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Behaviour Consistent (behaviour + consistent)
Selected AbstractsIn situ investigation of the non-linear optical crystal rubidium titanyl arsenate, RbTiOAsO4, under applied electric field using X-ray imagingJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2007P. A. Thomas Recent work on the non-linear optical single-crystal rubidium titanyl arsenate (RbTiOAsO4, RTA) has shown that it exhibits behaviour consistent with a ferroelectric semiconductor under large applied electric fields, with the development of a non-uniform field in the near-surface region. To confirm aspects of the proposed model, the behaviour of 001 slices of initially single-domain RTA, patterned with periodic Ag electrodes of spacing 38,µm, as for periodic poling in non-linear optics, were investigated using synchrotron X-ray section topography with the electric field applied in situ while under X-ray illumination at the ID19 topography beamline of the ESRF, Grenoble. The results of white-beam section topography as both a function of crystal to film distance, and under DC voltage are reported, confirming that there is a bending of the planes in the near-surface region. The strain in the near-surface region was examined directly using high-resolution monochromatic X-ray section topography. This revealed an extensive strain of 3,(±1) × 10,4 at 1,kV, indicating that the electrostrictive coefficient, ,3333, in RTA is positive in sign. [source] Evaluation of fungal antagonists for grey mould management in early growth of pot rosesANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004D S YOHALEM Summary Several filamentous fungi can reduce disease incidence and suppress sporulation of Botrytis cinerea during early establishment and vegetative growth of pot roses. Two isolates of Ulocladium atrum were the most successful of those fungi tested, were consistently more effective than the fungicide, iprodione and not different from each other. Tween 80, added as a dispersant, had no effect on the efficacy of U. atrum. An isolate of Clonostachys rosea also gave better disease control than iprodione, although not to the levels given by isolates of U. atrum, nor was its behaviour consistent across experiments. Another isolate of C. rosea performed well in one trial, had no discernible effect in a second and was excluded from the third due to poor inoculum quality. Commercial Trichoderma harzianum preparations (Trichodex and Supresivit) failed to reduce disease incidence under the high disease pressure of these experiments, but did reduce sporulation of the pathogen relative to untreated controls. [source] Behavioural responses of a south-east Australian floodplain fish community to gradual hypoxiaFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007DALE G. MCNEIL Summary 1. Hypoxic conditions occur frequently during hot, dry summers in the small lentic waterbodies (billabongs) that occur on the floodplains of the Murray-Darling River system of Australia. Behavioural responses to progressive hypoxia were examined for the native and introduced floodplain fish of the Ovens River, an unregulated tributary of the Murray River in south-east Australia. 2. Given the high frequency of hypoxic episodes in billabongs on the Ovens River floodplain, it was hypothesised that all species would exhibit behaviours that would confer a degree of hypoxia-tolerance. Specifically, it was hypothesised that as hypoxia progressed, gill ventilation rates (GVRs) would increase and aquatic surface respiration (ASR) would become increasingly frequent. Fish were subjected to rapid, progressive hypoxia from normoxia to anoxia in open tanks. 3. All tested species exhibited behaviours consistent with their use of potentially hypoxic habitats. As hypoxia progressed, GVRs increased and all species, with the exception of oriental weatherloach, began to switch increasingly to ASR with 90% of individuals using ASR at various oxygen concentrations below 1.0 mg O2 L,1. Australian smelt, redfin perch and flat-headed galaxias were the first three species to rise to ASR, with 10% of individuals using ASR by 2.55, 2.29 and 2.21 mg O2 L,1 respectively. Goldfish and common carp were the last two species to rise to ASR, with 10% of individuals using ASR by 0.84 and 0.75 mg O2 L,1 respectively. In contrast to other species, oriental weatherloach largely ceased gill ventilation and used air-gulping as their primary means of respiration during severe hypoxia and anoxia. 4. Australian smelt, redfin perch and flat-headed galaxias were unable to maintain ASR under severe hypoxia, and began exhibiting erratic movements, termed terminal avoidance behaviour, and loss of equilibrium. All other species continued to use ASR through severe hypoxia and into anoxia. Following a rise to ASR, GVRs either remained steady or decreased slightly indicating partial or significant relief from hypoxic stress for these hypoxia-tolerant species. 5. Behavioural responses to progressive hypoxia amongst the fish species of the Ovens River floodplain indicate a generally high level of tolerance to periodic hypoxia. However, species-specific variation in hypoxia-tolerance may have implications for community structure of billabong fish communities following hypoxic events. [source] The prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders in adolescents with a history of specific language impairment (SLI)THE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 6 2006Gina Conti-Ramsden Background:, Traditionally, autism and specific language impairment (SLI) have been regarded as distinct disorders but, more recently, evidence has been put forward for a closer link between them: a common set of language problems, in particular receptive language difficulties and the existence of intermediate cases including pragmatic language impairment. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a large sample of adolescents with a history of SLI. Method:, The presence of autism spectrum disorders was examined in seventy-six 14-year-olds with a confirmed history of SLI. A variety of instruments were employed, including the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and the Family History Interview (FHI). Results:, The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in young people with SLI was found to be 3.9%, about 10 times what would be expected from the general population. In addition, a much larger number of young people with a history of SLI showed only some autism spectrum symptoms or showed them in a mild form. Conclusions:, Young people with SLI have an increased risk of autism. The magnitude of this risk is considerable. In addition, a larger proportion (a quarter of individuals) present with a number of behaviours consistent with autism spectrum disorders. [source] | ||||||||||