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Beet
Kinds of Beet Terms modified by Beet Selected AbstractsLeaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination and its Relation with Qualitative Root Traits and Harvest Index in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2003J. T. Tsialtas Abstract Twenty commercial sugar beet varieties were grown at two sites in central Greece during the 2001 growing season (March to October), in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Carbon isotope discrimination (,) in sugar beet leaves was found to be affected by site and marginally by variety. No relation was found between fresh root yield and ,, but significant correlations were found between , and sucrose content (positive) and between , and root ,-amino-N (negative). Also, the harvest index, determined at one site, was negatively correlated with ,. [source] Impact of Thermal Treatment on Color and Pigment Pattern of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) PreparationsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2004K.M. Herbach ABSTRACT: The impact of heating at 85°C during 8 h on overall color and betalain pattern of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) juice was investigated. Although the hue angle of 358° in fresh juice was indicative of the typical red-purple appearance, heating for 8 h induced an unexpected shift to 62° resulting in a yellow-orange solution. To monitor the underlying structural alterations of betalains, a new high-performance liquid chromatography separation compatible with mass spectrometry was developed. Applying this method, 2 novel yellow neobetanin structures and 2 orange-red betanin degradation products were preliminarily identified, and neobetanin formation resulting from heat exposure was proven for the 1st time. These 5 compounds were held responsible for the orange shift of red beet juice during thermal treatment. The relevance of these findings for industrial beet processing was demonstrated by comparison of pigment patterns of heated red beet juice samples and a commercial concentrate. On the basis of these results, a scheme for the thermal degradation of betanin is proposed. [source] Variety-specific Epidemiology of Cercospora beticola Sacc. and Consequences for Threshold-based Timing of Fungicide Application in Sugar BeetJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Ulrike Kaiser Abstract In Central Europe, fungicides to control leaf spot disease in sugar beet caused by Cercospora beticola are applied based on thresholds of disease incidence (DI, per cent of infected plants). As variety-specific fungicide application was not analyzed to date, the epidemiology of C. beticola and its effect on white sugar yield (WSY) in varieties with different susceptibility were investigated at seven sites in Germany and Austria in 2004 and 2005. All varieties reached the summary thresholds 5 / 15 / 45% DI in all environments. Fitting a logistic growth curve to DI revealed significant differences among varieties. At high disease pressure, susceptible varieties reached a considerably higher disease severity (DS, per cent of infected leaf area) at harvest and a larger area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) than resistant varieties. Fitting a logistic growth curve to DS showed an increasing differentiation among varieties with time. The growth rate estimated based on the logistic growth curve was the only variable that performed equally well in differentiating varieties under low and high disease pressure. With increasing disease pressure, varieties differed considerably in WSY, but differences between susceptible and resistant varieties were significant only in some environments. The disease-loss relation between AUDPC and relative WSY was variety-specific. Resistant varieties had an approximately identical WSY with and without infection and compensated for negative infection effects even at higher AUDPC. Therefore, at high disease pressure, resistant varieties had a higher relative yield compared to susceptible ones. However, our results indicate that there is no need to develop variety-specific thresholds, but resistant varieties reach the established thresholds later than susceptible ones. Consequently, the time of fungicide application can be delayed in resistant varieties. This will help to reduce the use of fungicides to the bare essentials as requested for the integrated crop protection management. [source] Surveys for Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (the Cause of Rhizomania), other Viruses, and Soil-borne Fungi Infecting Sugar Beet in SyriaJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 11-12 2002A. M. Mouhanna Abstract Production of sugar beet, the most important source of sugar in Syria, has suffered from many problems in the past, especially from diseases. No previous surveys have been made in Syria for viral diseases and soil-borne fungi of sugar beet. In 1998, samples were collected from plants showing symptoms of virus infection (yellowing, wilting, necrosis and mosaic). Root samples (341) were collected from crops of autumn-sown seed from 115 localities in seven provinces, 173 root samples from spring-sown crops and 39 leaf samples were collected during both seasons. The root samples were tested for the presence of viruses by double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and triple antibody sandwich-ELISA, and for soil-borne fungi by red plate (Rose Bengal) dishes. We have shown for the first time the presence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, Beet soil-borne virus, Beet yellows virus and Beet mild yellowing virus in Syrian sugar beet fields in which Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp. were also widely distributed. [source] Effect of N Fertilization Rate on Sugar Yield and Non-Sugar Impurities of Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris) Grown Under Mediterranean ConditionsJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 5 2005J. T. Tsialtas Abstract For three successive growing seasons (1999,2001), a completely randomized block design experiment was established at the surrounding area of each of four sugar beet processing plants of Hellenic Sugar Industry SA, Greece (a total of 12 experiments). Nitrogen was applied at five rates (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha,1) and six replications per rate. Nitrogen fertilization had site-specific effects on quantitative (fresh root and sugar yields) and qualitative (sucrose content, K, Na, , -amino N) traits. When data were combined over years and sites, fresh root and sugar yields were maximized at high N rates (330.75 and 295 kg N ha,1 respectively), as derived from quadratic functions fitted to data. In three trials, increased N rates had negative effects on root and sugar yield. These sites were characterized by high yield in control plots, light soil texture (sand > 50 %) and low CEC values. When data were converted into relative values (the ratio of the trait values to the control mean of each experiment), root and sugar yield was found to be maximized at higher N rates (350 and 316 kg N ha,1, respectively). Sucrose content was strongly and linearly reduced by the increased N rates when data were combined but a significant reduction with increasing N rates was found in only two sites. Non-sugar impurities (K, Na, , -amino N) were positively related to the increased N rates when data were combined. Sodium and , -amino N showed to be most affected by N fertilization as positive relationships were found in six and eight of 12 locations, respectively. Increased N supply resulted in higher soil NO3 -N concentrations (0,90 cm depth) at harvest which were related with amino N contents in sugar beet roots (in 1999 and 2001). [source] Searching and oviposition behavior of a mymarid egg parasitoid, Anagrus nigriventris, on five host plant species of its leafhopper host, Circulifer tenellusENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 1 2000A.K. Al-Wahaibi Abstract Searching and oviposition behavior and parasitization ability of Anagrus nigriventris Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), were examined on five host plant species of beet leafhopper: sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), red stem filaree (Erodium cicutarium[L.]), peppergrass (Lepidium nitidum Nuttall), desert plantain (Plantago ovata Forsskal), and London rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.). Beet leafhopper embeds its eggs in the tissues of these plant species. For each plant species, A. nigriventris behavior was examined on plants with and without beet leafhopper eggs. Experimental design was a 5 (plant species) by 2 (host eggs present/absent) factorial. Additionally within each treatment, parasitoid behavior was observed over a 22-h period at five different observation periods: t=0, 3, 6, 9, and 22 h where t=0 h represents initial exposure of the insect with the plant. The behavioral events observed were: ,fast walking' (general searching), ,slow walking' (intensive searching), ovipositor probing, grooming, feeding, and resting. Significant differences (,=0.05) among plant species in time spent on the plant, percentage of host eggs parasitized, and behavioral variables associated with intensive searching and oviposition all indicated that the plant species fell into two groups: ,preferred' plants (sugar beet, London rocket, and peppergrass), and ,unpreferred' plants (filaree and plantago). These variables also indicated that the parasitoids spent more time on, searched more, probed more, and oviposited more in plants with host eggs than plants without host eggs. Consistent effects of time (over the observation periods from t=0 to t=22 h) generally were detected only in the preferred plant species that had host eggs present. In these cases, intensive searching and probing decreased as time advanced, while variables related to general searching (,fast walking') and abandoning host egg patches (leaving the plant) tended to increase over time. [source] Effects of amendments of N, P, Fe on phytoextraction of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in soil of Zhangshi by mustard, cabbage, and sugar beetENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Lina Sun Abstract Soil contaminated with Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the Zhangshi irrigation area is very hard to be remediated. Phytoextraction is considered as an efficient method to remove these toxic metals from soil. In the present study, three vegetables including sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Linn.) were used to bioaccumulate heavy metals in soil through pots experiment for 90 days; and nutrient elements were applied to stimulate the phytoextraction of metals. Results of bioconcentration factors (BCF) and translocation factors (TF) from this study showed that these plants could phytoextract heavy metals, but the accumulation and translocation of metals differed with species of plants, categories of heavy metals, and some environmental conditions (e.g. nutrients). Meanwhile, the addition of nutrient elements, such as N, P, and Fe, could affect the phytoremediation of heavy metals via promoting the normal metabolism of vegetables or changing forms of metals. Results of this study could provide some available information for in-site bioremediation of soil from Zhangshi irrigation area. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 565,571, 2007. [source] Leaf eating insects in beetEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2007Article first published online: 18 APR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Soil pest complex on beetEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 3 2005Article first published online: 19 DEC 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] A web-based decision support system for integrated management of weeds in cereals and sugarbeet,EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 3 2003P. Rydahl A Danish decision support system (DSS) named Crop Protection Online (CPO) for integrated management of weeds in cereals and beet has been developed during the past 20 years. CPO is based on a model that runs in three main steps: model step 1 quantifies the level of weed control needed on a field level, model step 2 selects candidate herbicides and calculates dose rates to meet the need, and model step 3 calculates tank mixtures of herbicides with two to four mixing components, if advantageous. CPO has been developed in cereals and beet, and various prototype versions have been validated in 1679 field tests. CPO secured yield potentials, and the level of residual weeds was not increased when compared with reference treatments. The potential of CPO to reduce herbicide use has been observed in all model crops, but the potential was greatest in cereals. In spring cereal field trials highly infested with weeds, the present version of CPO suggested 35% of one full herbicide dose on average and in winter cereals CPO suggested 44% on average of one full dose. The results from validation trials demonstrate that CPO is capable of suggesting robust treatment options with a low input of herbicides. The system architecture of CPO has been exported to Poland and the Baltic countries, and the system is expected to be suitable for export to other countries too. [source] Ecology and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing microorganisms on and in plantsFEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Ilona Gasser Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoates are energy reserve polymers produced by bacteria to survive periods of starvation in natural habitats. Little is known about the ecology of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria. To analyse the occurrence of this specific group on/in seven different plant species, a combined strategy containing culture-dependent and -independent methods was applied. Using microbial fingerprint techniques (single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis with specific primers for phaC gene encoding the key enzyme of the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis), a high number of bands were especially found for the rhizosphere. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed plant species-specific communities. Isolation of bacteria, recognition of brightly refractile cytoplasmatic inclusions, lipophilic stainings and a PCR strategy targeted on the phaC gene were used as a culture-dependent strategy for the detection of polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacteria. Results again represent a high degree of plant specificity: the rhizosphere of sugar beet contained the highest number of positive strains. This was confirmed by quantitative PCR: the relative copy number of phaC was statistically and significantly enhanced in all rhizospheres in comparison with bulk soil. New polyhydroxyalkanoate-producing bacterial species were detected: for example, Burkholderia terricola, Lysobacter gummosus, Pseudomonas extremaustralis, Pseudomonas brassicacearum and Pseudomonas orientalis. Our results confirm the hypothesis that the rhizosphere is an interesting hidden reservoir for polyhydroxyalkanoate producers. [source] Potential agronomic options for energy-efficient sugar beet-based bioethanol production in northern JapanGCB BIOENERGY, Issue 3 2009NOBUHISA KOGA Abstract Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) is deemed to be one of the most promising bioethanol feedstock crops in northern Japan. To establish viable sugar beet-based bioethanol production systems, energy-efficient protocols in sugar beet cultivation are being intensively sought. On this basis, the effects of alternative agronomic practices for sugar beet production on total energy inputs (from fuels and agricultural materials during cultivation and transportation) and ethanol yields (estimated from sugar yields) were assessed in terms of (i) direct drilling, (ii) reduced tillage (no moldboard plowing), (iii) no-fungicide application, (iv) using a high-yielding beet genotype, (v) delayed harvesting and (vi) root+crown harvesting. Compared with the conventional sugar beet production system used in the Tokachi region of Hokkaido, northern Japan, which makes use of transplants, direct drilling and no-fungicide application contributed to reduced energy inputs from raising seedlings and fungicides, respectively, but sugar (or ethanol) yields were also reduced by these practices, to a greater equivalent extent than the reductions in energy inputs. Consequently, direct drilling (6.84 MJ L,1) and no-fungicide application (7.78 MJ L,1) worsened the energy efficiency (total energy inputs to produce 1 L of ethanol), compared with conventional sugar beet production practices (5.82 MJ L,1). Sugar yields under conventional plow-based tillage and reduced tillage practices were similar, but total energy inputs were reduced as a result of reduced fuel consumption from not plowing. Hence, reduced tillage showed improved energy efficiency (5.36 MJ L,1). The energy efficiency was also improved by using a high-yielding genotype (5.23 MJ L,1) and root+crown harvesting (5.21 MJ L,1). For these practices, no major changes in total energy inputs were noted, but sugar yields were consistently increased. Neither total energy inputs nor ethanol yields were affected by extending the vegetative growing period by delaying harvesting. [source] Contribution of N2O to the greenhouse gas balance of first-generation biofuelsGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009EDWARD M. W. SMEETS Abstract In this study, we analyze the impact of fertilizer- and manure-induced N2O emissions due to energy crop production on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when conventional transportation fuels are replaced by first-generation biofuels (also taking account of other GHG emissions during the entire life cycle). We calculate the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by applying a statistical model that uses spatial data on climate and soil. For the land use that is assumed to be replaced by energy crop production (the ,reference land-use system'), we explore a variety of options, the most important of which are cropland for food production, grassland, and natural vegetation. Calculations are also done in the case that emissions due to energy crop production are fully additional and thus no reference is considered. The results are combined with data on other emissions due to biofuels production that are derived from existing studies, resulting in total GHG emission reduction potentials for major biofuels compared with conventional fuels. The results show that N2O emissions can have an important impact on the overall GHG balance of biofuels, though there are large uncertainties. The most important ones are those in the statistical model and the GHG emissions not related to land use. Ethanol produced from sugar cane and sugar beet are relatively robust GHG savers: these biofuels change the GHG emissions by ,103% to ,60% (sugar cane) and ,58% to ,17% (sugar beet), compared with conventional transportation fuels and depending on the reference land-use system that is considered. The use of diesel from palm fruit also results in a relatively constant and substantial change of the GHG emissions by ,75% to ,39%. For corn and wheat ethanol, the figures are ,38% to 11% and ,107% to 53%, respectively. Rapeseed diesel changes the GHG emissions by ,81% to 72% and soybean diesel by ,111% to 44%. Optimized crop management, which involves the use of state-of-the-art agricultural technologies combined with an optimized fertilization regime and the use of nitrification inhibitors, can reduce N2O emissions substantially and change the GHG emissions by up to ,135 percent points (pp) compared with conventional management. However, the uncertainties in the statistical N2O emission model and in the data on non-land-use GHG emissions due to biofuels production are large; they can change the GHG emission reduction by between ,152 and 87 pp. [source] Linear and non-linear optimization models for allocation of a limited water supply,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 1 2004Bijan Ghahraman optimisation de l'irrigation; déficit d'irrigation; Iran Abstract One partial solution to the problem of ever-increasing demands on our water resources is optimal allocation of available water. A non-linear programming (NLP) optimization model with an integrated soil water balance was developed. This model is the advanced form of a previously developed one in which soil water balance was not included. The model also has the advantage of low computer run-time, as compared to commonly used dynamic programming (DP) models that suffer from dimensionality. The model can perform over different crop growth stages while taking into account an irrigation time interval in each stage. Therefore, the results are directly applicable to real-world conditions. However, the time trend of actual evapotranspiration (AET) for individual time intervals fluctuates more than that for growth-stage AETs. The proposed model was run for the Ardak area (45,km NW of the city of Mashhad, Iran) under a single cropping cultivation (corn) as well as a multiple cropping pattern (wheat, barley, corn, and sugar beet). The water balance equation was manipulated with net applied irrigation water to overcome the difficulty encountered with incorrect deep percolation. The outputs of the model, under the imposed seasonal irrigation water shortages, were compared with the results obtained from a simple NLP model. The differences between these two models (simple and integrated) became more significant as irrigation water shortage increased. Oversimplified assumptions in the previous simple model were the main causes of these differences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. L'allocation optimale des ressources d'eau disponibles est une réponse partielle au problème de la demande sans cesse croissante de consommation d'eau. Un modèle d'optimisation à programmation non linéaire (NLP) qui intègre un bilan hydrique a été développé. Ce modèle est une version avancée d'un modéle précédent qui n'intégrait pas ce bilan hydrique. Il présente l'avantage de nécessiter moins de puissance informatique en comparaison des modèles à programmation dynamique (DP) généralement utilisés. Le modèle peut s'appliquer à différentes étapes de la croissance des cultures et prend en compte des fréquences d'irrigation variables. Ainsi, les résultats sont directement applicables aux conditions réelles. Le modèle proposé a été utilisé sur une seule culture (maïs) dans la région d'Ardak à 45,km nord-ouest de Mashad, Iran, et sur de multiples cultures (blé, orge, maïs, betterave sucrière). L'équation de bilan hydrique a été calibrée pour maîtriser les difficultés rencontrées avec des mesures d'infiltration incorrectes. Les résultats du modèle, dans le cadre de restrictions d'irrigation saisonnière imposées, ont été comparés avec ceux obtenus par un modèle simple NLP. Les différences entre ces deux modèles (simple et intégré) deviennent plus significatives à mesure que les restrictions d'irrigation augmentent. Les hypothèses trop simplistes du modèle simple sont la cause de ces différences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Genetic structure and gene flow in wild beet populations: the potential influence of habitat on transgene spread and risk assessmentJOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2006A. N. CURETON Summary 1The consequences of the movement of transgenes from genetically modified (GM) crops into wild populations of plants continues to be of concern to ecologists and conservationists because of the possible threat posed to those populations in terms of their continued survival and because of the further knock-on effects that might occur to habitats in which they occur. 2We examined five UK sea beet Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima populations from each of two major habitat types, cliff top and drift line. We assessed population genetic parameters, genetic diversity, gene flow, population differentiation and isolation by distance, to enable determination of the likelihood and consequences of spread to wild populations of genes from cultivated sugar beet group Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris, which could in the future be transgenic. 3Drift line populations were more diverse than cliff top populations and also showed greater levels of gene flow. 4Isolation by distance was identified in both habitats, but the relationship between genetic and geographical distance was detectable over longer distances for drift line populations. However, clear indications of vicariance (the subdivision of a population into distinct taxa by the appearance of a geological barrier) between cliff and drift line populations were also evident, because of the restriction of gene flow between the two habitats occurring more in one direction than the other. 5Synthesis and applications. The likelihood of transgene spread from crop to wild populations is habitat dependent and conservation management decisions could therefore vary from one population to another, for example water courses were found to facilitate seed dispersal. This should be taken into account when estimating isolation distances for GM beet, and when predicting transgene frequencies (exposure estimates) for environmental risk assessments of GM beet. [source] Hydrolysis and microbial community analyses in two-stage anaerobic digestion of energy cropsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007D.G. Cirne Abstract Aims:, The roles of the diverse populations of micro-organisms responsible for biodegradation of organic matter to form methane and carbon dioxide are rudimentarily understood. To expand the knowledge on links between microbial communities and the rate limiting, hydrolytic stage of two-stage biogas production from energy crops, this study was performed. Methods and Results:, The process performance and microbial communities (as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization) in two separate two-stage batch digestions of sugar beets and grass/clover were studied. The microbial populations developed in the hydrolytic stage of anaerobic digestion of beets and grass/clover showed very few similarities, despite that the hydrolysis dynamics were similar. In both substrates, the solubilization of organic material was rapid for the first 10 days and accompanied by a build-up of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and lactate. Between days 10 and 15, VFA and lactate concentrations decreased, as did the solubilization rates. For both substrates, Archaea started to appear in the hydrolytic stage between days 10 and 15, and the fraction of Bacteria decreased. The major bacterial group detected in the leachate fraction for beets was Alphaproteobacteria, whereas for grass/clover it was Firmicutes. The number of cells that bound to probes specifically targeting bacteria with cellulolytic activity was higher in the digestion of grass than in the digestion of beet. Conclusions:, This study allowed the identification of the general bacterial groups involved, and the identification of a clear shift in the microbial population when hydrolysis rate became limiting for each of the substrates investigated. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The findings from this study could be considered as a first step towards the development of strategies to stimulate hydrolysis further and ultimately increasing the methane production rates and yields from reactor-based digestion of these substrates. [source] Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani diseases of sugar beet by antagonistic and plant growth-promoting yeastsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004K.A. El-Tarabily Abstract Aims:, Isolates of Candida valida, Rhodotorula glutinis and Trichosporon asahii from the rhizosphere of sugar beet in Egypt were examined for their ability to colonize roots, to promote plant growth and to protect sugar beet from Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2 diseases, under glasshouse conditions. Methods and Results:, Root colonization abilities of the three yeast species were tested using the root colonization plate assay and the sand-tube method. In the root colonization plate assay, C. valida and T. asahii colonized 95% of roots after 6 days, whilst Rhod. glutinis colonized 90% of roots after 8 days. Root-colonization abilities of the three yeast species tested by the sand-tube method showed that roots and soils attached to roots of sugar beet seedlings were colonized to different degrees. Population densities showed that the three yeast species were found at all depths of the rhizosphere soil adhering to taproots up to 10 cm, but population densities were significantly (P < 0·05) greater in the first 4 cm of the root system compared with other root depths. The three yeast species, applied individually or in combination, significantly (P < 0·05) promoted plant growth and reduced damping off, crown and root rots of sugar beet in glasshouse trials. The combination of the three yeasts (which were not inhibitory to each other) resulted in significantly (P < 0·05) better biocontrol of diseases and plant growth promotion than plants exposed to individual species. Conclusions:, Isolates of C. valida, Rhod. glutinis and T. asahii were capable of colonizing sugar beet roots, promoting growth of sugar beet and protecting the seedlings and mature plants from R. solani diseases. This is the first successful attempt to use yeasts as biocontrol agents against R. solani which causes root diseases. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Yeasts were shown to provide significant protection to sugar beet roots against R. solani, a serious soil-borne root pathogen. Yeasts also have the potential to be used as biological fertilizers. [source] Vernalization requirement of wild beet Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: among population variation and its adaptive significanceJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Pierre Boudry Summary 1Seven populations of Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (wild beet) situated along a latitudinal cline were studied for their vernalization requirement and its consequences for fitness. 2Various cold regimes were applied in glasshouses and experimental gardens with plants of different ages. Three additional experimental sites (on the French Mediterranean, Atlantic and North Sea coasts) situated near three of the sampled populations, and thus including a reciprocal transplant design, were used to evaluate the influence of latitude under natural conditions. Survival and plant size were measured over 3 years. 3The vernalization requirement was greater in plants from more northern origins. The level of cold required to allow flowering overcompensated for the colder springs, so that northern plants in northern sites flowered less than southern plants in southern sites. 4Young seedlings were more difficult to vernalize than plants that had already developed vegetative rosettes. 5Differences in vernalization requirement seem to be an adaptive response to spring temperatures and season length in a particular latitude. A whole winter vernalization almost always led to flowering in the subsequent year whatever the latitude or geographical origin. 6Plants from the Atlantic and Channel coasts showed the highest lifetime reproductive success at all sites. Southern populations were better adapted to disturbed habitats as shown by their higher first-year reproductive success. The North Sea population had a lower reproductive success than the Atlantic populations, even in its native environment. [source] EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ON THE AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF SOLUTE FROM SUGAR BEET TISSUE PRETREATED BY A PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2005KAMAL EL-BELGHITI ABSTRACT In this article, the centrifugal aqueous extraction of solute from sugar beet tissue is investigated at ambient temperature after a pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment. Two kinds of samples of fresh sugar beet were used: a sample with a determined discoid shape and gratings. Both samples were pretreated by a PEF with 250 rectangular pulses of 100 µS each. The PEF intensity was fixed at 940 V/cm for the disk samples and 670 V/cm for gratings. The pretreated samples were placed in distilled water at ambient temperature with a water-to-solid ratio equal to 3 and subjected to different centrifugal accelerations. The centrifugal field significantly enhanced the kinetics of extraction from the electrically pretreated tissues of sugar beet. However, the increase of centrifugal acceleration was only effective up to a certain value (5430 × g for disk samples and 600 × g for gratings). The centrifugal extraction can be assumed to proceed in two stages: a first rapid washing followed by a slow diffusion stage. A two-exponential kinetics model taking into account these two stages was applied and correctly described the centrifugal extraction from beet samples (disks and gratings). [source] Spatio-temporal pattern of Pentastiridius leporinus migration in an ephemeral cropping systemAGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Alberto Bressan 1Cixiid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) are considered to be important economic pests because of their ability to transmit phloem-restricted prokaryotes causing emerging plant diseases worldwide. However, little information is available on the biology and ecology of such species. This is the case for Pentastiridius leporinus (Linnaeus), a cixiid planthopper reported to live on common reed across Countries of Central and Northern Europe. However, in the east of France, the same planthopper species appears to complete its life cycle in the sugar beet-wheat cropping system and has been repeatedly shown to transmit prokaryotic plant pathogens that are associated with an emerging disease of sugar beet called syndrome ,basses richesses'. 2To gather evidence on the biology of the planthopper in the cropping rotation, we analysed the flight activity of adults. We used transparent sticky traps for sampling migrating adults and quantified nymphs as well as emerging adults on the roots of wheat plants. 3Results showed a significant correlation between disappearance of nymphs and emerging adults from wheat roots and the occurrence of migrant adults in nearby sugar beet fields. Planthoppers migrated more abundantly and colonized sugar beet for longer periods than any other crop available. Flight activity was very pronounced during the migratory phase that was extended from the middle of June to the middle of July. A geographic information system and geostatical analysis revealed that planthoppers flew and colonized the centre of the sugar beet field rather than the borders. 4Overall, results obtained in the present study suggest that the ecology and biology of the planthopper vector in the cropping rotation is a primary factor that leads to the emergence of the syndrome ,basses richesses' disease of sugar beet. [source] Impact of Thermal Treatment on Color and Pigment Pattern of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) PreparationsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 6 2004K.M. Herbach ABSTRACT: The impact of heating at 85°C during 8 h on overall color and betalain pattern of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) juice was investigated. Although the hue angle of 358° in fresh juice was indicative of the typical red-purple appearance, heating for 8 h induced an unexpected shift to 62° resulting in a yellow-orange solution. To monitor the underlying structural alterations of betalains, a new high-performance liquid chromatography separation compatible with mass spectrometry was developed. Applying this method, 2 novel yellow neobetanin structures and 2 orange-red betanin degradation products were preliminarily identified, and neobetanin formation resulting from heat exposure was proven for the 1st time. These 5 compounds were held responsible for the orange shift of red beet juice during thermal treatment. The relevance of these findings for industrial beet processing was demonstrated by comparison of pigment patterns of heated red beet juice samples and a commercial concentrate. On the basis of these results, a scheme for the thermal degradation of betanin is proposed. [source] Variety-specific Epidemiology of Cercospora beticola Sacc. and Consequences for Threshold-based Timing of Fungicide Application in Sugar BeetJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Ulrike Kaiser Abstract In Central Europe, fungicides to control leaf spot disease in sugar beet caused by Cercospora beticola are applied based on thresholds of disease incidence (DI, per cent of infected plants). As variety-specific fungicide application was not analyzed to date, the epidemiology of C. beticola and its effect on white sugar yield (WSY) in varieties with different susceptibility were investigated at seven sites in Germany and Austria in 2004 and 2005. All varieties reached the summary thresholds 5 / 15 / 45% DI in all environments. Fitting a logistic growth curve to DI revealed significant differences among varieties. At high disease pressure, susceptible varieties reached a considerably higher disease severity (DS, per cent of infected leaf area) at harvest and a larger area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) than resistant varieties. Fitting a logistic growth curve to DS showed an increasing differentiation among varieties with time. The growth rate estimated based on the logistic growth curve was the only variable that performed equally well in differentiating varieties under low and high disease pressure. With increasing disease pressure, varieties differed considerably in WSY, but differences between susceptible and resistant varieties were significant only in some environments. The disease-loss relation between AUDPC and relative WSY was variety-specific. Resistant varieties had an approximately identical WSY with and without infection and compensated for negative infection effects even at higher AUDPC. Therefore, at high disease pressure, resistant varieties had a higher relative yield compared to susceptible ones. However, our results indicate that there is no need to develop variety-specific thresholds, but resistant varieties reach the established thresholds later than susceptible ones. Consequently, the time of fungicide application can be delayed in resistant varieties. This will help to reduce the use of fungicides to the bare essentials as requested for the integrated crop protection management. [source] Molecular Characterization and Potential Insect Vector of a Phytoplasma Associated with Garden Beet Witches' Broom in Yazd, IranJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2007A. Mirzaie Abstract In 2002, garden beet witches' broom (GBWB) phytoplasma was detected for the first time in garden beet plants (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. esculenta) in Yazd, Iran. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified phytoplasma 16S rDNA were employed for the detection and identification of the phytoplasma associated with garden beet. A phytoplasma belonging to subgroup 16SrII-E, in the peanut witches' broom group (16SrII), was detected in infected plants. Asymptomatic plant samples and the negative control yielded no amplification. The result of analysis of the nucleotide sequence of a 1428 bp fragment of 16S rDNA gene from GBWB phytoplasma (GenBank accession number DQ302722) was basically consistent with the classification based on RFLP analysis, in which GBWB phytoplasma clustered with phytoplasmas of the 16SrII-E subgroup. A search for a natural phytoplasma vector was conducted in Yazd in 2004, in an area where garden beet crops had been affected since 2002. The associated phytoplasma was detected in one leafhopper species, Orosius albicinctus, commonly present in this region. The leafhopper O. albicinctus was used in transmission tests to determine its vector status for the phytoplasma associated with GBWB. Two of eight plants that had been fed on by O. albicinctus, showed mild symptoms of GBWB including stunting and reddening of midveins. A phytoplasma was detected in the two symptomatic test plants by PCR using universal primers and it was identified by RFLP as the GBWB phytoplasma. This finding suggests O. albicinctus is a vector of the GBWB phytoplasma. [source] Incidence of Cotton Seedling Diseases Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Thielaviopsis basicola in Relation to Previous Crop, Residue Management and Nutrients Availability in Soils in SW SpainJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 11-12 2005A. Delgado Abstract Cotton seedling damping-off is considered a disease complex, in which several pathogens can be involved. In SW Spain, postemergence damping-off seems to be mainly associated with Rhizoctonia solani and Thielaviopsis basicola, posing a serious limitation for crop, especially in cold springs. Ninety-seven commercial plots, where postemergence damping-off of cotton seedlings was observed during previous years, were selected in April 2001. In each plot, plants were randomly sampled between cotyledon to three true-leaf stage and soil samples besides the plants were taken. Symptomatic plants were separated according to the main observable seedling disease symptom: black necrosis (black root rot), brown necrosis and other symptoms. Thielaviopsis basicola inoculum was estimated in soil samples. Soil samples were also analysed for nutrient availability (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn). All the sampled plants showed some seedling disease symptom. Macroscopic symptoms can provide a reasonable distinction between these two major pathogens involved in seedling disease symptoms in the studied area: the percentage of T. basicola isolates (18%) from black necrosis symptomatic plants was significantly higher than that of R. solani (4.1%), whereas in brown necrosis symptomatic plants, the situation was reversed (10.7 vs. 12.8%). The percentage of plants with black necrosis symptoms was inversely related to the portion of plants with brown necrosis in each plot. The mean incidence of black necrosis was significantly lower in plots with residue incorporation (sugar beet as the preceding crop) than in plots without residue incorporation. No significant effect of preceding crop or residue management on brown necrosis incidence was observed. Incidence of black necrosis was negatively correlated with available N measured as NO3 -N when corn or sunflower were the preceding crop. The incidence of black necrosis was positively related to Fe availability in soil after cotton as preceding crop, whereas brown necrosis was negatively related to the availability of this micronutrient. [source] Protective, Curative and Eradicant Activity of the Strobilurin Fungicide Azoxystrobin against Cercospora beticola and Erysiphe betaeJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 11-12 2003T. Anesiadis Abstract The protective, curative and eradicant activity of the strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin against Cercospora beticola and Erysiphe betae on sugar beet was determined under growth chamber conditions. Difenoconazole and chlorothalonil were used as standard fungicides against C. beticola, while chlorothalonil was replaced by sulphur against E. betae. Fungicides were applied before (protective treatments) and after (curative treatments) inoculation at 24, 48 and 96 h intervals, respectively. An additional spray treatment was applied after the appearance of the symptoms to evaluate the eradicant activity of the fungicides tested. Applications of azoxystrobin at 16 ,/ml provided 89,94% and 95,97% disease control against C. beticola and E. betae, respectively. Curative treatments of azoxystrobin either at 8 or 16 ,g/ml provided control of Cercospora leaf-spot higher than 90% only when it was applied 24 h after inoculation of the plants. Comparatively, chlorothalonil (100 ,g/ml) provided satisfactory control of C. beticola when applied in protective treatments (83,87% disease control) but showed little activity when applied after the inoculation of the seedlings (45,76% disease control). High control efficacy against E. betae was also obtained by protective applications of sulphur (600 ,g/ml) but the fungicide failed to provide satisfactory disease control, particularly when applied for 48 or 96 h after inoculation of seedlings. Difenoconazole (8 ,g/ml) gave excellent protective and curative activity against both pathogens. Eradicative treatments with azoxystrobin provided high antisporulant activity of 94,96% and 85,93% against C. beticola and E. betae, respectively. Similarly, high antisporulant activity was also provided by difenoconazole, while postsymptom applications of chlorothalonil and sulphur provided significantly lower antisporulant activity against C. beticola and E. betae, respectively. Such results encourage the evaluation of azoxystrobin under field conditions to determine optimal treatment schedules and to select possibly partner fungicides for use in mixtures. [source] Surveys for Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (the Cause of Rhizomania), other Viruses, and Soil-borne Fungi Infecting Sugar Beet in SyriaJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 11-12 2002A. M. Mouhanna Abstract Production of sugar beet, the most important source of sugar in Syria, has suffered from many problems in the past, especially from diseases. No previous surveys have been made in Syria for viral diseases and soil-borne fungi of sugar beet. In 1998, samples were collected from plants showing symptoms of virus infection (yellowing, wilting, necrosis and mosaic). Root samples (341) were collected from crops of autumn-sown seed from 115 localities in seven provinces, 173 root samples from spring-sown crops and 39 leaf samples were collected during both seasons. The root samples were tested for the presence of viruses by double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and triple antibody sandwich-ELISA, and for soil-borne fungi by red plate (Rose Bengal) dishes. We have shown for the first time the presence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, Beet soil-borne virus, Beet yellows virus and Beet mild yellowing virus in Syrian sugar beet fields in which Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium sp. were also widely distributed. [source] Abiotic soil properties and the occurrence of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot in sugar beetJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009Jürgen Kühn Abstract Since 1993, Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG 2,2 IIIB) has represented an increasing problem for sugar beet production in Germany. Up to now, the outbreak of the infection and the spread of the disease within a field cannot be predicted and effective countermeasures are not available. Although little is known about the living conditions of R. solani in soils, abiotic soil properties are likely to influence the disease occurrence. Investigations were carried out based on 60 pairwise comparisons, each consisting of a disease-affected and an adjacent nonaffected patch on farmers' fields in 2002 and 2003. Soil samples from the top soil layer (0,30,cm) were collected before harvest, and eight of the most frequently mentioned soil properties potentially influencing Rhizoctonia crown and root rot infection were examined: bulk density, texture, carbonate carbon, potassium, phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and pH. The occurrence of the disease was significantly related to the soil C : N ratio, indicating the influence of soil organic matter on the disease occurrence. Examinations of soil thin sections showed that organic-matter particles in the soil serve as a substrate for R. solani. All other soil physical and chemical properties examined did not differ between the disease-affected and nonaffected patches and seem to be of minor importance. [source] Sodium-induced calcium deficiency in sugar beet during substitution of potassium by sodiumJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009Abdul Wakeel Abstract Functions of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are closely associated. In some crops, Na+ is able to prevent or reduce considerably the occurrence of K+ deficiency. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a natrophilic crop, and positive effects of Na+ applications on yield were observed when K+ was sufficiently supplied. However, it is not known which specific function of K+ can limit the growth of sugar beet when K+ is substituted by an equivalent amount of Na+. Therefore, K+ substitution by Na+ was investigated for sugar beet in hydroponics. Surprisingly, no K+ -deficiency symptoms were observed. However, calcium (Ca2+) concentrations in the leaves were significantly decreased. Moreover, Ca2+ uptake and translocation through xylem sap were reduced in Na+ -treated plants. It is concluded that Ca2+ uptake by roots and its translocation via xylem sap primarily limit the possibility of K+ substitution by Na+ in sugar beet nutrition. [source] Effect of breed type, housing and feeding system on performance of growing pigs managed under organic conditionsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 15 2007Hilary RC Kelly Abstract BACKGROUND: There is a need for information on the performance and carcass quality of pigs under different organic management systems. This study compared Duroc-sired progeny from three maternal breed types when kept either at pasture or in housing with an outdoor run and offered ad libitum concentrate either alone or with fodder beet or grass/clover silage as additional forage. RESULTS: Liveweight gain, feed intake and the proportion of forages consumed did not differ between genotypes. Carcass fatness of progeny was lowest for a ,modern' genotype (Camborough 12) and highest for a ,traditional' purebred genotype (Saddleback), with a ,crossbred traditional' genotype (Saddleback × Duroc) being intermediate (11.4, 14.3 and 13.4 mm P2 respectively, standard error of mean (SEM) 0.27, P < 0.001). With a cereal-based concentrate available ad libitum, intake of forages was low (<2% of dry matter intake). Although growth rate did not differ between housing systems, daily feed intake was greater at pasture (2.47 vs 2.22 kg meal equivalent, SEM 0.05, P < 0.001), giving poorer feed efficiency (P < 0.01). Pastured animals consumed less additional forage and had a higher killing-out % but similar carcass fatness. CONCLUSION: For organic pig production to be financially sustainable, disadvantages arising from the genotype and/or rearing system chosen need to be offset by a market premium for the pigs produced. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Seasonal patterns of sucrose concentration in relation to other quality parameters of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 1 2006Christine Kenter Abstract The chemical composition of sugar beet is the most important parameter affecting its processing. Sugar factories require beet with high concentrations of sucrose and low concentrations of melassigenic substances to maximise the amount of extractable sugar. In order to plan the processing campaign, forecasts of root and sugar yield by prediction models are possible but there are no means to predict the technical quality of the beet. In the present study, the seasonal development and physiological relationships of different parameters of sugar beet quality were analysed. In order to estimate possibilities for quality forecasts, the concentrations of beet quality variables in October were correlated with corresponding quality measurements in late summer and to weather variables during the growing season by linear regressions. In 2000 and 2001, 27 field trials were conducted on commercial farm fields in all sugar beet growing areas in Germany. From June to October, sequential samples were taken every 4 weeks and the concentrations of sucrose, potassium, sodium, total soluble nitrogen, ,-amino nitrogen, nitrate, betaine, reducing sugars and marc in the beet were determined. The sucrose concentration increased progressively until the final harvest date in autumn, whereas the concentrations of the melassigenic substances decreased markedly until late summer and remained fairly constant as the season progressed. Marc concentration was the most stable of the parameters analysed. The sucrose concentration was positively correlated with the concentrations of dry matter, betaine and marc, but negatively with nitrate concentration and leaf yield throughout the season. The correlation between the concentrations of sucrose and nitrogenous compounds measured in summer and their final concentrations in autumn was rather weak. However, it was close for potassium, sodium and marc and a satisfactory prediction of their final concentrations was possible by the end of August. Based on weather data, beet quality was not predictable. Therefore, it seems to be difficult to integrate beet quality parameters into prediction models. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||