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Treatment Agents (treatment + agent)
Selected AbstractsEarly response and 8-week treatment outcome in GAD ,DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 8 2006Moira Rynn M.D. Abstract Our objective was to compare the predictive value of early response to treatment outcome in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) treated with benzodiazepines, serotonin receptor (5HT-1A) partial agonists, or placebo. Data from two double-blind GAD studies were combined. Subjects were evaluated with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) scale over 8 weeks. Categories of response at weeks 1 and 2 were defined by the HAM-A total score. Analyses of covariance and Kaplan,Meier survival analyses were the primary analyses used to assess 8-week end point treatment outcomes as a function of early improvement. HAM-A change from baseline to weeks 1 and 2 significantly predicted last observation carried forward (LOCF) response at week 8 for both medications and for placebo (P<.001). Early improvement was a strong predictor for treatment outcome irrespective of whether active medication or placebo was the treatment agent. Depression and Anxiety 23:461,465, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pharmacotherapy for Marijuana Dependence: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study of Divalproex SodiumTHE AMERICAN JOURNAL ON ADDICTIONS, Issue 1 2004Frances Rudnick Levin M.D. There is a noticeable lack of targeted treatment options for marijuana dependence, in particular pharmacologic approaches. This is the first study evaluating a targeted pharmacologic approach for marijuana dependence. The goals of the study were to determine if such patients would seek pharmacologic treatment, whether these patients could be retained in treatment using a design previously developed for cocaine-dependent patients, and especially whether divalproex sodium showed promise as a treatment agent for marijuana dependence. We found that marijuana-dependent patients will seek treatment, and such patients can be adequately maintained in a pharmacologic trial. Regardless of treatment group, patients reported a significant reduction in their frequency and amount of marijuana use as well as a reduction in irritability. Given the lack of proven effective treatments for marijuana dependence, pharmacotherapies should be sought. The design of a preliminary clinical trial should include a psychosocial/behavioral intervention emphasizing motivation and medication compliance and a placebo control group. [source] Shear Bond Strength of Enamel Treated with Seven Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching AgentsJOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2004ROBERTA TARKAN. ABSTRACT Purpose:: Lower average values of bond strength of adhesive systems to enamel bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide agents have been reported, but the effects of higher concentrations of carbamide peroxide bleaching agents are still unknown. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of enamel treated with different concentrations of carbamide peroxide to an adhesive system after a postbleaching period of storage in artificial saliva for 15 days. Materials and Methods: Seven carbamide peroxide bleaching agents with concentrations varying from 10 to 22% were analyzed. A placebo agent was used as a control group. The agents were applied on the enamel fragments for 8 h/d for 42 days. During the remaining time, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva. After that time, the fragments were stored individually in artificial saliva for 15 days. An adhesive system was used to bond resin-based composite cylinders on the enamel surface. Shear bond strength tests were performed and the fractured surfaces of the specimens were visually examined with a stereomicroscope at ×30. Results: The analysis of variance did not show differences in shear bond strength among the treatment agents. The fractures for all treatment agents were predominantly adhesive. Conclusion: After 15 days storage in artificial saliva, different concentrations of carbamide peroxide bleaching agents and a placebo agent had the same enamel shear bond strength values. [source] Estrogen as a neuroprotective agent in rat spinal cord injuryJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2002N. L. Banik Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological problem affecting approximately 11 000 Americans each year. Several treatment agents have been proposed; however, only methylprednisolone has limited efficacy. Estrogen is a multiactive neuroprotectant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and attenuates calcium (Ca2+) influx following neuronal injury. To examine the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in SCI, we induced SCI (40 g/cm injury) in rats. Treatment groups were sham (laminectomy only), SCI plus vehicle, and SCI plus estrogen. Injured rats were treated with either 4 mg/kg 17 ,-estradiol (estrogen group) or dimethylsulfoxide (vehicle group) at 15 min and 24 h following injury. All rats were killed at 48 h to analyze SCI segments for calpain content and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by Western blotting. Tissue was also examined using calcium green-2 to measure intracellular [Ca2+], JC-1 to measure mitochondrial membrane potential, and double immunofluorescence for macrophages and calpain. Calpain content in the lesion penumbra, adjacent to the injury, was higher in vehicle than sham and this increase was attenuated in estrogen treated rats. In the lesion penumbra, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was increased in vehicle rats as compared to sham. This increase was attenuated in estrogen treated rats. Estrogen treated rats had less Ca2+ influx, less inflammatory cell infiltration, and increased maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential compared to vehicle treated rats. Our preliminary data suggest that estrogen may be effective in decreasing Ca2+ influx, inflammatory cell infiltration, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio following SCI. Acknowledgements:, Supported in part by grants from NIH-NINDS and South Carolina Electric and Gas. [source] Synthesis of new superhydrophobic nanosilica and investigation of their performance in reinforcement of polysiloxanePOLYMER COMPOSITES, Issue 9 2010XianLi Fang We reported a new facile method to synthesize superhydrophobic nanosilica using glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and dodecylamine as treatment agents. Also, we systemically investigate their performance in reinforcement of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) rubber. Fourier transform infrared spectrum, contact angle (CA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were used to characterize the modified nanosilica. Results show that the inherent hydrophilicity of parent nanosilica surface can be greatly altered through this modification method. The CA of as-prepared superhydrophobic nanosilica can reach 160.2°. The properties of as-prepared modified nanosilica-filled PDMS composites were systemically investigated by dynamic rheological test, scanning electron microscopy, TGA, dynamic mechanical analysis. These as-prepared superhydrophobic nanosilica exhibit uniform dispersion in the PDMS matrix, and their composites also show good mechanical properties and distinct advantage on thermal stability compared with those of the pure silica-filled PDMS composites. Also described is the probable mechanism for the reinforcement of as-prepared superhydrophobic nanosilica-filled PDMS. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1628,1636, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers [source] | ||||||||||