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Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences50%

Selected Abstracts

New Mexico's 1998 drive-up liquor window closure.

ADDICTION, Issue 5 2004
Study II: economic impact on owners
ABSTRACT Aims This study examined the economic impact of the New Mexico legislative action closing drive-up liquor windows on the retail establishments that operated them. Design A telephone survey was conducted 20 months after the closure seeking information and owners' opinions about how their outlets had changed since the closure and how this affected their business. In addition, 2 years of aggregated pre- and post-closure total gross receipts revenues were obtained from the New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department, with convenience stores as a comparison group. Findings Interviews were completed for 149 of 220 establishments. Over one-quarter of former drive-up liquor windows (28%) had been converted to ,step-in' sales, defined as an outside door where customers can stop and enter the premises while their car is running. Almost two-thirds (61%) of owners reported decreased annual gross revenues following closure, with a reported average 15% reduction in alcohol sales. This is consistent with findings of decreased gross receipts for operators of non-urban, but not urban, drive-up liquor windows compared to convenience store gross receipts. Almost three-quarters (72%) of those surveyed would re-open the drive-up window if the law were rescinded. Conclusion Over one-quarter of the drive-up owners converted to step-in alcohol sales that still allow a form of drive-up liquor sales. Despite this, the forced closure of New Mexico's drive-up liquor windows negatively impacted total sales and liquor sales revenues of establishments that operated them. [source]

Warranty reserves for nonstationary sales processes

NAVAL RESEARCH LOGISTICS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 5 2002
Shau-Shiang Ja
Estimation of warranty costs, in the event of product failure within the warranty period, is of importance to the manufacturer. Costs associated with replacement or repair of the product are usually drawn from a warranty reserve fund created by the manufacturer. Considering a stochastic sales process, first and second moments (and thereby the variance) are derived for the manufacturer's total discounted warranty cost of a single sale for single-component items under four different warranty policies from a manufacturer's point of view. These servicing strategies represent a renewable free-replacement, nonrenewable free-replacement, renewable pro-rata, and a nonrenewable minimal-repair warranty plans. The results are extended to determine the mean and variance of total discounted warranty costs for the total sales over the life cycle of the product. Furthermore, using a normal approximation, warranty reserves necessary for a certain protection level, so that reserves are not completely depleted, are found. Results and their managerial implications are studied through an extensive example. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 499,513, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10023 [source]

Shifts in purchasing patterns of non-alcoholic, water-based beverages in Australia, 1997,2006

NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 4 2007
Gina LEVY
Abstract Aim:, To describe trends in purchasing patterns of non-alcoholic, water-based beverages (WBBs) in Australia, 1997,2006. Methods:, Trends in volume sales of WBBs were determined from data supplied by the Australian beverage industry, not including fruit juice or milk-based drinks. Change was calculated as per cent difference between 1997 and 2006, volume share by proportion of total sales in the category and per capita consumption by dividing total volume sales by population estimate for that year. Sugar supply from WBBs was calculated by multiplying sales by sugar content. Demographic trends from AC Nielsen surveys were shown as per cent households purchasing beverages and as volume share by age and sex. Results:, Total volume sales of WBBs increased by 13% from 1997 to 2006, largely accounted for by increases in sales of plain still water and non-sugar carbonated soft drink (CSD). Sales in the CSD category saw a shift away from sugar-sweetened to non-sugar. There was a concomitant increase in sales of sugar-sweetened sports and energy drinks, and iced tea. Younger people and high-income households were the major purchasers of CSDs, and for sports and energy drinks, it was young males. Conclusion:, The increased sales of beverages by 2006 appear to reflect a greater trend towards purchasing fluids, particularly increases in bottled water and non-sugar CSDs. Sugar supply from beverages has declined, mostly because of decreasing sales of sugar-sweetened CSDs since 2002. Industry-generated data proved useful in forming a picture of apparent non-alcoholic, WBB consumption patterns in Australia. [source]

Introduction of flexible packaging systems for toiletry products

PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 5 2001
Yuji Ikeda
Abstract Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are rapidly gaining in importance for manufacturers throughout the industrialized world. Lion Corporation is no exception in its need of FMS because of the great variety of toiletry and household products it produces. Toiletry products, such as toothpaste, detergent and shampoo, are our mainstay products, which account for 75% of our total sales. On our production lines, therefore, it is essential that they can be changed flexibly for the manufacture of ever-changing products. Introduced in this report are some of our flexible packaging systems, which use carriers, robots, standardized shampoo bottles, etc., without relying on special tools or new parts for line change. Innovation of our flexible packaging systems for greater flexibility and cost reduction will continue in the future. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]