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Traditional Views (traditional + views)
Selected AbstractsRegionalism: Old and NewINTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 1 2003Raimo Väyrynen This review of recent literature on political, economic, and cultural regionalism shows that this area of inquiry has become increasingly fragmented not only as a result of debates between the protagonists of methodological approaches but also because of underlying changes in international relations. Traditional views concerning the state-centric regional system are being challenged by the concentration of political and military power at the top as well as by transnational networks built around economic ties and cultural identities. Early post-Cold War expectations that regions and regional concerts would form the foundation for a new international order have proven untenable. Instead, regions appear to arise either through the dissemination of various transactions and externalities or as protection against the hegemony of capitalist globalization and great-power politics. Older conceptions of regionalism need to be redefined and reintegrated into current international relations theories. [source] Alternative Interpretations of Alternative Assessments: Some Validity Issues in Educational Performance AssessmentsEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT: ISSUES AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2002Lyle F. Bachman The use of alternative assessments has led many researchers to reexamine traditional views of test qualities, especially validity. Because alternative assessments generally aim at measuring complex constructs and employ rich assessment tasks, it becomes more difficult to demonstrate (a) the validity of the inferences we make and (b) that these inferences extrapolate to target domains beyond the assessment itself. An approach to addressing these issues from the perspective of language testing is described. It is then argued that in both language testing and educational assessment we must consider the roles of both language and content knowledge, and that our approach to the design and development of performance assessments must be both construct-based and task-based.1 [source] Filial Piety, Modernization, and the Challenges of Raising Children for Chinese Immigrants: Quantitative and Qualitative EvidenceETHOS, Issue 3 2004ELI LIEBER This study examines Chinese immigrant parents' perceptions of filial piety. The concept of filial piety is introduced and we discuss the impacts of modernization and immigration experience on the challenges faced by contemporary Chinese immigrants as they reconcile traditional values with the demands of sociohistorical change and child rearing in the United States. Factor analysis of a commonly applied scale demonstrates multiple aspects of filial piety and reflects modifications from traditional views. Interview results point to aspects of filial piety not fully represented in the quantitative scale and expose specific challenges in child rearing related to filial values. These findings suggest the evolution of expectations and strategies related to a cultural adaptation of filial piety. One key demand is for strategies consistent with parental values while maintaining respect for children's unique point of view. The conclusions focus on the development of approaches to understanding the evolving conceptualization and meaning of filial piety for contemporary immigrant Chinese. [source] Spinoza on the Problem of AkrasiaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2010Eugene Marshall Though each is intuitive in a certain way, they both fail as explanations of the most interesting cases of akrasia. Spinoza's own thoughts on bondage and the affects follow, from which a Spinozist explanation of akrasia is constructed. This account is based in Spinoza's mechanistic psychology of cognitive affects. Because Spinoza's account explains action asissuing from modes of mind that are both cognitive and affective, it captures the intuitions that motivate the two traditional views while avoiding the pitfalls that result from their one-sided approaches. This project will allow us a fuller understanding of Spinozist moral psychology. In addition to this historical value, the Spinozist theory may offer a satisfactory explanation of certain hard cases of akrasia while avoiding the problems be set by other theories. For this reason, the Spinozist account could also be seen as a useful contribution to our philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of akrasia. [source] Review of aquaculture, its regulation and monitoring in ScotlandJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4-5 2000A. R. Henderson Summary The aquaculture industry in Scotland is primarily located on the western and northern coasts of Scotland where geographical and hydrographic conditions suit the species cultured. The regulation and monitoring of the industry has adapted and grown with the industry. Over 10 years, production has increased 10-fold and the efficiency of the industry has improved along with husbandry and management techniques although major disease problems have occurred. Planning and siting controls have recently been reviewed incorporating new EC legislation on environmental impact assessment. Environmental protection and end product quality are achieved through complex legislation demanding licences to discharge waste products and the application of strict quality standards and targets to both the product and its growing and receiving environment. Monitoring programmes are well established to ensure compliance with the legislation. The complexity of issues the industry now poses for regulation and monitoring have challenged traditional views and required new techniques to be developed, for example, mathematical modelling to set environmental targets for some medicines. A national approach has been needed which will benefit the industry and the regulators and allow focus to be brought to wider issues requiring research and development. [source] Expanding traditional views on suspension feeders , quantifying their role as ecosystem engineersOIKOS, Issue 2 2003Roger S. Wotton No abstract is available for this article. [source] Education and the Interface between Racial Perceptions and Criminal Justice AttitudesPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Christopher M. Federico Recent work has implicated negative attitudes toward blacks in support for toughened criminal-justice measures. This suggests that the issue of crime may be implicitly "racialized," despite a lack of overt racial content. The present study examines the hypothesis that education may weaken the relationship between negative racial perceptions and crime-related policy attitudes. In contrast to traditional views about the role of education in the domain of race-related attitudes, the results of analyses using several different general-population samples suggest that the effects of education are somewhat paradoxical: they reduce the intensity of negative racial perceptions, while bolstering the relationship between these perceptions and criminal justice attitudes. [source] Ethics and Foreign Policy: the Antinomies of New Labour's ,Third Way' in Sub-Saharan AfricaPOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2001Rita Abrahamsen This article explores how New Labour has attempted to implement its ideas about a ,third way' foreign policy in sub-Saharan Africa. Through an examination of British foreign policy practices, we explore whether New Labour has succeeded in finding a ,third way' between traditional views of socialism and capitalism in Africa. In particular, the article focuses on New Labour's attempts to build peace, prosperity and democracy on the African continent. We conclude that although New Labour's claims to add an ,ethical dimension' to foreign policy have succeeded in giving Britain a higher profile in the international arena, the implementation of such a policy is intrinsically difficult. These difficulties in turn arise from the antinomies embodied in New Labour's policy, or more specifically from the tension between the liberal internationalism of the third way and traditional concerns for the national interest, as well as the contradictions inherent in a commitment to both political and economic liberalism. [source] Archetypes as action patterns,THE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009George B. Hogenson Abstract:, The discovery of mirror neurons by researchers at the University of Parma promises to radically alter our understanding of fundamental cognitive and affective states. This paper explores the relationship of mirror neurons to Jung's theory of archetypes and proposes that archetypes may be viewed as elementary action patterns. The paper begins with a review of a proposed interpretation of the fainting spells of S. Freud in his relationship with Jung as an example of an action pattern that also defines an archetypal image. The challenge that mirror neurons present to traditional views in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis, however, is that they operate without recourse to a cognitive processing element. This is a position that is gaining increasing acceptance in other fields as well. The paper therefore reviews the most recent claims made by the Boston Process of Change Study Group as well as conclusions drawn from dynamic systems views of development and theoretical robotics to underline the conclusion that unconscious agency is not a requirement for coherent action. It concludes with the suggestion that this entire body of research may lead to the conclusion that the dynamic unconscious is an unnecessary hypothesis in psychoanalysis and analytical psychology. Translations of Abstract La découverte de neurones miroirs par des chercheurs de l'université de Parme promet une altération radicale de notre compréhension des états cognitifs et affectifs fondamentaux. Cet article analyse le rapport entre les neurones miroirs et la théorie des archétypes de Jung. Il pose l'éventualité que les archétypes puissent être envisagés comme des «patterns»élémentaires d'action. Il part d'une interprétation des évanouissements de Freud aux temps de sa relation avec Jung, comme exemple de «pattern» d'action définissant également une image archétypique. Le défi posé par les neurones miroirs aux conceptions traditionnelles de la psychologie analytique et de la psychanalyse, réside dans une modalité de fonctionnement qui exclut le recours aux processus cognitifs. Une telle conception est de plus en plus répandue et ce, dans des champs divers. L'article passe en revue les dernières avancées du Boston Process of Change Study Group, de même que les conclusions des théories dynamiques du développement et de la robotique théorique, pour appuyer l'idée que les agents inconscients ne sont pas la condition absolue d'une action cohérente. L'article s'achève en évoquant la probabilité que l'ensemble de ces recherches ne parviennent à la conclusion que l'inconscient dynamique constitue une hypothèse superflue en psychanalyse et en psychologie analytique. Die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen durch Forscher an der Universität von Parma verspricht eine radikale Änderung unseres Verständnisses von Kognitiven und affektiven Zuständen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Beziehung zwischen Spiegelneuronen und Jungs Theorie der Archetypen und kommt zu dem Vorschlag, daß Archetypen als elementare Verhaltensmuster zu betrachten seien. Begonnen wird mit einer Rückschau auf eine angenommene Interpretation der Ohnmachtsanfälle S. Freuds im Kontakt mit Jung als eines Beispiels für ein Verhaltensmuster, das gleichzeitig ein archetypisches Bild definiert. Die Herausforderung aber, die Entdeckung der Spiegelneuronen für die traditionellen Sichtweisen der Analytischen Psychologie und Psychoanalyse darstellt besteht darin, daß sie ohne Rückgriff auf kognitive Prozeßelemente funktionieren. Dies ist eine Position, die auch auf anderen Gebieten zunehmend an Akzeptanz gewinnt. Der Aufsatz resümiert deswegen die neuesten diesbezüglichen Theorien, die von der Bostoner Forschungsgruppe ,Prozeß des Wandels' aufgestellt wurden sowie die Schlüsse, die aus der Untersuchung von dynamischen Systemen, aus Erkenntnissen der praktischen und theoretischen Roboterentwicklung gewonnen wurden um die Folgerung zu stützen, daß die Existenz einer Ebene des Unbewußten zur Ausführung kohärenter Aktionen nicht erforderlich ist. Der Text schließt mit der Annahme, daß der gesamte Fundus dieser Forschung zu der Folgerung führen könnte, daß das dynamische Unbewußte eine unnötige Hypothese der Psychoanalyse und der Analytischen Psychologie sei. La scoperta dei neuroni specchio fatta dai ricercatori dell'Università di Parma ci permette di cambiare radicalmente il nostro modo di intendere gli stati fondamentali cognitivi e affettivi. In questo lavoro viene presa in esame la relazione tra i neuroni specchio e la teoria degli archetipi e si propone di considerare gli archetipi come schemi di azione elementari. Si inizia riesaminando una interpretazione degli svenimenti di Freud nella sua relazione con Jung considerandola come un esempio di uno schema di azione che definisce anche un'immagine archetipica. La sfida che i neuroni specchio presentano al punto di vista tradizionale della psicologia analitica e della psicoanalisi è che essi operano senza ricorrere a un elemento procedurale cognitivo. Tale posizione viene sempre più accettata anche in altri campi. In questo scritto si analizzano poi sia le più recenti affermazioni fatte dal Boston Process of Change Study Group sia le conclusioni raggiunte dal punto di vista dei sistemi dinamici di sviluppo e dalla teoria robotica per giungere alla conclusione che l'agentività dell'inconscio non è un requisito necessario per un'azione coerente. Il lavoro si conclude con la considerazione che questo intero corpo di ricerca può condurre alla conclusione che un inconscio dinamico non rappresenta un'ipotesi necessaria né nella psicoanalisi né nella psicologia analitica. El descubrimiento de las neuronas de espejo por las investigadores en la Universidad de Parma prometen alterar radicalmente nuestra comprensión de estados cognoscitivos y afectivos fundamentales. Este trabajo explora la relación de las neuronas de espejo con la teoría del Jung de los arquetipos y propone que los arquetipos puedan ser vistos como pautas elementales de acción. Se inicia con una revisión de la interpretación propuesta a los desvanecimientos de S. Freud en su relación con Jung como ejemplo de una pauta de acción que define una imagen arquetípica. El desafío que las neuronas espejo presenta a los conceptos tradicionales en la psicología analítica y el psicoanálisis, sin embargo, es que ellos operan sin el recurso de un elemento de procesamiento cognoscitivo. Es esta una posición que ha ganado aceptación también en otros campos. El trabajo por lo tanto revisa las reflexiones más recientes del Grupo de Estudio del Proceso de Cambio de Boston así como las conclusiones descritas por las dinámicas de los sistemas del desarrollo y la robótica teórica para subrayar la conclusión de que el control inconsciente no es un requisito para la acción coherente. El papel concluye con la sugerencia según la cual estas investigaciones pueden llevar a la conclusión de que el inconsciente dinámico es una hipótesis innecesaria en el psicoanálisis y la psicología analítica. [source] Cardiovascular and thermal responses evoked from the periaqueductal grey require neuronal activity in the hypothalamusTHE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Rodrigo C. A. De Menezes Stimulation of neurons in the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (l/dlPAG) produces increases in heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) that are, according to traditional views, mediated through projections to medullary autonomic centres and independent of forebrain mechanisms. Recent studies in rats suggest that neurons in the l/dlPAG are downstream effectors responsible for responses evoked from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) from which similar cardiovascular changes and increase in core body temperature (Tco) can be elicited. We hypothesized that, instead, autonomic effects evoked from the l/dlPAG depend on neuronal activity in the DMH. Thus, we examined the effect of microinjection of the neuronal inhibitor muscimol into the DMH on increases in HR, MAP and Tco produced by microinjection of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) into the l/dlPAG in conscious rats. Microinjection of muscimol alone modestly decreased baseline HR and MAP but failed to alter Tco. Microinjection of NMDA into the l/dlPAG caused marked increases in all three variables, and these were virtually abolished by prior injection of muscimol into the DMH. Similar microinjection of glutamate receptor antagonists into the DMH also suppressed increases in HR and abolished increases in Tco evoked from the PAG. In contrast, microinjection of muscimol into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus failed to reduce changes evoked from the PAG and actually enhanced the increase in Tco. Thus, our data suggest that increases in HR, MAP and Tco evoked from the l/dlPAG require neuronal activity in the DMH, challenging traditional views of the place of the PAG in central autonomic neural circuitry. [source] The French Churches and the Jewish Question: July 1940 , March 1941AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 3 2000Jacques Adler This article examines why, following the military defeat of June 1940, the French Catholic Church remained silent as race laws were introduced, whereas before the war it had publicly rejected racism and opposed antisemitism. A number of reasons accounted for it. A strong conviction prevailed in its ranks that the regime which had then emerged offered a unique opportunity to resume preeminence in French society and regain rights formerly denied under the Republic. It took two years for members of the clergy to recognise that by its prolonged silence the Church had in fact jettisoned its traditional views on ,justice and charity' for all men. It was only after the deportation to the death camps of over fifty thousand Jews that it finally raised its voice up on their behalf. [source] On the Meaning of Words and Dinosaur Bones: Lexical Knowledge Without a LexiconCOGNITIVE SCIENCE - A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Jeffrey L. Elman Abstract Although for many years a sharp distinction has been made in language research between rules and words,with primary interest on rules,this distinction is now blurred in many theories. If anything, the focus of attention has shifted in recent years in favor of words. Results from many different areas of language research suggest that the lexicon is representationally rich, that it is the source of much productive behavior, and that lexically specific information plays a critical and early role in the interpretation of grammatical structure. But how much information can or should be placed in the lexicon? This is the question I address here. I review a set of studies whose results indicate that event knowledge plays a significant role in early stages of sentence processing and structural analysis. This poses a conundrum for traditional views of the lexicon. Either the lexicon must be expanded to include factors that do not plausibly seem to belong there; or else virtually all information about word meaning is removed, leaving the lexicon impoverished. I suggest a third alternative, which provides a way to account for lexical knowledge without a mental lexicon. [source] | ||||||||||||||||