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Treatment Samples (treatment + sample)
Selected AbstractsProgression through early drinking milestones in an adolescent treatment sampleADDICTION, Issue 3 2010Kristina M. Jackson ABSTRACT Aims Research using nationally representative and community samples demonstrates a robust association between early onset of drinking and increased likelihood of numerous adverse outcomes. However, little is known about the subsequent drinking that occurs early in the drinking career. The present study dissects the transition from any alcohol use to treatment entry by taking a fine-grained approach to examining the attainment and progression of drinking events in a sample of adolescents in substance use treatment. Design/Setting Data were taken from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study for Adolescents (DATOS-A), a multi-site, community-based study of adolescents entering treatment. Participants Respondents included 3331 youth aged 12,18 years (mean = 15.75) admitted to treatment in 1993,95 (74% male, 52% white, 24% African American, 20% Hispanic). Measurements Age of attainment was obtained for five drinking-related milestones, including first drink of alcohol, first time drunk, first monthly drinking, first drank five or more drinks/day on a weekly basis and first drank five or more drinks/day on a daily basis. Findings Most milestones were attained at a very early age, and average progression through adjacent drinking events was relatively swift, Movement through early drinking milestones was accelerated in girls and white youth. Youth who reported their first drink at an early age (age 10 or younger) showed slower progression, suggesting the existence of distinct processes underlying early use and drinking transitions within an individual. Conclusions This study provides data relevant to understanding drinking progression/natural history in a large clinical sample, especially for differences by gender and ethnicity. The findings have implications for the identification of intermediate stages that might benefit from selected intervention programs. [source] Demographic Characteristics, Life Context, and Patterns of Substance Use Among Alcohol-Dependent Treatment Clients in a Health Maintenance OrganizationALCOHOLISM, Issue 12 2000Tammy W. Tam Background: Although individuals dependent only on alcohol and those dependent on both alcohol and drugs typically are not studied together in clinical trials, they are treated together in most treatment programs. In this study we compared epidemiological characteristics of the alcohol-only and alcohol-and-drug dependents in a treatment sample to assess differential treatment needs. Method: Patients admitted to treatment at a health maintenance organization's chemical dependency program were sampled and interviewed by using a structured questionnaire. The sample included 491 alcohol-only and 217 alcohol-and-drug dependents. Demographic characteristics, lifetime and current substance use, Addiction Severity Index composite scores, and DSM-IV criteria for alcohol and drug dependence were assessed at admission . Results: The odds of alcohol-and-drug dependence were higher among males, African Americans (when compared with whites), those who were younger, and those with less than college education. The risk was also higher among those who initiated heavy drinking or drug use before the age of 18. Increased psychiatric and family/social problems also were associated with combined dependence. Conclusions: Even in this relatively homogeneous socioeconomic status population, demographic characteristics were important predictors of type of dependence. Treatment programs which provide services that address prevention and psychosocial problems should pay attention to age of initiation as well as psychiatric and social problems. [source] Raised water temperature lowers diversity of hyporheic aquatic hyphomycetesFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008FELIX BÄRLOCHER Summary 1. The hyporheic zone of a permanent first-order stream was divided into a treatment and a control section using a 1 m deep sheet-metal barrier. During a 4-month pre-treatment period, water temperatures in two transects of the two sections were not different. Upon heating, the water temperature in the treatment transect increased by an average of 4.3 °C over values in the control transect. 2. Eleven bimonthly core samples were taken from a treatment and a control transect, and recovered CPOM was classified as twigs, wood, grass, roots, cedar and deciduous leaves. 3. In both transects, twigs were the most common and deciduous leaves the least common substrates. The number of leaf fragments declined significantly in the heat-treated transect. 4. Diversity and frequencies of occurrence of aquatic hyphomycetes were highest on leaves and lowest on grass and wood. On leaves, their frequency of occurrence was higher in control than in treatment samples. 5. Preliminary results with amplified and cloned 18S DNA sequences revealed many fungal taxa with high affinities to Basidiomycota, particularly to Limnoperdon incarnatum. 6. By itself, higher water temperature due to global warming is likely to lower the availability of substrates for, and therefore the occurrence of, aquatic hyphomycetes. [source] A Facile, Low-Cost, and Scalable Method of Selective Etching of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by a Gas ReactionADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 7 2009Hongliang Zhang A facile, scalable, and low-cost gas-treatment method for selectively etching semiconductor single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is developed. Using SO3 gas as the etchant at a temperature of 400 °C, semiconductor SWNTs can be selectively and efficiently removed, and after this gas treatment samples enriched with metallic SWNTs can be obtained. [source] Caregiver Acceptability and Preferences for Early Childhood Caries Preventive Treatments for Hispanic ChildrenJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2009Sally H. Adams RN Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine caregiver treatment acceptability and preferences for five preventive dental treatments for early childhood caries in young Hispanic children. Methods: We interviewed 211 parents/caregivers of Hispanic children attending Head Start programs regarding their acceptability of, and preferences for, five standard preventive dental treatments for young children. Treatments assessed were toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, and xylitol in food for children, and xylitol gum and chlorhexidine rinse for mothers. The interview assessment included presentation of illustrated cards with verbal description of treatment, photograph/video clip, and treatment samples. Parents rated the acceptability of each treatment (1-5 scale) and treatment preferences within each of 10 possible pairs. Individual treatment preferences were summed to create overall preference scores (range 0-4). Results: All treatments were rated as highly acceptable, however, there were differences (range 4.6-4.9; Friedman chi-square = 23.4, P < 0.001). Chlorhexidine, toothbrushing, and varnish were most acceptable, not different from each other, but more acceptable than xylitol in food (P < 0.05). Summed treatment preferences revealed greater variability (means ranged 1.4-2.6; Friedman chi-square = 128.2, P < 0.001). Fluoride varnish (2.6) and toothbrushing (2.5) were most highly preferred, and differences between preferences for xylitol in food (1.4), xylitol gum (1.5), and chlorhexidine (2.1) were all significant (P < 0.001). Preferences for chlorhexidine were also significantly greater than those for the xylitol products (P < 0.001). Conclusions: All five treatments were highly acceptable, however, when choosing among treatments overall, fluoride varnish and toothbrushing were favored over other treatments. [source] Psychiatric Comorbidity in Long-Term Abstinent Alcoholic IndividualsALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2007Victoria Di Sclafani Background: A high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders has been demonstrated in individuals with an alcohol use disorder in both community and treatment samples, with higher comorbidity in treatment samples. In this study, we examined lifetime and current psychiatric diagnoses in long-term abstinent alcoholic individuals (LTAA; mean abstinence=6.3 years; n=52) compared with age and gender-comparable non-alcoholic controls (NC; n=48). We asked the following questions: (1) to achieve long-term abstinence, must an individual be relatively psychiatrically healthy (i.e., comparable with NC) and (2) can ongoing abstinence be maintained in the face of a current psychiatric disorder? Methods: Lifetime and current (prior 12 months) psychiatric diagnoses were assessed in the mood, anxiety, and externalizing disorder domains using the computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule (c-DIS). Results: Over 85% of LTAA had a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, compared with 50% of NC. Long-term abstinent alcoholic individuals had a higher prevalence than NC of lifetime mood, anxiety, and externalizing disorder diagnoses. Long-term abstinent alcoholic individuals also had a greater prevalence than NC of current mood and anxiety diagnoses. Although LTAA had a greater lifetime prevalence of an antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) than NC, no LTAA or NC had a current ASPD diagnosis. Finally, there was no association of duration of abstinence with lifetime or current psychiatric diagnoses, consistent with psychiatric diagnoses having little effect on relapse. Conclusions: Our results suggest that: (1) the presence of a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis does not militate against achieving long-term abstinence, (2) abstinence can be maintained in the presence of a current mood or anxiety disorder, and (3) a current diagnosis of ASPD may not be compatible with long-term abstinence. The relatively low levels of antisocial behavior compared with preabstinence (as indicated by no LTAA meeting current criteria for ASPD) raises the question of whether the neurobiology underlying antisocial behavior is changed in abstinence, or brought under increased executive control, or both. [source] | ||||||||||