article examines the genesis and framework of the commercial court in Tanzania and proceeds to make an in-depth analysis of TRIPS enforcement provisions with emphasis on the practice of the commercial court. The author proceeds to examine a number of selected cases decided by the commercial court since its inception to date. [source] Intellectual Property Rights in Bilateral Investment Treaties and Access to Medicines: The Case of Latin AmericaTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2006Rosa Castro Bernieri The link between intellectual property protection and access to medicines has been studied from different perspectives. After signing the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, most developing and least developed countries agreed to protect pharmaceutical products under the patent system. Beyond the criticisms of this system as an incentive mechanism to encourage private investment in research and development, it is widely acknowledged that a balance must exist between its benefits and costs. The patent system interaction with public health policies is twofold: providing incentives to develop new medicines, on the one hand, and increasing the prices of medicines, on the other. The TRIPS Agreement, the Doha Declaration and the subsequent Decision on Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration all recognized this important trade-off. Different effects prevail in each interest group or country and negotiations of international intellectual property right (IPR) standards reflect this conflict. Nevertheless, the post-TRIPS scenario is full of new bilateral and regional agreements. The old bilateral investment treaties (BITS) are evolving towards new forms of all-encompassing arrangements that include intellectual property and liberalization of trade and services, apart from the classical rules for investment protection. This trend imposes a new landscape in IPR protection: one in which the above-described balance might be inclining towards one side. This article analyzes some legal, political and economic features of this new generation of BITS in Latin America. [source] TRIPS-Plus Intellectual Property Rules: Impact on Thailand's Public HealthTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2006Jakkrit Kuanpoth Thailand has proved that a well-funded, politically supported public policy could be effective in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS on a national scale. It is currently facing increased pressure to accept higher standards of intellectual property (IP) protection (the so-called Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)-plus) under bilateral free trade agreements (FTA) proposed by the United States. The proposed US FTA threatens to restrict the measures the country can take to pursue affordable drugs, and will affect the ability of Thailand to continue its successful anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment and other healthcare programmes. This article argues that the TRIPS-plus regime generates a negative impact on poor people's access to medicines, and the ARV treatment programme in Thailand is presented as an illustrative example. [source] Basmati Rice: Geographical Indication or Mis-IndicationTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 2 2006Harsh V. Chandola Indian farmers may not understand the Lockean or the Hegelian justification for intellectual property. Neither do they understand the politics (realpolitik) of the negotiations of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Many of them had no idea that in September 2003 their fate might have been decided in the Cancun Ministerial meeting of World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries. But they do understand simple economics, i.e. if the American company which has registered a patent for basmati rice continues to sell rice as American-style basmati rice, it may hurt their exports. If the Indian Government had a key to the past, they would have definitely renegotiated-TRIPS to protect $350 million export market of basmati rice. Even if we opprobrium TRIPS and characterize it as an instrument of exploitation used by developed countries to protect their own interest, the fact of the matter is, there is no escape from it. Withdrawing from TRIPS entails too many implications for the Indian economy, and it would be cynical to suggest such an idea. Developing and least developed countries have fallen to the economic and political pressure of the Developed countries, and the former group of countries will never be able to convince the latter to renegotiate TRIPS to bring a balance to it, even if their call is eloquent, justified and reflects reality. It would be like knocking on the lid of a coffin: knock, as much as you like, you will not wake him. Post-Cancun (WTO Ministerial Meeting), it is vital for the Indian Government to formulate strategies to protect its interest in TRIPS. The strategy should focus on the options available within the TRIPS framework. We might have lost advantage in the field of patents to western pharmaceutical companies, but if a proper strategy is formulated we will be able to protect our basmati exports. [source] TRIPs and Public Health: The Doha Declaration and AfricaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 1 2007Stine Jessen Haakonsson The Doha Declaration on the TRIPs Agreement and Public Health (2001), aimed at improving access to medicines, especially for HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in developing and least developed countries, has not yet been used for compulsory licences to import generic medicines or for expanding production for export to poor countries. By analysing HIV/AIDS treatment in Uganda, this article discusses the variety of TRIPs-related channels for ensuring drugs for domestic treatment, and argues that emphasising the restrictive nature of TRIPs provisions fails to grasp the scale of the obstacles involved. Lack of domestic resources leaves African countries dependent on donor financing, which in turn constrains their ability to exploit international trade provisions. [source] Gold(I)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrazolidines, Isoxazolidines, and Tetrahydrooxazines,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 3 2010L. LaLonde Auf das Substrat abgestimmt: Chirale Liganden L* und chirale Anionen, wie in (S)-TriP,Ag, wurden in Gold(I)-katalysierten enantioselektiven intramolekularen Additionen von Hydrazinen und Hydroxylaminen an Allene eingesetzt. Diese komplementären Ansätze ebnen den Weg zu den Titelverbindungen in chiraler Form. PNB=para -Nitrobenzoyl. [source] Isostructural Potassium and Thallium Salts of Sterically Crowded Thio- and Selenophenols: A Structural and Computational StudyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 36 2008Denis Bubrin Abstract Because of their similar cationic radii, potassium and thallium(I) compounds are usually regarded as closely related. Homologous molecular species containing either K+ or Tl+ are very rare, however. We have synthesized potassium and thallium salts MEAr* [M, E = K, S (2a); K, Se (2b); Tl, S (3a); Tl, Se (3b); Ar* = 2,6-Trip2C6H3, Trip = 2,4,6- iPr3C6H2] derived from terphenyl-substituted thio- and selenophenols. In the solid-state structures of dimeric 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b additional metal-,n,,-arene interactions to the flanking arms of the terphenyl substituents of different hapticity n are observed. Remarkably, the homologous potassium and thallium complexes 2b and 3b crystallize in isomorphous cells. For 2a, 3a, and model complexes of the composition METph (Tph = C6H4 -2-Trip) the nature of the M,E and M···C(arene) bonding was studied by density functional theory calculations.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Synthesis and Characterization of the Very Bulky Phenols Ar*OH and Ar,OH (Ar* = C6H3 -2,6-Trip2, Trip = C6H2 -2,4,6- iPr3; Ar, = C6H3 -2,6-Dipp2, Dipp = C6H3 -2,6- iPr2) and Their Lithium and Sodium Derivatives (LiOAr,)2 and (NaOAr*)2EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2003Corneliu Stanciu Abstract The very bulky phenols Ar*OH (1) and Ar,OH (2), where Ar* = C6H3 -2,6-Trip2 (Trip = C6H2 -2,4,6- iPr3) and Ar, = C6H3 -2,6-Dipp2 (Dipp = C6H3 -2,6- iPr2), as well as their lithium and sodium derivatives (LiOAr*)2 (3), (LiOAr,)2 (4) and (NaOAr*)2 (5) have been synthesized and characterized. The terphenols 1 and 2 were obtained by the reaction of the aryllithium reagents with nitrobenzene and were isolated in ca. 70% yield. The lithium or sodium salts 3,5 were isolated by the reaction of 1 or 2 with nBuLi or sodium metal. All compounds were characterized spectroscopically, and by X-ray crystallography in the case of 1, 2, 4 and 5. The large terphenyl substituents prevent hydrogen-bonded association of the phenols 1 and 2. Instead, the O,H hydrogens interact with the ,-electron cloud on one of the flanking Trip or Dipp rings. The dimeric structures of 4 and 5 are relatively rare examples of structurally characterized alkali metal phenoxides that are unsolvated by internal electron pair donors or classical Lewis bases such as ethers or amines. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003) [source] Hydrolysis of an isolable selenoseleninate under acidic and alkaline conditionsHETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2001Akihiko Ishii Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a selenoseleninate [TripSe(O)SeTrip](Trip = 9-triptycyl) in 2 M HClO4 -1,4-dioxane at room temperature yielded the selenenic acid (TripSeOH). Alkaline hydrolysis of TripSe(O)SeTrip gave the diselenide (TripSeSeTrip) and the seleninic acid (TripSeO2H), where air oxidations of the resulting selenol (TripSeH) and TripSeOH occur at a considerable rate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:198,203, 2001 [source] AFRICA,CHINA: Four-Nation TripAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 1 2009Article first published online: 9 MAR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Smelling Trip into the Past: The Influence of Synthetic Materials on the History of PerfumeryCHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 6 2008Nicolaï, Patricia de Abstract Contemporary perfumery has its roots in the work of the past, and many of the perfumes from this time have long since disappeared. What follows is a short account of some of the most famous perfumes from the past which have been inspired by the novel synthetic materials of the time. These important creations include, ,Fougère Royale' by Houbigant (1884) containing coumarin (1), ,Jicky' by Guerlain (1889) containing vanillin (2) and linalool (3), ,Vera Violetta' by Roger & Gallet (1892) containing , - and , -ionone (4 and 5, resp.), ,Trèfle Incarnat' by Piver (1898) containing isoamyl salicylate (6), ,La Rose Jacqueminot' of Coty (1904) containing Rhodinol (7), ,Après l'Ondée' by Guerlain (1906) containing para- anisaldehyde (8), ,Quelques Fleurs' by Houbigant (1912) containing hydroxycitronellal (9), ,N°5' by Chanel (1921) containing the aldehydes C-10 (10), C-110 (11), and C-12 (12), ,Nuit De Noël' by Caron (1922) containing 6-isobutylquinoline (14), and ,Femme' by Rochas (1944) containing the so-called ,aldehyde C-14' (15, , -undecalactone). The Osmotheque, the International Conservatory of Perfumes, was launched in 1990 and is regarded as a primary source of knowledge for the history of perfumery. Its vocation is to compile an amazing collection of 1700 perfumes (400 of them almost forgotten fragrances) , jewels of perfumery. [source] Competing Agendas: Young Children's Museum Field TripsCURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008David Anderson Agendas are known to directly influence visitor behavior and learning. Numerous agendas are at play during a visit to a museum. We suggest that in a museum-based learning experience, children's agendas are often overlooked, and are at times in competition with the accompanying adult's agendas. This paper describes and qualitatively analyzes three episodes of competing agendas that occurred on young children's field trips to museums in Brisbane, Australia. The aim is to elucidate the kinds of tensions over agendas that can arise in the experience of young museum-goers. Additionally, we hope to alert museum practitioners to the importance of considering children's agendas, with the aim of improving their museum experience. Suggestions are also made for ways in which educators can address children's agendas during museum visits in order to maximize learning outcomes. [source] Parking difficulty and parking information system technologies and costsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION, Issue 2 2008Hualiang (Harry) Teng Before the implementation of a parking information system, it is necessary to evaluate the parking difficulty, technology choice, and system costs. In this study, the parking problem was quantified by asking parkers to express their parking difficulties in five scaled levels from the least to the most difficult. An ordered Probit model was developed to identify the factors that influence a parker to feel the parking difficulty. The results indicate that the amount of parking information parkers had before their trips was directly related to their parking search time, which in turn, influenced their perceptions of parking difficulty. Parkers' preferences to parking information technologies were identified based on developing binary and multinomial probit models. The results indicate that personal business trips and older persons would like to use the kiosk, while the more educated and males would not. Trips with shopping and social/recreation purposes and the drivers who had visited the destination areas frequently would like to choose roadside display. Drivers who had planned their parking and had Internet access would use in-vehicle device. The system cost was estimated based on the cost for each component of the system. The results show that providing en-route parking search information through roadside displays is more expensive than providing pre-trip information through a web site. [source] Trips, Human Rights and the Public DomainTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 5 2004Vandana Shiva First page of article [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||