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Transcriptase-polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis (transcriptase-polymerase + chain_reaction_analysis)
Kinds of Transcriptase-polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis Selected AbstractsAnalysis of pancreatic endocrine development in GDF11-deficient miceDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 11 2006Darwin S. Dichmann Abstract Here, we examine the role of GDF11 in pancreatic development. Using in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses, we show that Gdf11 transcripts are expressed in embryonic pancreas epithelium before the secondary transition but decrease rapidly afterward. To determine the function of GDF11 during pancreas development, we analyzed Gdf11,/, mouse embryos. In such embryos, pancreas size is twofold reduced at embryonic day (E) 18 compared with wild-type littermates. Quantification of the different tissue compartments shows a specific hypoplasia of the exocrine compartment, while the endocrine and ductal compartments are unaffected. Notably, NGN3+ endocrine precursor cells are increased fourfold at E18, although the amount of endocrine cells in the pancreas of these animals is unchanged compared with wild-type littermates. Similarly, the maturation of endocrine cells as well as the ratio between ,- and ,-cells appears normal. Developmental Dynamics 235:3016,3025, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Anti-inflammatory activity of the synthetic C-C biflavonoidsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 12 2006Haeil Park To find anti-inflammatory agents based on plant constituents, the effects of six synthetic C-C biflavonoids connecting with different positions of C-C bond between flavone monomers (a: 4,-4,, b: 4,-3,, c: 4,-6, d: 3,-6, e: 6-6, f: 4,-3) were examined on PGE2 and nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages, RAW 264.7. Among the compounds tested, the biflavonoids d, e, and f showed a considerable inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated PGE2 production at concentrations up to 50 ,M, while the derivative c exerted cytotoxic effects on RAW cells. Especially, the biflavonoid e possessed the most potent inhibitory activity of PGE2 production with an IC50 of 3.7 ,M, compared with an IC50 of 8.2,20.7 ,M by ginkgetin (natural biflavonoid). Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses have shown that the inhibition of PGE2 production by these synthetic derivatives was mediated at least in part by COX-2 inhibition, but not by COX-2 down-regulation. Meanwhile, these synthetic biflavonoids did not considerably inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production at concentrations up to 50 ,M. When intraperitoneally administered, the biflavonoid e showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity (22.2% inhibition) against rat carrageenan-induced paw oedema at 5 mg kg,1. The biflavonoid e may be used as a synthetic lead for developing new anti-inflammatory agents. [source] Viability and bar expression are negatively correlated in Oregon Wolfe Barley Dominant hybridsPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007Phil Bregitzer Summary The expression level of bar, which encodes phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), was correlated with the inviability of barley hybrids between 20 Golden Promise-derived transgenic lines (Ds-bar lines) and a specialized genetic marker stock, Oregon Wolfe Barley Dominant (OWBD). Each Ds-bar line was homozygous for a modified maize Ds element that encoded bar and that had been delivered via transposition to a unique location. All Ds-bar lines were viable and morphologically similar. Only four of the 20 hybrid populations were viable. The remaining populations died prior to producing seed. Phenotypic, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses of these lines, and of lines from unrelated transformation events that also expressed bar, showed that viability was negatively correlated with bar expression. Analysis of crosses of a high- bar -expressing line with the OWB mapping population showed that the sensitivity of OWBD to PAT segregated as a single locus on chromosome 6HL. No sensitivity to PAT could be detected in several other lines and cultivars. OWBD has been shown to be genetically divergent from other germplasm groups within cultivated barley; therefore, the observed sensitivity may be peculiar to OWBD and thus would not impact generally on the utility of bar as a selectable marker or source of herbicide resistance in barley. Nevertheless, these results demonstrate the extent of allelic variability present in Hordeum vulgare, and suggest an additional variable for consideration when devising protocols for the transformation of Hordeum cultivars or landraces that are not known to be tolerant to PAT. [source] Dependence of Hyperpolarisation-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Activity on Basal Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Production in Spontaneously Firing GH3 CellsJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 7 2006K. Kretschmannova Abstract The hyperpolarisation-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play a distinct role in the control of membrane excitability in spontaneously active cardiac and neuronal cells. Here, we studied the expression and role of HCN channels in pacemaking activity, Ca2+ signalling, and prolactin secretion in GH3 immortalised pituitary cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of mRNA transcripts for HCN2, HCN3 and HCN4 subunits in these cells. A hyperpolarisation of the membrane potential below ,,60 mV elicited a slowly activating voltage-dependent inward current (Ih) in the majority of tested cells, with a half-maximal activation voltage of ,89.9 ± 4.2 mV and with a time constant of 1.4 ± 0.2 s at ,120 mV. The bath application of 1 mM Cs+, a commonly used inorganic blocker of Ih, and 100 µM ZD7288, a specific organic blocker of Ih, inhibited Ih by 90 ± 4.1% and 84.3 ± 1.8%, respectively. Receptor- and nonreceptor-mediated activation of adenylyl and soluble guanylyl cyclase and the addition of a membrane permeable cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue, 8-Br-cAMP, did not affect Ih. Inhibition of basal adenylyl cyclase activity, but not basal soluble guanylyl cyclase activity, led to a reduction in the peak amplitude and a leftward shift in the activation curve of Ih by 23.7 mV. The inhibition of the current was reversed by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase with forskolin and by the addition of 8-Br-cAMP, but not 8-Br-cGMP. Application of Cs+ had no significant effect on the resting membrane potential or electrical activity, whereas ZD7288 exhibited complex and Ih -independent effects on spontaneous electrical activity, Ca2+ signalling, and prolactin release. These results indicate that HCN channels in GH3 cells are under tonic activation by basal level of cAMP and are not critical for spontaneous firing of action potentials. [source] Microarray Analysis of Ethanol-Treated Cortical Neurons Reveals Disruption of Genes Related to the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Protein SynthesisALCOHOLISM, Issue 12 2004Ramana Gutala Background: Chronic ethanol abuse results in deleterious behavioral responses such as tolerance, dependence, reinforcement, sensitization, and craving. The objective of this research was to identify transcripts that are differentially regulated in ethanol-treated cortical neurons compared with controls by using a pathway-focused complementary DNA microarray. Methods: Cortical neurons were isolated from postconception day 14 C57BL/6 mouse fetuses and cultured according to a standard protocol. The cortical neuronal cells were treated with 100 mM ethanol for five consecutive days with a change of media every day. A homeostatic pathway-focused microarray consisting of 638 sequence-verified genes was used to measure transcripts differentially regulated in four ethanol-treated cortical neuron samples and four control samples. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to verify the mRNA expression levels of genes of interest detected from the microarray experiments. Results: We identified 56 down-regulated and 10 up-regulated genes in ethanol-treated cortical neurons relative to untreated controls at a 5% false-discovery rate. The expression of many genes involved in ubiquitin-proteasome and protein synthesis was decreased by ethanol, including ubiquitin B, ubiquitin-like 3, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E3A, 20S proteasome ,- and ,-subunits, and members of the ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of heat shock proteins, myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, and FK506 binding protein rapamycin-associated protein (FKBP) (mTOR) was also decreased in ethanol-treated cortical neurons. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome cascade revealed a down-regulation of these genes, thereby corroborating our microarray results. Conclusions: Our results indicate that chronic ethanol treatment of cortical neurons resulted in decreased mRNA expression of genes involving the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and ribosomal proteins together with mTOR expression leading to disruption of protein degradation mechanism and impairment of protein synthesis machinery. [source] Cytokines and neurotrophic factors fail to affect Nogo-A mRNA expression in differentiated human neurones: implications for inflammation-related axonal regeneration in the central nervous systemNEUROPATHOLOGY & APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002J.-I. Satoh Nogo is a novel myelin-associated inhibitor of neurite outgrowth which regulates stable neuronal connections during axonal regeneration following injury in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Because cytokines and neurotrophic factors play a key role in inflammation-related axonal regeneration, we investigated: (i) the constitutive expression of Nogo and the Nogo receptor (NgR) mRNA in human neural cell lines; (ii) Nogo and NgR mRNA levels in the NTera2 human teratocarcinoma cell line during retinoic acid (RA)-induced neuronal differentiation; and (iii) their regulation in NTera2-derived differentiated neurones (NTera2-N) after exposure to a battery of cytokines and growth factors potentially produced by activated glial cells at post-traumatic inflammatory lesions in the CNS. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, the constitutive expression of Nogo-A, the longest isoform of three distinct Nogo transcripts and NgR mRNA was identified in a wide variety of human neural and non-neural cell lines. By Northern blot analysis, the levels of Nogo-A mRNA were elevated markedly in NTera2 cells following RA-induced neuronal differentiation, accompanied by an increased expression of the neurite growth-associated protein GAP-43 mRNA. In contrast, Nogo-A, Nogo-B, NgR and GAP-43 mRNA levels were unaltered in NTera2-N cells by exposure to basic fibroblast growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glia-derived neurotrophic factor, tumour necrosis factor-,, interleukin-1,, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. These results indicate that both Nogo-A and NgR mRNA are coexpressed in various human cell types, including differentiated neurones, where their expression is unaffected by exposure to a panel of cytokines and neurotrophic factors which might be involved in inflammation-related axonal regeneration in the CNS. [source] Jr-ZFP2, encoding a Cys2/His2-type transcription factor, is involved in the early stages of the mechano-perception pathway and specifically expressed in mechanically stimulated tissues in woody plantsPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 6 2008NATHALIE LEBLANC-FOURNIER ABSTRACT Plants respond to environmental mechanical stimulation, such as wind, by modifying their growth and development. To study the molecular effects of stem bending on 3-week-old walnut trees, a cDNA-AFLP approach was developed. This study allowed the identification of a cDNA, known as Jr-ZFP2, encoding a Cys2/His2-type two-zinc-fingered transcription factor. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that Jr-ZFP2 mRNA accumulation is rapidly and transiently induced after mechanical stimulation. After bending, Jr-ZFP2 transcript increase was restricted to the stem, the organ where the mechanical solicitation was applied. Furthermore, other abiotic factors, such as cold or salt, did not modify Jr-ZFP2 mRNA accumulation in walnut stems under our experimental conditions, whereas growth studies demonstrated that salt stress was actually perceived by the plants. These results suggest that the regulation of Jr-ZFP2 expression is more sensitive to mechanical stimulus. This gene will be a good marker for studying the early stages of mechanical perception in woody plants. [source] Localization of the mRNA encoding prolyl endopeptidase in the rat brain and pituitaryTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 2 2004Gaelle Bellemère Abstract Prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26, PEP), a serine protease that hydrolyzes peptides at the carboxyl side of proline residues, is involved in the breakdown of several proline-containing neuropeptides and, thus, may contribute to the regulation of behavioral activities. In this study, the distribution of PEP mRNA was investigated in the central nervous system and pituitary of rat by means of quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis and in situ hybridization histochemistry. High densities of PEP transcripts were found in cerebellar Purkinje and granule cells, within most hypothalamic nuclei, in pyramidal neurons of the Ammon's horn, in granule cells of the dentate gyrus, and within the basolateral complex of the amygdala. Moderate levels of PEP mRNA were observed in layers 3,5 of the cerebral cortex, the anterior thalamic group, the septal region, the substantia nigra, the magnocellular neurons of the red nucleus, and the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. Low concentrations of PEP mRNA were detected in the deep mesencephalic nuclei, the reticular formation, the pretectum, and the tectum. A high density of PEP mRNA was found in the intermediate and the anterior lobes of the pituitary, while the neural lobe was devoid of labeling. In several brain regions, the distribution pattern of PEP mRNA overlapped that of various neuropeptide receptors, suggesting that PEP is actually involved in the inactivation of regulatory neuropeptides. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:128,143, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Characterization and expression analysis of the hair keratin associated protein KAP26.1BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2008M.A. Rogers Summary Background, Human hair follicle keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) comprise a large multigene family of proteins thought to be responsible for the bundling of keratin intermediate filaments. Recently, four new KAP family members KAP24.1, KAP25.1, KAP26.1 and KAP27.1 were identified from the genome, but the expression of only one, KAP24.1, was investigated and shown in hair follicles. Objectives, In the current study, the expression of the remaining members of the family were analysed. Methods, Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of samples from numerous human organs was used. Results, Only KAP26.1 showed expression, which was limited to the hair follicle. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry using a specific antiserum, KAP26.1 was localized to the differentiated portion of the hair cuticle. Conclusions, As well as KAP24.1 in hair follicles, expression of KAP26.1 was shown and is found in the differentiated part of the hair cuticle. [source] Prognostic significance of Wilms tumor gene (WT1) mRNA expression in soft tissue sarcomaCANCER, Issue 10 2006Tsukasa Sotobori M.D. Abstract BACKGROUND There have been several recent reports that Wilms tumor gene (WT1) mRNA is overexpressed in many types of neoplasms, and those results suggested that WT1 has oncogenic properties. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of WT1 mRNA expression in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. METHODS Levels of WT1 mRNA expression were examined by quantitative, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis in frozen tissue samples from 52 patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Various clinicopathologic factors were analyzed along with the disease-specific survival rate for correlations with WT1 mRNA expression levels. RESULTS The levels of WT1 mRNA expression in a variety of soft tissue sarcomas were significantly greater compared with the levels in normal soft tissue samples (P = .0212). No significant correlation was observed between the level of WT1 mRNA expression and clinicopathologic factors, including gender, age, primary tumor site, tumor depth, tumor size, histologic grade, and distant metastasis at initial presentation. The disease-specific survival rate for patients with high WT1 mRNA expression levels was found significantly poorer compared with the rate for patients with low WT1 mRNA expression levels (P = .0182). Moreover, multivariate analysis indicated that a high WT1 mRNA expression level was an independent, adverse prognostic factor for disease-specific survival (hazards ratio, 2.6; P = .0488). CONCLUSIONS WT1 mRNA expression level can serve as a potent prognostic indicator in soft tissue sarcoma patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society. [source] Snail, Slug, and Smad-interacting protein 1 as novel parameters of disease aggressiveness in metastatic ovarian and breast carcinoma,,CANCER, Issue 8 2005Sivan Elloul M.Sc. Abstract BACKGROUND It was demonstrated previously that the Snail family of transcription factors and Smad-interacting protein 1 (Sip1) regulate E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) expression, cellular morphology, and invasion in carcinoma. For the current study, the authors analyzed the relation between the expression of Snail, Slug, and Sip1; the expression of MMP-2 and E-cadherin; and clinical parameters in patients with metastatic ovarian and breast carcinoma. METHODS One hundred one fresh-frozen, malignant effusions from patients who were diagnosed with gynecologic carcinomas (78 ovarian carcinomas and 23 breast carcinomas) were studied for mRNA expression of Snail, Slug, Sip1, MMP-2, and E-cadherin using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Snail mRNA and E-cadherin protein expression levels also were studied in ovarian carcinoma effusions using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The results were analyzed for possible correlation with clinicopathologic parameters in both tumor types. RESULTS E-cadherin mRNA expression was lower in breast carcinoma (P = 0.001), whereas Snail expression was higher (P = 0.003). The Snail/E-cadherin ratio (P < 0.001) and the Sip1/E-cadherin ratio (P = 0.002) were higher in breast carcinomas. Sip1 mRNA expression (P < 0.001) and Slug mRNA expression (P < 0.001) were correlated with the expression of MMP-2 in ovarian carcinomas. The Sip1/E-cadherin ratio was higher in primary ovarian carcinomas at the time of diagnosis compared with postchemotherapy ovarian carcinoma effusions (P = 0.003), higher in Stage IV tumors compared with Stage III tumors (P = 0.049), and higher in pleural effusions compared with peritoneal effusions (P = 0.044). In a univariate survival analysis of patients with ovarian carcinoma, a high Sip1/E-cadherin ratio predicted poor overall survival (P = 0.018). High E-cadherin mRNA expression predicted better disease-free survival (P = 0.023), with a similar trend for a low Slug/E-cadherin ratio (P = 0.07). High Snail mRNA expression predicted shorter effusion-free survival (P = 0.008), disease-free survival (P = 0.03), and overall survival (P = 0.008) in patients with breast carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Transcription factors that regulate E-cadherin were expressed differentially in metastatic ovarian and breast carcinoma. Snail may predict a poor outcome in patients who have breast carcinoma metastatic to effusions. E-cadherin expression generally was conserved in effusions from patients with ovarian carcinoma, but the subset of patients with postulated Sip1-induced repression of this adhesion molecule had a significantly worse outcome. This finding was in agreement with the stronger suppression of E-cadherin by Snail and Sip1 in breast carcinoma effusions, a clinical condition associated with extremely poor survival. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society. [source] | |||||||||||||