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Traditional Patterns (traditional + pattern)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	60%
Medical Sciences	40%

Selected Abstracts

Dietary patterns and risk of cancer: A factor analysis in Uruguay

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 6 2009
Eduardo De Stefani
Abstract A multisite case,control study on factor analysis and several cancer sites (mouth and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, breast, prostate, bladder, kidney) was conducted in Uruguay. The study included 3,528 cases and 2,532 controls. Factor analysis (principal components) was modeled among controls. This patterning method retained 4 factors per sex, labeled as prudent, drinker, traditional and Western. Odds ratios for these cancer sites, stratified by sex, were estimated using polytomous regression. Whereas the prudent pattern was mainly negatively associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, the Western pattern showed a strong increase in breast, lung and colon cancers. The study allowed for the reproducibility of the prudent, drinker and Western patterns, whereas the traditional pattern appears to be country specific. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

New directions: a South Asian perspective

INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 167 2001
Gamini Lakshman Peiris
The central challenge facing countries of the developing world such as Sri Lanka is how to reconcile ethnic and cultural diversity with the concept of mature and cohesive nationhood. This is especially so where a federation is created not by the traditional pattern of independent entities coming together, but by devolution from a unitary state to one involving power sharing. In such situations there arealways fears that federalism is a precursor of dismemberment or disintegration. What is needed is to reconcile competing objectives for a strong and effective centre and for recognition of cultural and ethnic diversity. This may require hybrid or quasi-federal structures that do not fit neatly into unitary or federal categories. In attempting to achieve this reconciliation practicalities may require asymmetrical devolution, but this in turn may provoke emotional resistance to special or disparate treatment of particular minorities. Nor is devolution by itself sufficient. To be viable there must be suitable mechanisms to resolve intergovernmental disputes. Particularly important if confrontation and polarisation are to be minimised isemphasis upon compromise and proportionality and a public respect for pluralism, secularism, and representative democracy. [source]

Can Traditions Emerge from the Interaction of Stimulus Enhancement and Reinforcement Learning?

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 2 2010
An Experimental Model
ABSTRACT, The study of social learning in captivity and behavioral traditions in the wild are two burgeoning areas of research, but few empirical studies have tested how learning mechanisms produce emergent patterns of tradition. Studies have examined how social learning mechanisms that are cognitively complex and possessed by few species, such as imitation, result in traditional patterns, yet traditional patterns are also exhibited by species that may not possess such mechanisms. We propose an explicit model of how stimulus enhancement and reinforcement learning could interact to produce traditions. We tested the model experimentally with tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), which exhibit traditions in the wild but have rarely demonstrated imitative abilities in captive experiments. Monkeys showed both stimulus enhancement learning and a habitual bias to perform whichever behavior first obtained them a reward. These results support our model that simple social learning mechanisms combined with reinforcement can result in traditional patterns of behavior. RÉSUMÉ, L'étude de l'apprentissage social en captivité et les traditions behavioristes à l'état sauvage sont deux domaines de recherche en plein essor, mais peu d'études empiriques ont mis à l'essai comment les mécanismes de l'apprentissage produisent des schémas émergents de tradition. Des études ont examiné comment les mécanismes de l'apprentissage social qui sont d'une complèxité cognitive et qui sont possédés par peu d'espèces, telle que l'imitation, résultent en schémas traditionnels; cependant, les schémas traditionnels sont aussi exposés par des espèces qui ne possèdent peut-être pas tels mécanismes. Nous proposons un modèle explicite de la façon dont le stimulus renforcé et l'apprentissage de renforcement puisse réagir afin de produire des schémas traditionnels. Nous avons mis à l'essai le modèle avec des singes capucins touffus (Cebus apella), qui exhibent des traditions à l'état sauvage, mais qui ont rarement démontré des aptitudes imitatives dans les expériences en captivité. Les singes ont montré aussi bien l'apprentissage de stimulus renforcé qu'une tendance habituelle à exécuter n'importe quelle manière d'agir qui leur a premièrement rapporté une récompense. Ces résultats soutiennent notre modèle, que les mécanismes simples de l'apprentissage social combinés avec le renforcement peuvent résulter en schémas behavioristes traditionnels. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, Die Studie des sozialen Lernens durch Laborversuche und Freilandstudien von Verhaltenstraditionen sind zwei weit verbreitete Forschungsgebiete, aber nur wenige empirische Studien haben geprüft, wie Lernmechanismen traditionelle Verhaltensmuster hervorrufen können. Studien haben überprüft, wie kognitiv komplexe soziale Lernmechanismen wie etwa Imitation, die nur wenige Tierarten aufweisen, Verhaltenstraditionen hervorrufen können, dennoch werden Verhaltenstraditionen auch bei Tierarten gesehen, die solch komplexe Mechanismen wahrscheinlich nicht besitzen. Wir beschreiben ein detailliertes Modell, in dem eine Wechselwirkung von Reizverstärkung und verstärkendem Lernen traditionelles Verhalten erwirken kann. Wir testeten unser Modell mit Gehaubten Kapuzinern (Cebus apella), die Traditionen in freier Wildbahn aufweisen, aber nur selten Imitationsfähigkeiten in Laborexperimenten gezeigt haben. Die Affen zeigten Lernen durch Reizverstärkung und eine Gewohnheitstendenz die Verhaltensvariante durchzuführen, die ihnen zuerst dazu verhalf ein Stück Futter zu erhalten. Diese Ergebnisse sind mit unserem Modell in Einklang und unterstützen die Ansicht, dass einfache soziale Lernmechanismen kombiniert mit verstärkendem Lernen zu traditionellen Verhaltensmustern führen können. [source]

Dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenomas

NUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 7 2010
Giorgia Randi
The association of colorectal cancer risk with select foods has been evaluated by dietary pattern analysis. This review of the literature was conducted to thoroughly examine the available evidence for the association between dietary patterns and colorectal cancers and adenomas. A total of 32 articles based on worldwide epidemiological studies were identified. Pattern identification was achieved by exploratory data analyses (principal component, factor, and cluster analyses) in most articles, and only a few used a priori -defined scores. Dietary patterns named as healthy, prudent, fruit and vegetables, fat-reduced/diet foods, vegetable/fish/poultry, fruit/whole grain/dairy, and healthy eating index-2005, recommended food and Mediterranean diet scores were all associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer and the risk estimates varied from 0.45 to 0.90. In contrast, diets named Western, pork-processed meat-potatoes, meat-eaters, meat and potatoes, traditional patterns, and dietary risk and life summary scores were associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer with risk estimates varying from 1.18 to 11.7. Dietary patterns for adenomas were consistent with those identified for colorectal cancer. [source]

Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Divorce During Modernization: Southeast Asia, 1940s to 1960s

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 2 2003
Charles Hirschman
The conventional model of a rising divorce rate during the process of modernization is a staple element of the sociological theory of the family. This generalization is challenged, however, by traditional high-divorce societies, primarily in Islamic Southeast Asia, which have experienced a decline in divorce with modernization. In this study, based on micro-level survey data, the authors explore the social roots of marital disruption in Indonesia and Malaysia and in another Southeast Asian society, Thailand, which has not been identified as a high-divorce society. Comparable survey data from the 1970s (from the World Fertility Survey) allow for an in-depth analysis of traditional patterns of divorce before the rapid modernization of recent decades. Two major findings emerge from the multivariate analysis. First, there is a common pattern across all three societies of higher levels of divorce among "traditional" women,those who live in rural areas, marry at young ages, and have lower levels of education. Second, the authors find significant sociocultural (ethnic, regional, religious) differentials in divorce within each country that cannot be explained by demographic and socioeconomic composition. They present an interpretation of how moderately high levels of divorce were accommodated in traditional Southeast Asian societies. [source]