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Total Removal (total + removal)
Selected AbstractsCleaning effectiveness of root canal irrigation with electrochemically activated anolyte and catholyte solutions: a pilot studyINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 6 2000A. M. Solovyeva Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of electrochemically activated (ECA) anolyte and catholyte solutions to clean root canals during conventional root canal preparation. Methodology Twenty extracted single-rooted human mature permanent teeth were allocated randomly into four groups of five teeth. The pulp chambers were accessed and the canals prepared by hand with conventional stainless steel endodontic instruments using a double-flared technique. One or other of the following irrigants was used during preparation: distilled water, 3% NaOCl, anolyte neutral cathodic (ANC) (300 mg L,1 of active chlorine), and a combination of anolyte neutral cathodic (ANC) (300 mg L,1 of active chlorine) and catholyte. The teeth were split longitudinally and the canal walls examined for debris and smear layer by scanning electron microscopy. SEM photomicrographs were taken separately in the coronal, middle and apical parts of canal at magnification of ×800 to evaluate the debridement of extra-cellular matrix and at a magnification of ×2500 to evaluate the presence of smear layer. Results Irrigation with distilled water did not remove debris in the apical part of canals and left a continuous and firm smear layer overlying compressed low-mineralized predentine. All chemically active irrigants demonstrated improved cleaning potential compared to distilled water. The quality of loose debris elimination was similar for NaOCl and the anolyte ANC solution. The combination of anolyte ANC and catholyte resulted in improved cleaning, particularly in the apical third of canals. The evaluation of smear layer demonstrated that none of the irrigants were effective in its total removal; however, chemically active irrigants affected its surface and thickness. Compared to NaOCl, the ECA solutions left a thinner smear layer with a smoother and more even surface. NaOCl enhanced the opening of tubules predominantly in the coronal and middle thirds of canals, whereas combination of ANC and catholyte resulted in more numerous open dentine tubules throughout the whole length of canals. Conclusions Irrigation with electrochemically activated solutions cleaned root canal walls and may be an alternative to NaOCl in conventional root canal treatment. Further investigation of ECA solutions for root canal irrigation is warranted. [source] Isotropic Component Trace AnalysisJOURNAL OF NEUROIMAGING, Issue 3 2005Hitoshi Matsuzawa MD ABSTRACT A new method for analyzing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the brain, based on a recently introduced algorithm, lambda chart analysis (LCA), is presented. Pretreatment of a given DTI data set with LCA, which effectively segregates isotropic and aniso tropic components, allows for total removal of the anisotropic component from the DTI data set. The remaining pure isotropic component can therefore be subjected to further analysis simi lar to that applied in the trace histogram method. Deconvolution of the trace function yielded 3 Gaussian elements. Remapping of these 3 deconvoluted isotropic elements back onto the 2-dimensional image plane provided anatomical correlates of each element. The algorithm, referred to here as isotropic com ponent trace analysis, can be used as a pictorial analytic tool, as well as a numerical analytical tool, for the noninvasive assess ment of isotropic parenchymal components. The presented method provides quantitative indices of certain parenchymal parameters with better clarity than currently available methods. A ready-to-use program, EZ-LCA, for this powerful method is provided (available at http://coe.bri.niigata-u.ac.jp). [source] Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of protected N -phosphonomethylglycine dipeptidesJOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 9 2001Zyta Ziora Abstract A series of terminally blocked dipeptides containing C -terminal N -phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate, an extremely effective non-selective post-emergence herbicide) have been synthesized by a solution method. The presence of their two conformers, cis (syn) and trans (anti), was shown in solutions by NMR spectroscopy. Molecular structures of the peptides were also determined in the solid state by X-ray diffraction. The attempts for the selective and total removal of the groups protecting amino, carboxylic and phosphonate functions were in many cases unsuccessful due to the formation of cyclic structures and breakage of the phosphorus-to-carbon bond. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Selectivity effects on series reactions by reactant storage and PSA operationAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 11 2000Adriaan J. Kodde This work evaluates adsorptive reactors used to improve the operation of a sequential reaction scheme, , for the total removal of A from a stream with an excess of B. In the adsorptive-reactor concept, the reactor is filled with a physical mixture of catalyst and an adsorbent, the latter being thermodynamically selective toward primary reactant A. In this case, the sorbent is periodically regenerated using the principles of pressure swing adsorption and purged with secondary reactant D. This concept is restricted to low temperatures to have sufficient adsorption capacity. Improved reaction selectivity arises from the accumulation of A in the unit. The reaction of A maximizes the driving force for regeneration and thus accelerates the regeneration half-cycle. The adsorptive reactor is compared to a conventional plug-flow reactor (PFR) and to PSA and PFR units in series. Reaction selectivity improved and pure B recovered over these alternative reactors under realistic conditions. The volume-based productivity is lower than that of PFR, but higher than that of PSA. The purge-gas flow rate can be manipulated to balance the sorption flux and reaction rate, thereby maximizing the conversion of A. The influence of differences in sorption kinetics is discussed and the required sorbent characteristics are identified. [source] Bilateral Motor Cortex Stimulation for the Relief of Central Dysesthetic Pain and Intentional Tremor Secondary to Spinal Cord Surgery: A Case ReportNEUROMODULATION, Issue 4 2002Roberto Fabian Rodríguez MD Abstract Objectives. Our objective was to describe and analyze through a third party disinterested observer the results obtained by using motor cortex stimulation (MCS) for the treatment of central dysesthetic diffuse-distal type of paraplegic pain and intentional tremor secondary to the total removal of a cervical ependymoma. Design. Retrospective case report with discussion. Methods. A 69-year-old female, who after satisfactory removal of a cervical ependymoma, developed a central dysesthetic diffuse-distal type of paraplegic pain and intentional tremor associated with mild cerebellar deficit. Neurologic compromise became so intense that it prevented the patient from leading an independent lifestyle. Conservative treatments failed and a unilateral trial of MCS was performed. After a four-day satisfactory unilateral trial, a bilateral electrode, Resume II (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), was inserted through a small craniotomy and a dual-channel RF activated receiver was implanted. During the second month of follow-up an independent observer personally interviewed the patient and assessed results through a multimodal approach, encompassing several analog scales used to measure the different components of the painful experience; a daily life activities scale and drug intake. Results. Evoked painful phenomena were dramatically improved, but the steady component of pain was only moderately relieved. The patient's tremor improved to allow for the performance of simple movements such as independent eating. Conclusion. In this single case report MCS was extremely useful in eliminating almost all of the patient's pain-evoked phenomena. Both steady burning pain and tremor were also improved. This is only one case report and MCS warrants further investigation as to its utility in controlling central dysesthetic pain in paraplegia and postchordotomy dysesthesias. [source] Loss of consumers alters the effects of resident assemblages on the local spread of an introduced macroalgaOIKOS, Issue 2 2009F. Bulleri Despite the great interest for the role played by resident assemblages in regulating biological invasions, few studies have assessed how these can influence the spread of exotic species that have successfully established or have included more than one trophic level. On shallow rocky reefs, we assessed how the effects of different benthic assemblages on the spread of an invasive alga, Caulerpa racemosa, are influenced by alterations in the density and species composition of the resident sea urchin assemblage. In order to simulate herbivore species loss scenarios, assemblages dominated by different morphological groups of algae (i.e. turfs or encrusting corallines) or experimentally cleared plots (i.e. bare rock) were exposed to grazing by different combinations of species (Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus) and densities (natural, ,50% and ,100% of natural densities) of urchins. Algal turfs and encrusting corallines generally facilitated C. racemosa. Manipulating urchins assemblages did not affect the cover and density of fronds of C. racemosa. In contrast, halving the density of P. lividus favoured the penetration of stolons of C. racemosa, consistently among algal assemblages. Other effects of urchins varied among algal assemblages, indicating interactions between trophic levels. In algal turfs, the total removal of urchins caused a decrease in the penetration of stolons, while it enhanced the length of fronds, indicating a shift in the growth form of this clonal plant and, ultimately, a depression of its spreading ability. In bare or encrusting corallines dominated surfaces, the removal of urchins had positive effects on the penetration of stolons and on the length of fronds of C. racemosa, irrespective of one or two species being manipulated and for the intensity of their removal. Our results show that tradeoffs between negative and positive effects of herbivores, varying according to relative densities of species and to the direction and strength of the effects of resident plant assemblages, can influence local rates of spread of C. racemosa. Thus, not only facilitation of exotics by natives can be key in enhancing the spread of exotic species, but it can occur between organisms at different trophic levels. Finally, our findings have important implications for the management of C. racemosa, in view of the progressive domination of shallow rocky reefs by algal turfs. [source] Pubic Hair Removal among Women in the United States: Prevalence, Methods, and CharacteristicsTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 10 2010Debra Herbenick PhD ABSTRACT Introduction., Although women's total removal of their pubic hair has been described as a "new norm," little is known about the pubic hair removal patterns of sexually active women in the United States. Aims., The purpose of this study was to assess pubic hair removal behavior among women in the United States and to examine the extent to which pubic hair removal methods are related to demographic, relational, and sexual characteristics, including female sexual function. Methods., A total of 2,451 women ages 18 to 68 years completed a cross-sectional Internet-based survey. Main Outcome Measures., Demographic items (e.g., age, education, sexual relationship status, sexual orientation), cunnilingus in the past 4 weeks, having looked closely at or examined their genitals in the past 4 weeks, extent and method of pubic hair removal over the past 4 weeks, the Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Results., Women reported a diverse range of pubic hair-grooming practices. Women's total removal of their pubic hair was associated with younger age, sexual orientation, sexual relationship status, having received cunnilingus in the past 4 weeks, and higher scores on the FGSIS and FSFI (with the exception of the orgasm subscale). Conclusion., Findings suggest that pubic hair styles are diverse and that it is more common than not for women to have at least some pubic hair on their genitals. In addition, total pubic hair removal was associated with younger age, being partnered (rather than single or married), having looked closely at one's own genitals in the previous month, cunnilingus in the past month, and more positive genital self-image and sexual function. Herbenick D, Schick V, Reece M, Sanders S, and Fortenberry JD. Pubic hair removal among women in the United States: Prevalence, methods and characteristics. J Sex Med 2010;7:3322,3330. [source] Mapping continuous fields of forest alpha and beta diversityAPPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, Issue 4 2009Hannes Feilhauer Abstract Question: How to map continuous fields of forest alpha and beta diversity in remote areas, based on easily accessible spatial data. Location: Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia. Methods: The study relied on a combination of predictive mapping and remote sensing. Punctual measurements of alpha diversity were linked to topography and reflectance using regression models. For beta diversity, ordination techniques were employed to extract major vegetation gradients. Scores on the ordination axes were regressed against topography as well as reflectance and subsequently mapped. Beta diversity was mapped as spatial turnover rate along these axes. Results: The diversity maps quantified species counts and turnover in a spatially contiguous manner while taking into account fuzzy transitions. The variance explained by regression models ranged from 51% to 61% in cross-validation. Many of the observed differences were caused by differences in species shares. The occurrence of walnut, in particular, showed a negative relation to woody species numbers. Conclusion: Mapping biodiversity in remote areas can be based on easily accessible spatial data in combination with a set of calibration field samples. With regard to human influence on walnut dominance, a total removal of human land use would be counterproductive in terms of diversity conservation. The results of this study highlight the need for comprehensive analyses of diversity patterns that include spatially contiguous quantifications of species numbers, shares and turnover rates. [source] | |||||||||||||