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Behavioral Outcomes (behavioral + outcome)
Selected AbstractsFamily Structure, Father Involvement, and Adolescent Behavioral OutcomesJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 1 2006Marcia J. Carlson Research has shown that living away from one's biological father is associated with a greater risk of adverse child and adolescent outcomes; yet, the role of the father-child relationship in understanding this association has not been directly investigated. This study uses data on biological fathers' relationships with their children from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 2,733) to assess whether father involvement mediates the relationship between family structure (i.e., father absence) and four measures of adolescent behavior. Differences in father involvement are shown to account for a sizeable fraction of the variance in outcomes by family structure. Father involvement does not affect boys and girls differently but is more beneficial when the father lives with the adolescent. [source] Behavioral Outcomes for Substance-Exposed Adopted Children: Fourteen Years PostadoptionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 1 2008LCSW, Thomas M. Crea Ph.D. From a life course perspective, studies of cumulative disadvantage often identify early risk factors as predictors of poor outcomes. This study examined the influence of prenatal substance exposure on children's externalizing behaviors at 14 years postadoption. Using Wave 4 data from the California Long-Range Adoption Study, the authors employed growth curve modeling to examine behavioral trajectories of 275 children as influenced by foster care status, age at adoption, and gender. Outcomes are measured using a shortened Behavioral Problem Index. Prenatal exposure predicted elevated behavior problems that increased normatively compared with nonexposed children, and were not found to trigger the negative behavior sequelae once feared. Foster children tended to fare better over the life course than those adopted through other means, except for children adopted at older ages. Adopted children's problem behaviors may be directly associated with the success of their placements. The authors discuss implications for practice and future research. [source] Functional polymorphisms in dopamine and serotonin pathway genes,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 1 2006Ursula M. D'Souza Abstract There is mounting evidence on the functional significance of single nucleotide and simple repeat sequence polymorphisms in both the coding and regulatory regions of genes in the monoamine neurotransmitter pathways. Many of these gene variants have been associated with human behavioral disorders and traits, and thus have important clinical relevance. This review summarizes the literature on the published functional studies from a molecular, cellular, and neurobiological perspective, and notes their possible behavioral consequences. Functional studies have adopted a variety of strategies. Pharmacological studies have focused on the effects of gene variation at the protein level in terms of binding to ligands or drugs. Other key investigations have determined effects on gene expression at the level of transcription in mammalian cell cultures, lymphoblasts, and/or human postmortem brain tissue. This has enabled the comparison of in vitro and in vivo data, and furthermore provides an improved perceptive of their respective advantages. Additionally, molecular biological approaches have identified transcription factors (DNA-binding proteins) that interact with the motifs within the polymorphisms themselves. Various neuroimaging studies have further determined the relationship of genotype with protein availability in the brain, and thus have contributed to our understanding of the in vivo functional significance of gene variants. Finally, there is growing evidence from both human and animal studies on the interaction of functional polymorphisms with the environment in determining a behavioral outcome. Taken together, these findings have contributed to a greater understanding of the plausible molecular mechanisms that underpin the functional significance of polymorphisms in monoamine neurotransmitter pathway genes, and how they may influence behavioral phenotypes. Hum Mutat 27(1), 1,13, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Chronic passive exposure to aggression escalates aggressiveness of rat observersAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 1 2010Hideo Suzuki Abstract Previous studies have documented that exposure to aggression increases aggressiveness of human witnesses. However, the question of whether passive exposure to aggression can exclusively cause a risk of aggressive inclination for observers through a learning process, rather than mimicry effect, has not been readily addressed in the clinical literature. This study aimed to investigate this question by using a simple animal model to test the behavioral effect of chronic passive exposure to aggression. Our results indicate that observer rats that had been passively exposed to aggression for 10,min per day for 23 consecutive days exhibited more aggressive behavior than controls or those groups undergoing a single exposure to passive aggression. Furthermore, aggression levels in the group of 23-day chronic exposure to aggression lasted 16 days after the recovery from exposure to aggression. These data suggest that the development of aggression in this model occurred through a learning process because only chronic exposure to aggression resulted in this behavioral outcome in the long run. Aggr. Behav. 36:54,66, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Oxygen resuscitation does not ameliorate neonatal hypoxia/ischemia-induced cerebral edemaJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010Diana Carolina Ferrari Abstract Neonatal hypoxia/ischemia (HI) is a common cause of cognitive and behavioral deficits in children with hyperoxia treatment (HHI) being the current therapy for newborn resuscitation. HI induces cerebral edema that is associated with poor neurological outcomes. Our objective was to characterize cerebral edema after HI and determine the consequences of HHI (40% or 100% O2). Dry weight analyses showed cerebral edema 1 to 21 days after HI in the ipsilateral cortex; and 3 to 21 days after HI in the contralateral cortex. Furthermore, HI increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability 1 to 7 days after HI, leading to bilateral cortical vasogenic edema. HHI failed to prevent HI-induced increase in BBB permeability and edema development. At the molecular level, HI increased ipsilateral, but not contralateral, AQP4 cortical levels at 3 and up to 21 days after HI. HHI treatment did not further affect HI-induced changes in AQP4. In addition, we observed developmental increases of AQP4 accompanied by significant reduction in water content and increase permeability of the BBB. Our results suggest that the ipsilateral HI-induced increase in AQP4 may be beneficial and that its absence in the contralateral cortex may account for edema formation after HI. Finally, we showed that HI induced impaired motor coordination 21 days after the insult and HHI did not ameliorate this behavioral outcome. We conclude that HHI treatment is effective as a resuscitating therapy, but does not ameliorate HI-induced cerebral edema and impaired motor coordination. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Mediators of control beliefs, stressful life events, and adaptive behavior in school age children: The role of appraisal and social supportJOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 2 2007Yo Jackson The authors examine the role of appraisal and social support as mediators of the relation between control beliefs and adaptive behavioral outcome. Using the responses from 297 children, ages 8 to 12 years old, the results suggest two significant mediational pathways. Social support was a mediator of the relation between unknown control for negative events and adaptive behavior and the relation between unknown control for positive events and adaptive behavior. Negative appraisal demonstrated no mediation relations. The role of social support and negative appraisal in the display of adaptive behavior and the implications for further model testing are discussed. [source] Simvastatin therapy prevents brain trauma-induced increases in ,-amyloid peptide levels,ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2009Eric E. Abrahamson PhD Elevations in ,-amyloid peptide (A,) levels after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may confer risk for developing Alzheimer's disease in head trauma patients. We investigated the effects of simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor, on hippocampal A, burden in a clinically relevant head injury/intervention model using mice expressing human A,. Simvastatin therapy blunted TBI-induced increases in A,, reduced hippocampal tissue damage and microglial activation, and improved behavioral outcome. The ability of statins to reduce post-injury A, load and ameliorate pathological sequelae of brain injury makes them potentially effective in reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in TBI patients. Ann Neurol 2009;66:407,414 [source] The effect of prenatal hypoxia on brain development: short- and long-term consequences demonstrated in rodent modelsDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006Hava Golan Hypoxia (H) and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are major causes of foetal brain damage with long-lasting behavioral implications. The effect of hypoxia has been widely studied in human and a variety of animal models. In the present review, we summarize the latest studies testing the behavioral outcomes following prenatal hypoxia/hypoxia-ischemia in rodent models. Delayed development of sensory and motor reflexes during the first postnatal month of rodent life was observed by various groups. Impairment of motor function, learning and memory was evident in the adult animals. Activation of the signaling leading to cell death was detected as early as three hours following H/HI. An increase in the counts of apoptotic cells appeared approximately three days after the insult and peaked about seven days later. Around 14,20 days following the H/HI, the amount of cell death observed in the tissue returned to its basal levels and cell loss was apparent in the brain tissue. The study of the molecular mechanism leading to brain damage in animal models following prenatal hypoxia adds valuable insight to our knowledge of the central events that account for the morphological and functional outcomes. This understanding provides the starting point for the development and improvement of efficient treatment and intervention strategies. [source] Four Bases of Family Business Successor Commitment: Antecedents and ConsequencesENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 1 2005Pramodita Sharma Although successor commitment toward family business has been identified as a key desirable attribute, commitment has been treated as a unidimensional construct in family business research. Drawing on the organizational commitment literature, we propose four bases of successor commitment to family firm,affective (based on perceived desire), normative (based on perceived sense of obligation), calculative (based on perceived opportunity costs involved), and imperative (based on perceived need). A model of antecedents and expected behavioral outcomes of each of these bases of commitment is developed. Related propositions are presented, as are the contributions to the literature, research and practical implications. [source] The influence of success and failure experiences on agencyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Andrea E. Abele Agency is,besides communion,a basic dimension of traits. It can be specifically linked to behavioral outcomes, to status, mastery, self-esteem and to success. The present paper analyzes the situational malleability of agency. Two studies tested whether an individual's agency (but not communion) is situationally influenced by the experience of success versus failure at a task, as well as whether this effect is the same for men and women. Supporting our hypotheses, the induction of success versus failure experiences led to changes in agency that were independent of actual performance, independent of type of task (memorizing vs. face recognition), independent of induction methodology (easy vs. difficult task vs. manipulated performance feedback), and independent of self-esteem, initial level of agency and of the participants' gender. Communion was not influenced by this kind of experience. Implications for both the basic dimension of agency and for theories on gender and gender stereotypes are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A meta-analysis of the non-monetary effects of employee health management programsHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2003Timothy DeGroot This study was undertaken to review the literature on employee health management programs (EHMPs). We explored the history and characteristics of systematic organizational efforts to improve workforce health and well-being. We believe that a historical perspective provides some insight into the economic, political, and social factors that have influenced the trend toward organizationally sanctioned health-promotion efforts. Further, we investigated the likely effects of these programs on valued-behavioral organizational outcomes such as employee performance, employee satisfaction, absenteeism, and voluntary turnover. Our findings show that voluntary general-focus programs are unrelated to job performance, and voluntary programs are negatively related to absenteeism, but effects on absenteeism wane when the program is not voluntary. Moreover, EHMPs are minimally related to job satisfaction and slightly related to turnover. These results, examining behavioral outcomes of EHMPs, question the ability of EHMPs to provide desired behavioral changes in employees, changes that organizations seek to maximize such as increased performance. Are EHMPs more than just socially acceptable programs that help individuals with health problems? © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Infant temperament, pleasure in parenting, and marital happiness in adoptive families,INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 5 2001Leslie D. Leve Temperamental characteristics have been related to later externalizing and internalizing behavioral outcomes. To assess the relationship between temperament and the early family environment, we measured infant temperament, pleasure in parenting, and marital happiness via parent report in 99 families with a nonrelative adoptive infant. Perceptions of child temperament were assessed using two subscales of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ; Rothbart, 1981). Mothers and fathers who rated their adoptive child as showing more Distress to Limitations (on the IBQ) reported less pleasure in routine parenting activities; this effect was mediated by marital happiness for fathers. Mothers reported less pleasure in parenting with infants perceived to be more temperamentally fearful (on the IBQ). The bidirectional relationship between temperamental characteristics and pleasure in parenting is discussed. © 2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. [source] Personal Responsibility for Tornado Preparedness: Commitment or Choice?,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 8 2001JOHN-PAUL MULILIS A review of the literature reveals that personal responsibility assumed for one's behavior clearly affects behavioral outcomes for a variety of situations, and that personal responsibility is in turn affected by a wide variety of variables. However, limited research has been conducted to determine exactly what personal responsibility fundamentally entails. While duty, moral obligation, choice, and commitment have been suggested as being integral to the concept of responsibility, few investigations have systematically varied more than one of these variables in a single experiment. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of both choice and commitment on personal responsibility assumed for and behavioral intentions to engage in tornado preparedness. Results indicate that both choice and commitment were required to generate personal responsibility for and subsequent intentions to engage in tornado preparedness. Implications of these results are discussed. [source] Refining the measurement of exposure to violence (ETV) in urban youthJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Robert T. Brennan Correlational analysis, classical test theory, confirmatory factor analysis, and multilevel Rasch modeling were used to refine a measure of adolescents' exposure to violence (ETV). Interpersonal violence could be distinguished from other potentially traumatic events; it was also possible to distinguish three routes of exposure (victimization, witnessing, and learning of). Correlations confirmed that ETV subscales are related to measures of aggression, delinquency, and depression/anxiety. Reliability was improved by combining ETV subscales and/or caregiver and youth reports. Valid and reliable measures of ETV are critical to future research in associating violence exposure with common mental health and behavioral outcomes and disorders, and tracking how early violence exposure may affect future outcomes for adolescents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 603,618, 2007. [source] The Well-Being of Children Born to Teen MothersJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 1 2007Judith A. Levine Children born to early child bearers are more likely than other children to display problem behaviors or poor academic performance, but it is unclear whether early childbearing plays a causal role in these outcomes. Using multiple techniques to control for background factors, we analyze 2,908 young children and 1,736 adolescents and young adults in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults (CNLSY79) data sets to examine whether early childbearing causes children's outcomes. We find evidence that teen childbearing plays no causal role in children's test scores and in some behavioral outcomes of adolescents. For other behavioral outcomes, we find that different methodologies produce differing results. We thus suggest caution in drawing conclusions about early parenthood's overarching effect. [source] The role of affective experience in work motivation: Test of a conceptual modelJOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Issue 7 2010Myeong-Gu Seo The purpose of this paper was to contribute to understanding of the crucial role of emotion in work motivation by testing a conceptual model developed by Seo, Barrett, and Bartunek (2004) that predicted the impacts of core affect on three behavioral outcomes of work motivation, generative-defensive orientation, effort, and persistence. We tested the model using an Internet-based investment simulation combined with an experience sampling procedure. Consistent with the predictions of the model, pleasantness was positively related to all three of the predicted indices. For the most part, these effects occurred indirectly via its relationships with expectancy, valence, and progress judgment components. Also as predicted by the model, activation was directly and positively related to effort. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Towards a multi-foci approach to workplace aggression: A meta-analytic review of outcomes from different perpetrators,JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR, Issue 1 2010M. Sandy Hershcovis Using meta-analysis, we compare three attitudinal outcomes (i.e., job satisfaction, affective commitment, and turnover intent), three behavioral outcomes (i.e., interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and work performance), and four health-related outcomes (i.e., general health, depression, emotional exhaustion, and physical well being) of workplace aggression from three different sources: Supervisors, co-workers, and outsiders. Results from 66 samples show that supervisor aggression has the strongest adverse effects across the attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Co-worker aggression had stronger effects than outsider aggression on the attitudinal and behavioral outcomes, whereas there was no significant difference between supervisor, co-worker, and outsider aggression for the majority of the health-related outcomes. These results have implications for how workplace aggression is conceptualized and measured, and we propose new research questions that emphasize a multi-foci approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Behavioral Medicine Strategies for Heart Disease Prevention: The Example of Smoking CessationPREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Barrie J Guise PhD Health related behavior change is one of the most important challenges in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle patterns, such as high fat diet, lack of exercise, persistent smoking, and poor compliance with prescribed medications present the core of this challenge. Conventional wisdom and considerable scientific evidence establish that the barriers to health related behavior change are many and varied. However, much is also known about methods of improving behavioral outcomes. Behavioral medicine strategies incorporate fundamental principles of behavior change together with biomedical and interpersonal approaches to facilitate successful cardiac risk factor modification. Physicians have the most potent opportunity to assist patients with health behavior change. Unfortunately, physicians are least familiar with behavior change technology and the contemporary physician-patient relationship lacks the partnership needed to succeed in these difficult areas. The good news is that medical education has begun to incorporate training in behavior change and interpersonal effectiveness. A description of the behavioral medicine approach to smoking cessation provides an excellent model for a thoughtful and practical approach to heart disease prevention in every day practice. [source] Changes in Maltreated Children's Emotional,Behavioral Problems Following Typically Provided Mental Health ServicesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 3 2010Julie S. McCrae Child welfare agencies serve as gate keepers for children's mental health services (MHS). Yet, the impact of offered services on behavioral outcomes has not been well studied. Data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) were examined to measure caregivers' reported change in children's emotional,behavioral problems. Over 600 children in three age groups were matched and problem levels compared across 3 years. Although behavioral problems for the total group improved across time, scores for children who received MHS slightly worsened. Children who received MHS scored 1.4,3.7 points worse than children who did not receive MHS. Additionally, young Black, Hispanic, and other racially identified children had more problems than young White children, regardless of service. Higher behavior problem scores were noted for school-age children and adolescents. Although child welfare appears to rely on a cluster of MHS, including school-based counseling and private practitioner services, future service delivery should expand from improving access to achieving outcomes. [source] Mothers' Violence Victimization and Child Behavior Problems: Examining the LinkAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2007Richard Thompson PhD The current study examined the link between parents' experience of violence victimization and child outcomes, in 197 mother-child dyads recruited from low-income urban neighborhoods. At recruitment (when children were between 6 and 18 months old), demographic factors, child behavioral outcomes, mother-child interactions, mothers' psychosocial functioning, and mothers' history of violence victimization were assessed. Child behavioral outcomes, mother-child interactions, and mothers' psychosocial functioning were assessed again at age 4. Mothers' history of victimization as children (but not as adults) uniquely predicted child behavior problems at age 4. Three classes of possible mediators were examined: demographics, maternal psychosocial functioning, and mother-child interactions. Of these, only mother psychological aggression toward child met preliminary criteria for mediation; it partially mediated the link between mother childhood victimization and child behavioral outcomes. Maternal depressive symptoms and young age at child's birth independently predicted child behavior problems, but did not act as mediators. Mothers' early experiences with violence victimization appear to exert an important influence on child behavioral outcomes; this influence appears to be mediated, in part, by mothers' psychological aggression toward their children. [source] Primary and secondary prevention of behavior difficulties: Developing a data-informed problem-solving model to guide decision making at a school-wide levelPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 1 2007Ruth A. Ervin This article focuses on the development and implementation of primary and secondary behavior supports at a schoolwide level. The approach described is consistent with previous efforts to address behavior at a systems level (e.g., G. Sugai, R.H. Horner, & F.M. Gresham, 2002). In this article, we illustrate this process through a school-based example. This example is drawn from a larger project in which area regional school-district consultants and university researchers partnered with four elementary schools in an effort to enhance each school's capacity to implement evidence-based practice and decisions at primary (i.e., universal or school-wide), secondary (i.e., targeted efforts for selected groups of students and/or settings), and tertiary (i.e., individual-student) levels to promote behavioral competence. The project incorporated promising strategies and tools designed to promote and sustain the use of evidence-based practices and data-driven problem solving. Continuous progress monitoring of systemic variables and student behavioral outcomes (e.g., office-referral data) helped to guide systemic reform efforts. Reductions were noted in the number of student discipline problems, and improvements were noted in critical features of school-wide effective behavior support at a systems level. Results are discussed with an emphasis on implications for practice, lessons learned from this project, and directions for additional research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 7,18, 2007. [source] Implementation of school-based wellness centersPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 5 2003Nancy G. Guerra This article describes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of school-based Wellness Centers operated by the Riverside Unified School District in Riverside, CA, as part of the Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). We describe the program as planned in terms of the theoretical model for the intervention and the evaluation design, and discuss the actual implementation including accomplishments and challenges. The program was designed to promote positive development and wellness for individual students via self- and teacher-referrals for personal and mental health problems handled through a case management and referral process, support groups, and other activities such as after-school programs, mentoring, tutoring, and parent training. An effort was also made to promote wellness at the school level by providing wellness campaigns, information, and compatible policies and procedures designed to enhance healthy development. Our observations are based on a qualitative assessment that was a component of the evaluation. A more detailed evaluation examining the impact of school-wide and student-focused activities on academic and behavioral outcomes is currently underway. However, we do include comments from students suggesting that the Wellness Center concept holds much promise for school-based mental health and violence prevention services. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 473,487, 2003. [source] Sorting out successful failures: Exploratory analyses of factors associated with academic and behavioral outcomes of retained studentsPSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS, Issue 4 2001Phillip Ferguson This prospective longitudinal study followed a sample of 106 kindergarten students through 11th grade examining the effects of family characteristics, school readiness, socialization, and student demographics on academic achievement and behavioral adjustment outcomes. These educational outcomes were contrasted among four groups consisting of: 1) early grade retainees; 2) transitionally placed retained students; 3) students recommended for transitional placement, but promoted; and 4) regularly promoted students. While previous studies examining the efficacy of early grade retention focus exclusively on between-group comparisons, this study examines the family and individual characteristics of successful and unsuccessful retained students by including both between-group and within-group effects on academic and behavioral outcomes. The results of this study demonstrate that retained students' initial school readiness, socioeconomic status, mother's level of education, parental value of education, kindergarten personal-social functioning, and chronological age are distinctly associated with subsequent academic or behavioral outcomes. Variables associated with relative educational success following early failure are delineated and research implications are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] A new look at behavioral outcomes and teratogens: A commentary,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 11 2003José F. Cordero No abstract is available for this article. [source] Conceptualizing Media Enjoyment as Attitude: Implications for Mass Media Effects ResearchCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 4 2004Robin L. Nabi Despite its popularity in mass media effects research, the concept of media enjoyment has yet to be clearly explicated or theoretically integrated into media effects theories. In this analysis, the authors begin to address these limitations by first reviewing terms that have been used to capture the concept of media enjoyment, considering their underlying common features. The authors then introduce a tripartite model of media enjoyment-as-attitude and examine how past research meshes with this perspective. Finally, they consider how enjoyment-as-attitude predicts volitional and spontaneous behavioral outcomes in terms of both media exposure and content-influenced action (e.g., imitation) from 3 theoretical perspectives (uses and gratifications, social cognitive theory, and cultivation). In this way, the article sheds light on how the concept of enjoyment might help to elaborate the understanding of those theoretical processes and, conversely, how extant theoretical perspectives might inform the study of media enjoyment. [source] Presumed perinatal ischemic stroke: Vascular classification predicts outcomesANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2008Adam Kirton MD, FRCPC Objective Perinatal stroke commonly causes childhood neurological morbidity. Presumed perinatal ischemic stroke (PPIS) defines children presenting outside a normal perinatal period with chronic, focal infarction on neuroimaging. Infarcts are assumed to represent arterial strokes, but recent evidence suggests the periventricular venous infarction (PVI) of infants born preterm may also occur in utero and present as PPIS. Using the largest published cohort, we aimed to define arterial and PVI PPIS syndromes and their outcomes. Methods A PPIS consecutive cohort was identified (SickKids Children's Stroke Program, 1992,2006). Systematic neuroradiological scoring executed by blinded investigators included previously defined arterial stroke syndromes. PVI criteria included unilateral injury with at least four of the following conditions: (1) focal periventricular encephalomalacia, (2) internal capsule T2 prolongation, (3) cortical and (4) relative basal ganglia sparing, and (5) remote hemorrhage. Arterial and PVI classifications were validated and correlated with neurological outcomes (Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure). Results In 59 PPISs (64% male), 94% of lesions fell within potential middle cerebral artery territories. Although arterial proximal M1 infarction was most common (n = 19; 35%), venous PVI was second (n = 12; 22%) and accounted for 75% of subcortical injuries. Motor outcomes (mean follow-up, 5.3 years) were predicted by basal ganglia involvement including leg hemiparesis, spasticity, and need for assistive devices (p < 0.01). Nonmotor outcomes were associated with cortical involvement, including cognitive/behavioral outcomes, visual deficits, and epilepsy (p < 0.01). Classification interrater reliability was excellent (correlation coefficients > 0.975). Interpretation Recognizable PPIS patterns predict long-term morbidity and may guide surveillance, therapy, and counseling. PVI is an underrecognized cause of PPIS and congenital hemiplegia. Ann Neurol 2008 [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||