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Transferable
Terms modified by Transferable Selected AbstractsComputer-based management environment for an assembly language programming laboratoryCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION, Issue 1 2007Santiago Rodríguez Abstract This article describes the environment used in the Computer Architecture Department of the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) for managing small laboratory work projects and a specific application for an Assembly Language Programming Laboratory. The approach is based on a chain of tools that a small team of teachers can use to efficiently manage a course with a large number of students (400 per year). Students use this tool chain to complete their assignments using an MC88110 CPU simulator also developed by the Department. Students use a Delivery Agent tool to send files containing their implementations. These files are stored in one of the Department servers. Every student laboratory assignment is tested by an Automatic Project Evaluator that executes a set of previously designed and configured tests. These tools are used by teachers to manage mass courses thereby avoiding restrictions on students working on the same assignment. This procedure may encourage students to copy others' laboratory work and we have therefore developed a complementary tool to help teachers find "replicated" laboratory assignment implementations. This tool is a plagiarism detection assistant that completes the tool-chain functionality. Jointly, these tools have demonstrated over the last decade that important benefits can be gained from the exploitation of a global laboratory work management system. Some of the benefits may be transferable to an area of growing importance that we have not directly explored, i.e. distance learning environments for technical subjects. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 41,54, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20094 [source] Mechanical activation of precursors for nanocrystalline materialsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2003H. Heegn Abstract Nanostructured materials win big scientific interest and increasingly economic meaning through their specific exceptional properties. Precursors that were compacted by pressing and sintering are normally used preparation of materials. In present work, the influence of mechanical activation by grinding on the structure as well as on compacting and sintering behavior of oxides from magnesium, aluminium and silicon has been investigated. Starting materials for each metal oxide differ in microstructure, dispersity, and porosity. The influence of mechanical activation on the destruction of crystalline structure to nanocrystalline, as well as to the amorphous stage and the compaction of powders with nano-particles, as well as structures with nanoscale pores have been compared. The possibilities of the consolidation of nanostructured materials were investigated. The mechanical activation took place in a disc vibration mill. The mechanical activated materials as well as their pressing and their sintering products were characterized by density, particle-sizedistribution, specific surface, pore-structure, microstructure, and crystallite size by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The mechanical activation of the model-substances led, in most cases, to an improvement of the compaction properties; thus, this improvement can be achieved with subsequent sintering densities up to 98% of the theoretical density. From these experiments, generalizations transferable to other materials can be made. [source] An evidence-based approach to planning tobacco interventions for Aboriginal peopleDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 1 2004ROWENA G. IVERS Abstract Systematic reviews have shown that interventions such as the delivery of cessation advice by heath professionals and the use of nicotine replacement therapy are effective at increasing cessation rates, however little is known about whether such interventions are appropriate and effective for and thus transferable to Aboriginal Australians. The aim of this paper was to assess whether evidence of effectiveness for brief interventions for cessation and nicotine patches from studies conducted in other populations was likely to be transferable to Aboriginal people in the NT. This paper involved assessment of systematic reviews of evidence for the use of brief interventions for smoking cessation and the use of nicotine replacement therapy, when planning two such interventions for delivery to Aboriginal people. Emerging themes are discussed. There were many factors which were likely to mean that these brief advice on cessation and the use of nicotine patches were likely to be less effective when implemented in Aboriginal communities. The planned interventions were delivered in primary care, and were of low intensity. Few studies included in systematic reviews were set in the developing world or in minority populations. Many features of the context for delivery, such as the normality of the use of tobacco among Aboriginal people, the low socio-economic status of this population and cultural issues, may have meant that these interventions were likely to be less effective when delivered in this setting. Further research is required to assess effectiveness of tobacco interventions in this population, as evidence from systematic reviews in other populations may not be directly transferable to Aboriginal people. [source] Critical aspects of analysis of Micrococcus luteus, Neisseria cinerea, and Pseudomonas fluorescens by means of capillary electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 18-19 2004Verena Hoerr Abstract Within the frame of our study we investigated Microccocus luteus, Neisseria cinerea, and Pseudomonas fluorescens by means of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). They form chains and clusters on a different scale, which can be reflected in the electropherograms. A low buffer concentration of Tris-borate and Na2 EDTA containing a polymeric matrix of 0.0125% poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO) was used. Key factors were the standardization and optimization of CE conditions, buffer solution, and pretreatment of bacterial samples, which are not transferable to different bacterial strains, in general. The different compositions of the cell wall of on the one hand Gram-positive (M. luteus) and Gram-negative (N. cinerea) cocci and on the other hand Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria (P.fluorescens), are probably responsible for the different pretreatment conditions. [source] Cohesive-zone modelling of the deformation and fracture of spot-welded jointsFATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 10 2005M. N. CAVALLI ABSTRACT The deformation and failure of spot-welded joints have been successfully modelled using a cohesive-zone model for fracture. This has been accomplished by implementing a user-defined, three-dimensional, cohesive-zone element within a commercial finite-element package. The model requires two material parameters for each mode of deformation. Results show that the material parameters from this type of approach are transferable for identical spot welds in different geometries where a single parameter (such as maximum stress) is not. The approach has been demonstrated using a model system consisting of spot-welded joints made from 5754 aluminium sheets. The techniques for determining the cohesive fracture parameters for both nugget fracture and nugget pullout are described in this paper. It has been demonstrated that once the appropriate cohesive parameters for a weld are determined, quantitative predictions can be developed for the strengths, deformations and failure mechanisms of different geometries with nominally identical welds. [source] Transferable Ageing Provisions in Individual Health Insurance ContractsGERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2008Florian Baumann Health insurance; lifetime contracts; ageing provisions; premium insurance; simulations Abstract. We consider lifetime health insurance contracts in which ageing provisions are used to smooth the premium profile. The capital stock accumulated for each individual can be decomposed into two parts: a premium insurance and an annuitized life insurance, only the latter being transferable between insurers without triggering premium changes through risk segmentation. In a simulation based on German data, the transferable share declines in age and falls with an increasing age of entry into the contract. In spite of different benefit profiles, it is almost identical for women and men. [source] Predicting and quantifying the structure of tropical dry forests in South Florida and the Neotropics using spaceborne imageryGLOBAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Thomas W. Gillespie ABSTRACT Aim, This research examines environmental theories and remote sensing methods that have been hypothesized to be associated with tropical dry forest structure. Location, Tropical dry forests of South Florida and the Neotropics. Methods, Field measurements of stand density, basal area and tree height were collected from 22 stands in South Florida and 30 stands in the Neotropics. In South Florida, field measurements were compared to climatic (temperature, precipitation, hurricane disturbance) and edaphic (rockiness, soil depth) variables, spectral indices (NDVI, IRI, MIRI) from Landsat 7 ETM+, and estimates of tree height from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and the National Elevation Dataset (NED). Environmental variables associated with tropical dry forest structure in South Florida were compared to tropical dry forest in other Neotropical sites. Results, There were significant correlations among temperature and precipitation, and stand density and tree height in South Florida. There were significant correlations between (i) stand density and mean NDVI and standard deviation of NDVI, (ii) MIRI and stand density, basal area and mean tree height, and (iii) estimates of tree height from SRTM with maximum tree height. In the Neotropics, there were no relationships between temperature or precipitation and tropical dry forest structure, however, Neotropical sites that experience hurricane disturbance had significantly shorter tree heights and higher stand densities. Main conclusions, It is possible to predict and quantify the forest structure characteristics of tropical dry forests using climatic data, Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery and SRTM data in South Florida. However, results based on climatic data are region-specific and not necessarily transferable between tropical dry forests at a continental spatial scale. Spectral indices from Landsat 7 ETM+ can be used to quantify forest structure characteristics, but SRTM data are currently not transferable to other regions. Hurricane disturbance has a significant impact on forest structure in the Neotropics. [source] Transferability indices for health economic evaluations: methods and applicationsHEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 6 2009Fernando Antonanzas Abstract In this paper, we have elaborated an index in two phases to measure the degree of transferability of the results of the economic evaluation of health technologies. In the first phase, we have considered the objective factors (critical and non-critical) to derive a general transferability index, which can be used to measure this internal property of the studies of economic evaluation applied to health technologies. In the second phase, with a more specific index, we have measured the degree of applicability of the results of a given study to a different setting. Both indices have been combined (arithmetic and geometric mean) to obtain a global transferability index. We have applied the global index to a sample of 27 Spanish studies on infectious diseases. We have obtained an average value for the index of 0.54, quite far from the maximum theoretical value of 1. We also found that 11 studies lacked some critical factor and were directly deemed as not transferable. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hydrologic comparison between a forested and a wetland/lake dominated watershed using SWATHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 10 2008Kangsheng Wu Abstract The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a physically-based hydrologic model developed for agricultural watersheds, which has been infrequently validated for forested watersheds, particularly those with deep overwinter snow accumulation and abundant lakes and wetlands. The goal of this study was to determine the applicability of SWAT for modelling streamflow in two watersheds of the Ontonagon River basin of northern Michigan which differ in proportion of wetland and lake area. The forest-dominated East Branch watershed contains 17% wetland and lake area, whereas the wetland/lake-dominated Middle Branch watershed contains 26% wetland and lake area. The specific objectives were to: (1) calibrate and validate SWAT models for the East Branch and Middle Branch watersheds to simulate monthly stream flow, and (2) compare the effects of wetland and lake abundance on the magnitude and timing of streamflow. Model calibration and validation was satisfactory, as determined by deviation of discharge D and Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient values E that compared simulated monthly mean discharge versus measured monthly mean discharge. Streamflow simulation discrepancies occurred during summer and fall months and dry years. Several snow melting parameters were found to be critical for the SWAT simulation: TIMP (snow temperature lag factor) and SMFMX and SMFMN (melting factors). Snow melting parameters were not transferable between adjacent watersheds. Differences in seasonal pattern of long-term monthly streamflow were found, with the forest-dominated watershed having a higher peak flow during April but a lower flow during the remainder of the year in comparison to the wetland and lake-dominated watershed. The results suggested that a greater proportion of wetland and lake area increases the capacity of a watershed to impound surface runoff and to delay storm and snow melting events. Representation of wetlands and lakes in a watershed model is required to simulate monthly stream flow in a wetland/lake-dominated watershed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] TRANSFERABLE STOCK OPTIONS (TSOS) AND THE COMING REVOLUTION IN EQUITY-BASED PAYJOURNAL OF APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE, Issue 1 2004Brian J. Hall The dominant form of equity pay in the U.S. will change dramatically when accounting rules are changed (most likely in 2005) to require companies to charge the cost of their stock option plans on their income statements. Many companies are already switching from stock options to other forms of equity pay, especially restricted stock. The most notable switcher was Microsoft, the world's largest user of stock option pay. In July 2003, partnering with J.P. Morgan, Microsoft created a onetime transferable stock option (TSO) program that allowed holders of underwater Microsoft options to sell their options to J.P. Morgan in return for restricted shares. But the most important consequence of this transaction may not be a widespread shift by corporate America to restricted shares, but rather the creation of a more costeffective kind of stock option. By clearing the potentially messy hurdles involving taxes, accounting, SEC rules, and "transaction mechanics," Microsoft has opened the door for TSOs to be considered as an ongoing equitypay instrument, perhaps replacing standard stock options (which are not transferable). TSOs share the key advantages of restricted stock in terms of providing robust retention and ownership incentives and higher valuecost efficiency, while maintaining the key "leverage" advantage of options. In so doing, they create significant upside (and downside) while largely avoiding the "pay for pulse" problem of restricted stock. They also introduce the discipline of competitive pricing by third-party bidders. The bid prices of investment banks create nearly all of the information required for accurate estimates of option cost, which should foster greater board accountability and improved corporate governance. [source] Assessing river biotic condition at a continental scale: a European approach using functional metrics and fish assemblagesJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2006D. PONT Summary 1The need for sensitive biological measures of aquatic ecosystem integrity applicable at large spatial scales has been highlighted by the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive. Using fish communities as indicators of habitat quality in rivers, we developed a multi-metric index to test our capacity to (i) correctly model a variety of metrics based on assemblage structure and functions, and (ii) discriminate between the effects of natural vs. human-induced environmental variability at a continental scale. 2Information was collected for 5252 sites distributed among 1843 European rivers. Data included variables on fish assemblage structure, local environmental variables, sampling strategy and a river basin classification based on native fish fauna similarities accounting for regional effects on local assemblage structure. Fifty-eight metrics reflecting different aspects of fish assemblage structure and function were selected from the available literature and tested for their potential to indicate habitat degradation. 3To quantify possible deviation from a ,reference condition' for any given site, we first established and validated statistical models describing metric responses to natural environmental variability in the absence of any significant human disturbance. We considered that the residual distributions of these models described the response range of each metric, whatever the natural environmental variability. After testing the sensitivity of these residuals to a gradient of human disturbance, we finally selected 10 metrics that were combined to obtain a European fish assemblage index. We demonstrated that (i) when considering only minimally disturbed sites the index remains invariant, regardless of environmental variability, and (ii) the index shows a significant negative linear response to a gradient of human disturbance. 4Synthesis and applications. In this reference condition modelling approach, by including a more complete description of environmental variability at both local and regional scales it was possible to develop a novel fish biotic index transferable between catchments at the European scale. The use of functional metrics based on biological attributes of species instead of metrics based on species themselves reduced the index sensitivity to the variability of fish fauna across different biogeographical areas. [source] Reference data for evaluating the growth of common riverine fishes in the UKJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 5 2007J. R. Britton Summary Comparative assessments of population mean growth rates in length remain important aspects of stock assessment in river fisheries. To facilitate these assessments, for 15 fish species encountered in UK rivers reference data are provided on their expected lengths at age, maximum theoretical lengths (L,), growth coefficient (K) and instantaneous mortality rate (Z). These data are also transferable to fish populations outside of the UK that experience a similar growth season (approximately April to October, mean water temperatures 12,22°C). Considerable plasticity was observed in the growth of all species examined, with length at age values revealing growth rates from very slow to very fast. Populations considered fast growing against reference data were coincident with a relatively low ultimate length, a high growth coefficient and a high instantaneous mortality rate, suggesting a trade-off exists between growth rate, ultimate length and life span. [source] Are niche-based species distribution models transferable in space?JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 10 2006Christophe F. Randin Abstract Aim, To assess the geographical transferability of niche-based species distribution models fitted with two modelling techniques. Location, Two distinct geographical study areas in Switzerland and Austria, in the subalpine and alpine belts. Methods, Generalized linear and generalized additive models (GLM and GAM) with a binomial probability distribution and a logit link were fitted for 54 plant species, based on topoclimatic predictor variables. These models were then evaluated quantitatively and used for spatially explicit predictions within (internal evaluation and prediction) and between (external evaluation and prediction) the two regions. Comparisons of evaluations and spatial predictions between regions and models were conducted in order to test if species and methods meet the criteria of full transferability. By full transferability, we mean that: (1) the internal evaluation of models fitted in region A and B must be similar; (2) a model fitted in region A must at least retain a comparable external evaluation when projected into region B, and vice-versa; and (3) internal and external spatial predictions have to match within both regions. Results, The measures of model fit are, on average, 24% higher for GAMs than for GLMs in both regions. However, the differences between internal and external evaluations (AUC coefficient) are also higher for GAMs than for GLMs (a difference of 30% for models fitted in Switzerland and 54% for models fitted in Austria). Transferability, as measured with the AUC evaluation, fails for 68% of the species in Switzerland and 55% in Austria for GLMs (respectively for 67% and 53% of the species for GAMs). For both GAMs and GLMs, the agreement between internal and external predictions is rather weak on average (Kulczynski's coefficient in the range 0.3,0.4), but varies widely among individual species. The dominant pattern is an asymmetrical transferability between the two study regions (a mean decrease of 20% for the AUC coefficient when the models are transferred from Switzerland and 13% when they are transferred from Austria). Main conclusions, The large inter-specific variability observed among the 54 study species underlines the need to consider more than a few species to test properly the transferability of species distribution models. The pronounced asymmetry in transferability between the two study regions may be due to peculiarities of these regions, such as differences in the ranges of environmental predictors or the varied impact of land-use history, or to species-specific reasons like differential phenotypic plasticity, existence of ecotypes or varied dependence on biotic interactions that are not properly incorporated into niche-based models. The lower variation between internal and external evaluation of GLMs compared to GAMs further suggests that overfitting may reduce transferability. Overall, a limited geographical transferability calls for caution when projecting niche-based models for assessing the fate of species in future environments. [source] Interdisciplinary practice , a matter of teamwork: an integrated literature reviewJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 4 2001Antoinette Mccallin BA ,,The aim of this literature review is to explore the development of interdisciplinary practice. ,,The terms interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and inter-professional are problematic. Definitions must be viewed carefully, as interpretations tend to reflect historical socialization patterns that are now out of kilter with contemporary understandings. ,,Changing inter-professional interactions, teams and teamwork are examined; findings indicate that explanations of interdisciplinary teamwork should be all-inclusive of the particular cultural conditions and contextual determinants that affect team practice. ,,Findings need to be viewed with caution because what is applicable in one country may not be automatically transferable to another, where particular socio-political contexts shape interdisciplinary practice. [source] Interesting properties of Thomas,Fermi kinetic and Parr electron,electron-repulsion DFT energy functional generated compact one-electron density approximation for ground-state electronic energy of molecular systemsJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2009Sandor Kristyan Abstract The reduction of the electronic Schrodinger equation or its calculating algorithm from 4N -dimensions to a (nonlinear, approximate) density functional of three spatial dimension one-electron density for an N -electron system, which is tractable in the practice, is a long desired goal in electronic structure calculation. If the Thomas-Fermi kinetic energy (,,,5/3dr1) and Parr electron,electron repulsion energy (,,,4/3dr1) main-term functionals are accepted, and they should, the later described, compact one-electron density approximation for calculating ground state electronic energy from the 2nd Hohenberg,Kohn theorem is also noticeable, because it is a certain consequence of the aforementioned two basic functionals. Its two parameters have been fitted to neutral and ionic atoms, which are transferable to molecules when one uses it for estimating ground-state electronic energy. The convergence is proportional to the number of nuclei (M) needing low disc space usage and numerical integration. Its properties are discussed and compared with known ab initio methods, and for energy differences (here atomic ionization potentials) it is comparable or sometimes gives better result than those. It does not reach the chemical accuracy for total electronic energy, but beside its amusing simplicity, it is interesting in theoretical point of view, and can serve as generator function for more accurate one-electron density models. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009 [source] Electric field-derived point charges to mimic the electrostatics in molecular crystalsJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2006Andrew E. Whitten Abstract Because of the way the electrostatic potential is defined in a crystal, it is not possible to determine potential-derived charges for atoms in a crystal. To overcome this limitation, we present a novel method for determining atomic charges for a molecule in a crystal based on a fit to the electric field at points on a surface around the molecule. Examples of fits to the electric field at points on a Hirshfeld surface, using crystal Hartree,Fock electron densities computed with a DZP basis set are presented for several organic molecular crystals. The field-derived charges for common functional groups are transferable, and reflect chemical functionality as well as the subtle effects of intermolecular interactions. The charges also yield an excellent approximation to the electric field surrounding a molecule in a crystal for use in cluster calculations on molecules in solids. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1063,1070, 2006 [source] Development of polyphosphate parameters for use with the AMBER force fieldJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2003Kristin L. Meagher Abstract Accurate force fields are essential for reproducing the conformational and dynamic behavior of condensed-phase systems. The popular AMBER force field has parameters for monophosphates, but they do not extend well to polyphorylated molecules such as ADP and ATP. This work presents parameters for the partial charges, atom types, bond angles, and torsions in simple polyphosphorylated compounds. The parameters are based on molecular orbital calculations of methyldiphosphate and methyltriphosphate at the RHF/6-31+G* level. The new parameters were fit to the entire potential energy surface (not just minima) with an RMSD of 0.62 kcal/mol. This is exceptional agreement and a significant improvement over the current parameters that produce a potential surface with an RMSD of 7.8 kcal/mol to that of the ab initio calculations. Testing has shown that the parameters are transferable and capable of reproducing the gas-phase conformations of inorganic diphosphate and triphosphate. Also, the parameters are an improvement over existing parameters in the condensed phase as shown by minimizations of ATP bound in several proteins. These parameters are intended for use with the existing AMBER 94/99 force field, and they will permit users to apply AMBER to a wider variety of important enzymatic systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 1016,1025, 2003 [source] Corruption, Culture and Transferability: What Can Be Learned From Australia?JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2001Peter Larmour The Asian financial crisis is often blamed on ,corruption'. International banks and aid donors now promote technical assistance and training in corruption prevention, referring to the international best practice of Independent Commissions Against Corruption in Hong Kong or Sydney. However, it is often also argued that what counts as corruption is culturally specific, and that the incidence of petty corruption is related to low salaries. So lessons drawn from corruption prevention in Australia, for example, may not be transferable to other countries with different cultures and levels of income. This paper reflects on the experience of designing and teaching a course on corruption prevention for officials from developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region. It considers what counts as ,corruption', identifies different approaches towards prevention, and draws some conclusions about the transferability of Australian expertise. [source] Knowing , in MedicineJOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 5 2008Joachim P. Sturmberg MBBS DORACOG MFM PhD FRACGP Abstract In this paper we argue that knowledge in health care is a multidimensional dynamic construct, in contrast to the prevailing idea of knowledge being an objective state. Polanyi demonstrated that knowledge is personal, that knowledge is discovered, and that knowledge has explicit and tacit dimensions. Complex adaptive systems science views knowledge simultaneously as a thing and a flow, constructed as well as in constant flux. The Cynefin framework is one model to help our understanding of knowledge as a personal construct achieved through sense making. Specific knowledge aspects temporarily reside in either one of four domains , the known, knowable, complex or chaotic, but new knowledge can only be created by challenging the known by moving it in and looping it through the other domains. Medical knowledge is simultaneously explicit and implicit with certain aspects already well known and easily transferable, and others that are not yet fully known and must still be learned. At the same time certain knowledge aspects are predominantly concerned with content, whereas others deal with context. Though in clinical care we may operate predominately in one knowledge domain, we also will operate some of the time in the others. Medical knowledge is inherently uncertain, and we require a context-driven flexible approach to knowledge discovery and application, in clinical practice as well as in health service planning. [source] Ethnic Institutions Reconsidered: The Case of Flemish Workers in 19th Century France1JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Philippe Couton Increasing evidence indicates that ethno-institutional effects are often more varied and complex. France's first industrial-era immigrants, massively crossing the border from Belgian Flanders during the second half of the 19th century, are a case in point. Immigrant Flemish workers introduced a new type of institution to the French working class: socialist cooperatives. These would have a long-term impact not only on the immigrant Flemish community itself, but also on the larger labour movement, on the region, and on the country as a whole. Three elements were important in this process of institutional cross-fertilization: Belgian workers' rich institutional repertoire; the coincidence of their settlement with the rise of the French labour movement; and the fact that their institutional innovation was easily transferable. [source] Dietary interventions in Finland, Norway and Sweden: nutrition policies and strategiesJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 2 2002G. Roos Aims To describe the organization and implementation of nutrition policies, and examine intervention strategies for dietary change in three Scandinavian countries. Methods Descriptions of nutrition policies and dietary intervention strategies are based on published nutrition policy research and reports. Results All countries studied have adopted formal nutrition policies. Norway issued its first white paper in 1976, the Finnish National Nutrition Council published an action plan in 1989, and the Swedish Government issued an official action plan in 1995. Norway has a centralized National Nutrition Council with a permanent administration whereas the responsibilities and administration are more spread out between several authorities and groups in Finland and Sweden. Amongst the dietary intervention strategies employed, a Norwegian nutrition campaign, symbol labelling of foods in Sweden, the community-based North Karelia Project in Finland, and mass catering in Finland and Sweden have been selected as potentially transferable. Conclusions Policy documents serve as guidelines for activities and assist in achieving dietary targets. A responsible administrative body with advice from a standing expert committee is valuable for implementation. Guidelines, recommendations or voluntary labelling standards can be incentives to product development and changes to food production. Regional demonstration projects may also encourage action and collaboration. [source] Modeling of transmitted X-ray intensity variation with sample thickness and solid fraction in glycine compactsJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 12 2003Wenjin Cao Abstract The previous paper in this series introduced an X-ray diffraction quantitation method for the polymorphic content in tablets made of pure components. Before the method could be transferred, further studies were required to explain the commonly observed X-ray intensity variation in analyzing compacts. The literature typically attributes the variation to partial amorphization under compression and/or to preferred orientation, without much viable explanation or compelling evidence. In this study, changes in intensity in compacts analyzed in transmission geometry were found to be primarily a function of sample thickness and solid fraction. A theoretical model was developed to describe the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) intensity as a function of solid fraction, mass absorption coefficient, and thickness. The model was tested on two sets of glycine compacts: one with varying thickness at constant solid fraction, and the other with various solid fractions at a given thickness. The results show that the model predicts the XRPD intensity at any given sample thickness and solid fraction. With this model, the intensity variation of compacts made under different compression conditions can be normalized, making the method transferable to various tablet geometries and facilitating the analysis over expected ranges of formulation and process variation. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 92:2345,2353, 2003 [source] Temperature functions of the rate coefficients of net N mineralization in sandy arable soils.JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2004Part I. Derivation from laboratory incubations Abstract This study aimed to experimentally determine adequate temperature functions for the rate coefficients of net N mineralization in sandy arable soils from NW Germany. Long-term laboratory incubations were carried out in seven sandy arable soils at 3°C, 10°C, 19°C, 28°C, and 35°C in order to derive the rate coefficients of a simultaneous two-pool first-order kinetic equation. Thereby we differentiated between a small, fast mineralizable N pool, comprising mainly fresh residues, and a larger, slowly mineralizable N pool of old, humified organic matter. The rate coefficients were plotted against temperature, and fits of several different functions were tested: Arrhenius, Q10, and multiple non-mechanistic equations. The two derived rate coefficients showed very different temperature functions. Especially in critical temperature ranges (<5/10°C, >30/35°C) common Q10 functions failed to fit well, and, only below 10°C, the Arrhenius functions were in agreement with mean measured rate coefficients. Over the studied temperature range, only relatively complex, multiple equations could adequately account for the observed patterns. In addition, temperature functions that have been derived earlier from loess soils from NW Germany were found not to be transferable to the sandy arable soils studied. Thus, the results strongly question the use of the same Arrhenius or Q10 function or the same rate modifying factor for different N pools as well as for different soils as is generally done in models. Evaluations with field measurements of net N mineralization in part II of the paper (Heumann and Böttcher, 2004) will show which functions perform best in the field. Die Temperaturfunktionen der Reaktionskoeffizienten der N-Nettomineralisation in sandigen Ackerböde nI. Ableitung aus Laborinkubationen Untersuchungsziel war die experimentelle Bestimmung adäquater Temperaturfunktionen für die Reaktionskoeffizienten der N-Nettomineralisation in sandigen Ackerböden NW-Deutschlands. Anhand von Langzeit-Laborinkubationen bei 3, 10, 19, 28 und 35,°C wurden für sieben sandige Ackerböden die Reaktionskoeffizienten zweier N-Pools mit Reaktionskinetik erster Ordnung ermittelt. Dadurch konnte zwischen einem kleineren, schnell mineralisierbaren N-Pool, der hauptsächlich frische Residuen umfasst, und einem größeren, langsam mineralisierbaren N-Pool aus überwiegend alter humifizierter organischer Substanz unterschieden werden. Die ermittelten Reaktionskoeffizienten wurden gegen die Temperatur aufgetragen und verschiedene Funktionen angepasst: Arrhenius-, Q10 - und multiple nicht-mechanistische Gleichungen. Die Temperaturfunktionen der beiden Reaktionskoeffizienten unterschieden sich stark. Besonders innerhalb kritischer Temperaturbereiche (<5/10,°C, >30/35,°C) war die Übereinstimmung üblicher Q10 -Funktionen schlecht, und nur unterhalb von 10,°C stimmten die Arrhenius-Funktionen mit den mittleren gemessenen Reaktionskoeffizienten überein. Über den gesamten untersuchten Temperaturbereich konnten nur relativ komplexe, multiple Gleichungen die beobachteten Verläufe angemessen nachzeichnen. Weiterhin waren die Temperaturfunktionen, die ehemals an norddeutschen Lössböden ermittelt wurden, nicht auf die untersuchten sandigen Ackerböden übertragbar. Daher stellen die Ergebnisse den Gebrauch derselben Arrhenius- oder Q10 -Funktion sowie gleicher Ratenfaktoren für verschiedene N-Pools und auch für verschiedene Böden stark in Frage. In Teil II der Arbeit (Heumann and Böttcher, 2004) wird anhand einer Überprüfung mit Messungen der N-Nettomineralisation im Feld gezeigt, welche Funktionen die beste Übereinstimmung im Freiland erbringen. [source] ,Du hast jar keene Ahnung': African American English dubbed into GermanJOURNAL OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS, Issue 4 2004Robin Queen This paper explores the translation of sociolinguistic variation by examining the ways that African American English (AAE) is dubbed into German. In discussing this ubiquitous yet poorly studied area of language use, I show that ideas about language as an index to social groupings are transferable to the degree that the ideas overlap in the cultures in question. In the case of German, if the character being dubbed is young, male and tied to the street cultures of the urban inner city, then AAE is dubbed using a form of German that has links to the urban youth cultures of north-central Germany. The transferability of sociolinguistic variation is important to issues related to cross-cultural communication and the ideologies that may play a role in the outcomes of that communication as well as to linguistic creativity and language style more generally. [source] IMPACT OF FREEZING TEMPERATURE ON QUALITY OF FARMED ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORHUA L.)JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 4 2007TURID MØRKØRE ABSTRACT This study evaluates the impact of freezing temperature (,10,,25,,40,,55 or,70C) on thaw exudates, liquid leakage during freeze-chilling, appearance, gaping and mechanical properties of farmed Atlantic cod fillets. Freezing temperature significantly influenced each of the characteristics studied. High temperatures (,10 and,25C) gave increased thaw exudates, and freezing at,10C gave the highest liquid leakage during freeze-chilling. Fillets frozen at,10C had the lowest gaping and the whitest appearance. The results indicated the highest degree of toughening upon freezing at,10 or,55C, whereas the degree of toughening appeared to be similar and lower for fillets frozen at,25,,40 or,70C. The impact of freezing temperatures on the quality of farmed cod therefore appeared to be complex, but no overall beneficial effects were found by decreasing the freezing temperature below,40C. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS For the fish processing industry, it is important to define optimal freezing and frozen storage regimes that are cost efficient and at the same time preserve the fresh fillet quality. Farmed cod differ from their wild counterparts by having lower water content, lower muscle pH and thicker fillets. Hence, industrial guidelines for wild cod may not be transferable to farmed cod. This study showed no beneficial effects by decreasing the freezing temperature below ,40C. Freezing and frozen storage are usually separated commercially. Results from the present study give valuable contribution to future studies aiming at defining optimal combination of freezing and frozen storage temperatures for farmed Atlantic cod. [source] Microstructure, Phase and Thermoelastic Properties of Laminated Liquid-Phase-Sintered Silicon Carbide,Titanium Carbide Ceramic CompositesJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 7 2007John H. Liversage Hot-pressed silicon carbide,titanium carbide (SiC,TiC) composites sintered with liquid-phase forming Al2O3 and Y2O3 mixtures have been studied. Samples were fabricated by successively stacking tape-cast sheets of a single composition, resulting in a laminated body of uniform composition. This approach required the development of a technology easily transferable into the production of functionally graded SiC,TiC materials. The effects of this processing route on the resultant microstructures and phases were explored in detail. Additionally, because of the consequences for graded materials, the effects of TiC proportion on the thermal expansion coefficients, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratios for several SiC,TiC composites were also determined. [source] WATERSHED SCALING EFFECT ON BASE FLOW NITRATE, VALLEY AND RIDGE PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCE,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 5 2001Bruce D. Lindsey ABSTRACT: A study of stream base flow and NO3 -N concentration was conducted simultaneously in 51 subwatersheds within the 116-square-kilometer watershed of East Mahantango Creek near Klingerstown, Pennsylvania. The study was designed to test whether measurable results of processes and observations within the smaller watersheds were similar to or transferable to a larger scale. Ancillary data on land use were available for the small and large watersheds. Although the source of land-use data was different for the small and large watersheds, comparisons showed that the differences in the two land-use data sources were minimal. A land use-based water-quality model developed for the small-scale 7.3-square-kilometer watershed for a previous study accurately predicted NO3 -N concentrations from sampling in the same watershed. The water-quality model was modified and, using the imagery-based land use, was found to accurately predict NO3 -N concentrations in the subwatersheds of the large-scale 116-square-kilometer watershed as well. Because the model accurately predicts NO3 -N concentrations at small and large scales, it is likely that in second-order streams and higher, discharge of water and NO3 -N is dominated by flow from smaller first-order streams, and the contribution of ground-water discharge to higher order streams is minimal at the large scale. [source] Laserstrahlschweißen von Titanwerkstoffen unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses des SauerstoffesMATERIALWISSENSCHAFT UND WERKSTOFFTECHNIK, Issue 9 2004J. P. Bergmann titanium; colorations; laser welding; shielding device Abstract Im Rahmen dieses Aufsatzes wird erstmalig ein innovatives Konzept zum Laserstrahlschweißen von Titan für die Serienfertigung dargestellt und validiert. Durch den neuartigen Einsatz eines 6-lagigen Metallgewebes ist es möglich, die Strömung vom Schutzgas so stark zu beruhigen, dass die beim Schweißen schädlichen Verwirbelungen vermieden werden können. Der Einbau eines derartigen Gewebes als Boden einer offenen Schweißkammer ermöglicht sowohl das mechanisierte als auch das vollautomatisierte Schweißen von hochreaktiven Werkstoffen, wie zum Beispiel Titanwerkstoffen, unter atmosphärischen Druckbedingungen und unter inerter Abdeckung. Damit wird der für eine industrielle Fertigung, insbesondere für Industrieroboter, notwendige Freiheits- und Zugänglichkeitsgrad zur Fügestelle im Vergleich zu konventionellen geschlossenen WIG-Schweißhauben gewährleistet. Von weitgehender Bedeutung für die Schweißtechnik von Titanwerkstoffen ist es, dass auch die Bereiche, die in der Praxis mittels einer Nachschleppdüse vom Schutzgas nicht erreichbar wären, wie z.,B. die Überlappgebiete bei der Überlappnaht, erfolgreich durch das Prinzip der wirbelfreien Schweißkammer geschützt werden können. Mit Hilfe dieser neuartigen Vorgehensweise und eines modernen Fügeverfahrens, wie dem Nd:YAG-Laserschweißen, konnten erstmalig systematische Grundlagenuntersuchungen zum Einfluss von Sauerstoff in der Schweißumgebung auf die Mikrostruktur und auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften einer Modellschweißverbindung durchgeführt werden. Durch die Validierung des gesamten Systems konnte bewiesen werden, dass im Vergleich zum konventionellen WIG-Verfahren geringere Anforderungen an die Reinheit des Schutzgases, um Anlauffarben und unzulässige Aufhärtungen zu vermeiden, gerichtet werden können. Für das Laserstrahlschweißen kann ein maximaler Restsauerstoffgehalt von 1000 ppm in der Schweißumgebung unbedenklich toleriert werden. Für das WIG-Schweißen gilt dagegen ein Höchstwert von etwa 30 ppm. Ferner konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Qualitätsmerkmale der derzeitigen Regelwerke für das WIG-Schweißen für die Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik auf das Verfahren Laserstrahlschweißen mit Nd:YAG-Quellen übertragen werden können. Influence of the oxygen content in the shielding gas on microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welds of titanium and titanium alloys In the present work, a new tool concept for laser welding of titanium in high volume production has been presented and evaluated. Through the innovative application of a six-layer metal web it is possible to calm the argon gas flow and avoid pernicious turbulences during welding. The integration of the mentioned metal web at the base of an open welding chamber allows the automated welding of highly reactive materials, such as titanium, under atmospheric pressure and inert shielding conditions. The higher density of argon relative to air offers the unique possibility to leave the chamber open on the top, so that a higher degree of flexibility than gas shielding devices for TIG welding, especially for industrial robots, is attained and can be successfully used for industrial mass production. Furthermore this device is important for welding three-dimensional contours or to shield the regions of overlap (in overlapped joints) where shielding gas trailers are unsuccessful. By means of the presented gas shielding procedure and a modern laser welding process such as Nd:YAG laser welding, systematic investigations on the effect of oxygen on the microstructure as well as on the mechanical properties of reference bead-on-plate weldments could be performed for the first time. As a result of these welding trials it can be concluded that in order to avoid discolorations and hardness increase, lower restrictions to the purity of the shielding gas, in comparison to TIG welding condition, can be allowed. The maximum tolerable value of oxygen in the welding atmosphere was found to be approximately 1000 ppm for laser welding. On the contrary the maximum value for TIG welding is about 30 ppm. Further investigations on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the joints confirm that the optical quality assurance criteria for TIG welding due to the standards of aircraft construction transferable to Nd:YAG welding are. [source] Development of DNA microsatellite markers in tropical yam (Dioscorea sp.)MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 1 2006S. TOSTAIN Abstract We developed new simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in different species of yam (Dioscorea sp.). A microsatellite-enriched bank was created from Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea abyssinica and Dioscorea praehensilis. Sixteen polymorphic loci were characterized. Several of these markers are transferable to species of other Dioscorea sections. [source] Transferability of microsatellite markers from Eucalyptus spp. to Eugenia dysenterica (Myrtaceae family)MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 4 2002M. I. Zucchi Abstract Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) is a widespread plant found in the Brazilian cerrado. Its fruit is used for popular consumption and for industrial purposes. A battery of 346 primer pairs developed for Eucalyptus spp. was tested on cagaita. Only 10 primer pairs were found to be transferable between the two species. Using a polyacrilamide gel, an average of 10.4 alleles per locus was detected, in a sample of 116 individuals from 10 natural populations of cagaita. Seven polymorphic loci allowed estimation of genetic parameters, including expected average heterozigosity HE = 0.442, diversity among populations, RST = 0.268 and gene flow Nm = 0.680. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||