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Tobacco Smoke Exposure (tobacco + smoke_exposure)
Kinds of Tobacco Smoke Exposure Selected AbstractsTobacco smoke exposure in hospitalised Aboriginal children in Central AustraliaJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 4 2009Lee Hudson Aim: Child exposure to tobacco smoke is detrimental to health. Australian Aboriginal people have a higher rate of cigarette smoking compared with the national average. Thus, we aim to measure the proportion of children admitted to Alice Springs Hospital who are exposed to tobacco smoke at home, to correlate this with prevalence of regular cough and gauge smokers' interest in quitting. Method: A questionnaire was administered verbally to carers of children admitted to Alice Springs Hospital, November 2006 to January 2007. Main outcome measures were presence of a smoker at home and presence of a regular cough. We measured the interest of carers and speculated interest of other smokers in quitting. Eighty-two questionnaires were completed (60% of children admitted during the study period). Eighty-nine per cent of children were Aboriginal. Results: As so few non-Aboriginal children were included in the study, their results were not included in analysis. Sixty-four per cent of children lived with at least one smoker. Seventy per cent of children exposed to smoke at home lived with more than one smoker. Point prevalence of reported regular cough was 33%. Forty-three per cent of children who lived with at least one smoker had regular cough compared with 13% in those who did not (P= 0.035). The rate ratio for regular cough when living with a smoker versus when not living with a smoker was 2.77 (95% confidence interval: 1.06,7.23). Forty-two per cent of the smokers expressed interest in quitting. Conclusion: It is concerning that the majority of hospitalised children were exposed to tobacco smoke at home, while fewer than half of smokers were interested in quitting. [source] The effect of passive smoking and breast feeding on serum antioxidant vitamin (A, C, E) levels in infantsACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 3 2009Gonca Y, lmaz Abstract Aim: Toxic substances in tobacco smoke are known to have negative effects on the antioxidant capacity of human body. In order to investigate the effect of passive smoking on serum antioxidant levels in infants, serum vitamin A, E, C levels and urinary cotinine/creatinine levels were measured in 254 infants at the age of 6 months. Methods: The information about infants' nutrition and exposure to tobacco smoke was obtained from the mothers by the help of a questionnaire. The infants were grouped according to both smoking status of mother and urinary cotinine/creatinine levels. Results: The mean serum vitamin A, C and E levels of infants of smoking mothers were significantly lower than those of non-smoking mothers (p < 0.05). Vitamin A, E and C levels were negatively correlated with urinary cotinine/creatinine levels (p < 0.05, r: ,0.61, ,0.42, ,0.53, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed independent factors determining the serum vitamin A, E and C levels of infants as maternal smoking and breast feeding (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Tobacco smoke exposure of infants significantly decreases their serum antioxidant vitamin A, C and E levels. However, breast feeding may help to prevent the decrement of antioxidant vitamin levels of passive smoking infants. [source] The effect of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on allergic sensitization and allergic rhinitis in adultsINDOOR AIR, Issue 4 2005R. Topp First page of article [source] Correlates of smoking among adolescents with asthmaJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 5-6 2010Su-Er Guo Aims and objective., This study examined the correlates of smoking among asthmatic adolescents to gain a better understanding of who is at particular risk. Background., Smoking is especially harmful to individuals with asthma. However, smoking is surprisingly prevalent among asthmatic individuals, with prevalence rates similar to or higher than those of the general adult or adolescent populations. Despite this notable finding, there has been little research about factors (i.e. biophysical, psychosocial and behavioural) influencing asthmatic adolescents' tobacco use patterns. Design., A Canadian provincial cross-sectional survey. Method., The study about adolescents' tobacco use and health status was conducted in secondary schools in 2004, 608 asthmatic adolescents participated. Demographic factors, biophysical (body mass index and physical health), psychosocial factors (parents' and peers' smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and depression) and behavioural factors (marijuana use, alcohol use and exercise frequency) were explored. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with tobacco use. Results and conclusions., Of the 608 asthmatic adolescents, 17·4% currently smoked and 12·0% formerly smoked. Girls, compared with boys, were more likely to smoke (OR: 3·34, 95% CI: 1·62,6·96) after adjusting for differences in the other demographic, biophysical, psychosocial and behavioural factors. Asthmatic girls who had relatively higher body mass index, were in the higher school grades, used marijuana or alcohol, had minor to severe depressive symptoms, had environmental tobacco smoke exposure in their homes and had friends who smoked or were currently more likely to smoke. The former smokers had similar risk factors including higher body mass index, environmental tobacco smoke exposure at home, friends who smoked and marijuana use. Relevance to clinical practice., Despite their health condition, asthmatic adolescents continue currently or formerly to smoke. Gender appropriate prevention and cessation interventions for asthmatic adolescents may need to address important psychosocial and environmental factors that increase the risk of these adolescents initiating and maintaining tobacco use. [source] Cotinine as a biomarker of tobacco exposure: Development of a HPLC method and comparison of matricesJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 4-5 2010Guilherme Oliveira Petersen Abstract Tobacco dependence reaches one-third of the world population, and is the second leading cause of death around the world. Cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, is the most appropriate parameter to evaluate tobacco exposure and smoking status due to its higher stability and half-life when compared to nicotine. The procedure involves liquid,liquid extraction, separation on a RP column (Zorbax® XDB C8), isocratic pump (0.5,mL/min of water,methanol,sodium acetate (0.1,M),ACN (50:15:25:10, v/v/v/v), 1.0,mL of citric acid (0.034,M) and 5.0,mL of triethylamine for each liter) and HPLC-UV detection (261,nm). The analytical procedure proved to be sensitive, selective, precise, accurate and linear (r>0.99) in the range of 5,500.0,ng/mL for cotinine. 2-Phenylimidazole was used as the internal standard. The LOD was 0.18,ng/mL and the LOQ was 5.0,ng/mL. All samples from smoking volunteers were collected simultaneously to establish a comparison between serum, plasma, and urine. The urinary cotinine levels were normalized by the creatinine and urine density. A significant correlation was found (p<0.01) between all matrices. Results indicate that the urine normalization by creatinine or density is unnecessary. This method is considered reliable for determining cotinine in serum and plasma of smokers and in environmental tobacco smoke exposure. [source] Influence of physical inactivity on the prevalence of hay feverALLERGY, Issue 11 2006Y. Kohlhammer Background:, Atopic diseases constitute a major public health problem, increasing constantly in frequency and severity. While treatments are improving, the main cause for an increasing trend of hay fever and its definite triggers remain unclear. The aim of our study was to assess whether physical inactivity could be a risk factor for hay fever. Methods:, We analysed data of a cohort of children aged 5,14 years at baseline (1992,1993) who were followed up until 2003,2005. Parental-reported information on physical activity (being active, doing sports) was obtained for 2429 children participating at the baseline survey (active: n = 1923; semi-active: n = 364; inactive: n = 142). A total of 1703 children (70.1%) were reapproached at least once during follow-up. Logistic regression models were applied to study associations between hay fever, allergic sensitization and physical activity, adjusted for potentially relevant confounders such as age, gender, study site, parental education, breastfeeding, crowding, daycare, dampness or visible moulds, contact to cats, current or prior environmental tobacco smoke exposure and parental atopy. Results:, Significantly higher rates of hay fever were seen for inactive children [aOR 2.39 (95% CI 1.31,4.36) for baseline survey 1992,1993 and aOR 1.76 (95% CI 1.14,2.71) for the follow-up-period until 2005]. In addition, the relative risk of incident cases of hay fever increased depending on inactivity [aRR 1.50 (95% CI 1.05,2.13)]. No association was found between physical inactivity and allergic sensitization assessed by radioallergosorbent test determinations. Conclusions:, Although the underlying biological mechanisms could not be clarified, increasing physical activity in childhood is suggested to prevent hay fever. [source] Soluble CD14 at 2 yr of age: Gender-related effects of tobacco smoke exposure, recurrent infections and atopic diseasesPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2006K. C. Lødrup Carlsen The endotoxin receptor soluble CD14 (sCD14) has been implicated in the ,hygiene hypothesis' suggesting reduced allergic sensitization with bacterial stimulation. However, the relationship between early life sCD14 and allergic diseases is conflicting. We aimed to investigate whether possible risk factors for allergic diseases were associated with sCD14 levels at 2 yr of age. In the nested case,control study of the birth cohort studies ,Environment and Childhood Asthma study in Oslo' 411 children selected with recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) (n = 241) and no bronchial obstruction (n = 170) by 2 yr were investigated with skin prick test and structured parental interview at age 2 yr. Exposure to tobacco smoke, pets and infections was recorded semi-annually by questionnaires (0,2 yr). The sCD14 was analysed from frozen, stored serum by ELISA technique. Regression analyses were performed in all subjects with complete data (n = 406, 180 girls), and in girls and in boys separately. Mean sCD14 (ng/ml) was significantly higher among girls 2035 (1973,2096) vs. 1947 (1890,2004) (boys). The sCD14 was significantly reduced among girls exposed to antenatal maternal smoking and with parental asthma, after adjusting for age, parental rhino-conjunctivitis, pet keeping and childhood infections. Recurrent otitis media (OM) increased and common colds significantly decreased sCD14 levels in girls. Boys with atopic dermatitis and rBO had reduced sCD14. Pet exposure was not significantly associated with sCD14. We report novel gender-related effects of sCD14 in early life and suggest that gender, tobacco smoke exposure, age and middle ear disease in particular should be accounted for when assessing the role of sCD14 in childhood allergic diseases. [source] The effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on pulmonary function in children undergoing anesthesia for minor surgeryPEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 5 2006JAMES M. O'ROURKE FFARCSI Summary Background:, The objectives of this study were to assess whether children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present for surgery with poorer pulmonary function, and experience a more pronounced deterioration in pulmonary function following anesthesia and surgery, than non-ETS-exposed children. Methods:, Fifty-four children aged 5,15 years with a history of ETS exposure from one or both parents and 54 children with no such ETS history were included in the study. All participants were presenting for ambulatory surgery and were judged to conform to American Society of Anesthesiology class I or II. Spirometry was performed preoperatively, postoperatively in the recovery ward when the child met criteria for discharge (Aldrete score 8), and before discharge from the day ward. Results:, The ETS-exposed group had a significantly lower mean preoperative peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (9.5 points lower percent predicted, 95% confidence interval ,18.1 to ,1.0, P = 0.03). Although not statistically significant, they also had lower percent predicted baseline mean values of the other spirometric variables that were measured (forced expiratory volume in 1 s ,4.5%, P = 0.07; forced vital capacity ,4.1%, P = 0.10; forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75%,3.6%, P = 0.44). Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) performed in recovery were between 8% and 14% worse than preoperative values, but the results were similar in the two groups of children. PFTs performed before hospital discharge demonstrated an near-complete recovery to baseline values. Again the pattern was similar in exposed and nonexposed children. Conclusions:, Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with lower preoperative PEFR values, but does not impact on recovery from anesthesia for healthy children undergoing ambulatory anesthesia. [source] Association of tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory syncitial virus infection with airways reactivity in early childhoodPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Alan Adler MD Abstract Exposure to infectious agents and environmental tobacco smoke are thought to induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). This study was undertaken to determine the effects of passive exposure to tobacco smoke and respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) lower respiratory infection (LRI) during infancy on the occurrence of BHR in the first 2 years of life. Eighty-six cases of documented RSV (mean age, 188 days) and 78 controls (mean age, 162 days) were enrolled from the clinic and in-patient service of a single hospital. None had a history of prior LRI. Subjects were studied at 6-month intervals up to 19 months of age with a standardized respiratory illness and parental smoking questionnaire, partial expiratory flow-volume curves by the "hug" (rapid thoracic compression) technique, and methacholine challenge. Exposure to maternal and paternal cigarette smoking, maternal history of asthma, and mold exposure were associated with decreased levels of length-corrected maximal flow at functional residual capacity (V,maxFRC). RSV-LRI was not related to V,maxFRC. After adjustment of V,maxFRC for these factors, V,maxFRC was a significantly and positively correlated with a methacholine concentration provoking a 40% fall in V,maxFRC (PC40) and negatively correlated with dose-response slope. After adjustment for V,maxFRC, there were no independent effects of tobacco smoke exposure or RSV-LRI on methacholine responses. These data do not support a role for RSV as a risk factor for airways reactivity in childhood and indicate that exposure to tobacco smoke affects airways reactivity through its effects on airways. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:418,427. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pathology of the Olfactory Epithelium: Smoking and Ethanol Exposure,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 8 2004J Vent MD Abstract Objective: To investigate the effects of tobacco smoke on the olfactory epithelium. Cigarette smoking has been associated with hyposmia; however, the pathophysiology is poorly understood. The sense of smell is mediated by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) exposed to the nasal airway, rendering them vulnerable to environmental injury and death. As a consequence, a baseline level of apoptotic OSN death has been demonstrated even in the absence of obvious disease. Dead OSNs are replaced by the mitosis and maturation of progenitors to maintain sufficient numbers of neurons into adult life. Disruption of this balance has been suggested as a common cause for clinical smell loss. This current study will evaluate the effects of tobacco smoke on the olfactory mucosa, with emphasis on changes in the degree of OSN apoptosis. Study Design: A rat model was used to assess the olfactory epithelium after exposure to tobacco smoke. Methods: Rats were exposed to tobacco smoke alone (for 12 weeks), smoke plus dietary ethanol (for the final 5 weeks), or to neither (control). Immunohistochemical analysis of the olfactory epithelium was performed using an antibody to the active form of caspase-3. Positive staining for this form of the caspase-3 enzyme indicates a cell undergoing apoptotic proteolysis. Results: Control rats demonstrated a low baseline level of caspase-3 activity in the olfactory epithelium. In contrast, tobacco smoke exposure triggered a dramatic increase in the degree of OSN apoptosis that affected all stages of the neuronal lineage. Conclusions: These results support the following hypothesis: smell loss in smokers is triggered by increased OSN death, which eventually overwhelms the regenerative capacity of the epithelium. [source] Prenatal and postnatal parental smoking and acute otitis media in early childhoodACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2010SE Håberg Abstract Aim:, To explore the associations between acute otitis media in early childhood and prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure. Methods:, Subjects were 32 077 children born between 2000 and 2005 in the Norwegian Mother and Child Study with questionnaire data on tobacco smoke exposure and acute otitis media up to 18 months of age. Multivariate regression models were used to obtain adjusted relative risks for acute otitis media. Results:, Acute otitis media was slightly more common in children exposed to parental smoking. The incidence from 0 to 6 months was 4.7% in unexposed children and 6.0% in children exposed both prenatally and postnatally. After adjusting for postnatal exposure and covariates, the relative risk for acute otitis media 0,6 months when exposed to maternal smoking in pregnancy was 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.06,1.69. Maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with acute otitis media up to 12 months of age. Compared with non-exposed children, there was a slightly increased risk of recurrent acute otitis media for children exposed both prenatally and postnatally with a relative risk of 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.01,1.52. Conclusion:, Even in a cohort with relatively low exposure levels of parental smoking, maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of acute otitis media in early childhood. [source] Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and child behaviour , results from a cross-sectional study among preschool children in BavariaACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2010D Twardella Abstract Aim:, To evaluate the association of postnatal exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke on childhood behavioural problems after taking maternal smoking during pregnancy into account. Methods:, In a cross-sectional survey of preschool children in Bavaria, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in the child's home was assessed via a parent questionnaire. The Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was applied to assess child's behaviour. The association with secondhand tobacco smoke exposure was assessed for ,probable' outcomes of the problem subscales and of prosocial behaviour. Results:, Among 5494 children (48% female), the SDQ indicated behavioural problems in up to 11%. After adjustment for socioeconomic factors, low birth weight and maternal smoking before and during pregnancy, a dose-response relationship with exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke was observed regarding hyperactivity/inattention (odds ratio compared to ,none' was 1.35 for ,low/medium' and 2.39 for ,high' exposure, 95% confidence intervals 1.02,1.78 and 1.62,3.53, respectively) as well as for conduct problems (OR 1.68 (1.37,2.06) and 1.93 (1.39,2.68)). Conclusion:, Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure at home appears to be associated with an increased risk of behavioural problems among preschool children. Prevention of behavioural problems may be a further reason to target secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in children. [source] Environmental tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for infections in infancyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 7 2009F Ladomenou Abstract Aim:, This prospective observational study investigated the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on frequency and severity of common infantile infections. Methods:, In a representative sample of 926 infants, parental smoking was recorded at months 1 and 9 postpartum, and all infantile infectious episodes were recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postpartum. Results:, Both parents were regular smokers all through the first year in 107 (11.6%), at least one smoked regularly or occasionally in 492 (53.1%), and parents did not smoke at all in 327 (35.3%) families. Among mothers, 168 (18.1%) smoked perinatally. Infantile ETS exposure was associated with increased frequency of total infectious episodes (p = 0.025) and hospitalizations for infection (p = 0.007). In ETS exposed infants, birth in autumn and presence of siblings contributed to increased frequency of most infections and of hospital admissions for infection. By contrast, exclusive breastfeeding protected against the effect of ETS on total infantile infections (OR 0.982, 95% CI 0.965,0.999; p = 0.036), hospital admissions for infection (OR 0.980, 95% CI 0.961,0.999; p = 0.036) and thrush (OR 0.973, 95% CI 0.951,0.996; p = 0.022). Conclusion:, Our findings point to harmful effect of ETS on infantile health and further suggest that this effect may be enhanced or diminished by other factors. ETS should be regarded as a preventable risk factor for infections in infancy. [source] Adverse health effects related to tobacco smoke exposure in a cohort of three-year oldsACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 3 2008AnnaKarin Johansson Abstract Aim: To analyse the importance of mothers' smoking during pregnancy and/or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in early childhood for children's health and well-being at the age of 3 years. Methods: Four groups from a population based cohort (n = 8850) were compared: children with nonsmoking mother during pregnancy and nonsmoking parents at the age of 3 years (n = 7091); children with only foetal exposure (n = 149); children exposed only postnatally (n = 895) and children exposed both pre- and postnatally (n = 595). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Children exposed both pre- and postnatally had more wheezing (1.14; 1.07,1.21) and rhinitis (1.16; 1.06,1.26), used more cough-mixture (1.07; 1.01,1.14) and broncodilatating drugs (1.08; 1.02,1.15) and suffered more from excessive crying (1.31; 1.13,1.51) and irritability (1.27; 1.09,1.48) compared to children with nonsmoking parents. Children exposed only postnatally had more rhinitis (1.24; 1.12,1.37), used more cough-mixture (1.14; 1.05,1.29) and suffered more from poor sleep (1.26; 1.07,1.47) than children of nonsmoking parents. Children with prenatal exposure only used more broncodilatating drugs (1.45; 1.03,2.04) and suffered more from poor sleep (2.06; 1.09,3.87). Conclusion: Health differences, small but significant, indicate that prenatal and/or postnatal ETS exposure alone, or in combination, seems to interfere with child health, supporting the importance of zero tolerance. However, as most smoking parents in Sweden try to protect their children from ETS exposure, the results also might indicate that protective measures are worthwhile. [source] Are influences during pregnancy associated with wheezing phenotypes during the first decade of life?ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 5 2005Ramesh J Kurukulaaratchy Abstract Aim: Recently, attention has focused on possible early life origins for asthma. We sought to identify whether factors present during pregnancy were associated with development of childhood wheezing phenotypes. Methods: A whole population birth cohort (n=1456) on the Isle of Wight, UK, was followed through to age 10 y. Where possible, information regarding environmental exposures and events during pregnancy was obtained from the maternity records (n=1238). Children were seen at ages 1, 2, 4 and 10 y, and wheezing symptoms were used to define wheezing phenotypes in the first decade (n=1034). Results: Risk of early-onsetpersistent wheeze (onset in the first 4 y, still present at age 10) was increased by environmental tobacco smoke exposure in pregnancy (OR=2.44; 95% CI: 1.37,4.34) plus maternal asthma (3.57; 1.84,6.94), but reduced by cat ownership (0.30; 0.13,0.62). Early transient wheeze (onset in the first 4 y, but not present at age 10) was increased by environmental tobacco smoke exposure (1.58; 1.02,2.45), male gender (1.68; 1.09,2.60) and low birthweight (3.65; 1.27,10.52). No environmental factors in pregnancy were associated with late-onset persistent wheeze (onset after age 4 y, still present at 10 y). Conclusion: In addition to genetics, maternal exposures during pregnancy show association with childhood and especially early-life wheezing phenotypes. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||