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Kinds of Titles Selected AbstractsAnalysis of 25 Years of Technology Research as Reported in Two Professional Journals: Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences and Family and Consumer Sciences Research JournalFAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 4 2008Amy J. Leahy During the past 25 years, the evaluation and exploration of technological advances within family and consumer sciences (FCS) have played a vital role in the evolution of the discipline. The goal of this investigation was to provide an historical perspective of the reporting of technology or technological innovations within the field of FCS. Titles of articles published in the Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences and the Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal as well as theses and dissertations completed as listed in the Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal were examined from 1982 to 2007. Items were included in this analysis if technology or technological content was included in the title. This study provides an analysis of various areas of interest, including geographic location of the author, FCS area, and individual focus or topic of the article, theses, or dissertation. [source] Physiological monitoring in acute stroke: a literature reviewJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 6 2007Stephanie P. Jones Abstract Title.,Physiological monitoring in acute stroke: a literature review Aim., This paper is a report of a review of the literature that considers how physiological parameters may affect outcome after stroke and the implications of this evidence for monitoring. Background., Throughout the world, the incidence of first-ever stroke is approximately 200 per 100,000 people per year [Sudlow et al. (1997)Stroke28, 491]. Stroke is the third most common cause of mortality [Sarti et al. (2000) Stroke31, 1588] and causes 5·54 million deaths worldwide [Murray & Lopez (1997) Lancet349, 268]. Physiological monitoring is considered a fundamental component of acute stroke care. Currently, the strength of evidence to support its use and identify its components is unclear. Nurse-led physiological assessment and subsequent interventions in acute stroke may have the potential to improve survival and reduce disability. Data sources., Online bibliographic databases from 1966 to 2007, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, Cochrane and ZETOC, were searched systematically. We identified 475 published papers relating to blood pressure, oxygen saturation and positioning, blood glucose and body temperature. Review methods., Titles and abstracts were reviewed independently by two reviewers and 61 relevant studies were read in full. The quality of included studies was assessed and proformas were used to record detailed data. A narrative synthesis described how the evidence from the papers could inform our understanding of physiological parameters and their association with outcome. Results., Current evidence suggests that patient outcome is worse when physiological parameters deviate from ,normal' in the acute phase of stroke. Conclusions., The evidence supports the need for monitoring and recording of blood pressure, oxygen saturation (including consideration of positioning), blood glucose and body temperature in the acute phase of stroke. This review has reinforced the importance of monitoring physiological parameters in the acute phase of stroke and adds support to the recommendation that monitoring should play a key role within nursing care. [source] A systematic review of titles and abstracts of experimental studies in medical education: many informative elements missingMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 11 2007David A Cook Context, Informative titles and abstracts facilitate reading and searching the literature. Objective, To evaluate the quality of titles and abstracts of full-length reports of experimental studies in medical education. Methods, We used a random sample of 110 articles (of 185 eligible articles) describing education experiments. Articles were published in 2003 and 2004 in Academic Medicine, Advances in Health Sciences Education, American Journal of Surgery, Journal of General Internal Medicine, Medical Education and Teaching and Learning in Medicine. Titles were categorised as informative, indicative, neither, or both. Abstracts were evaluated for the presence of a rationale, objective, descriptions of study design, setting, participants, study intervention and comparison group, main outcomes, results and conclusions. Results, Of the 105 articles suitable for review, 86 (82%) had an indicative title and 10 (10%) had a title that was both indicative and informative. A rationale was present in 66 abstracts (63%), objectives were present in 84 (80%), descriptions of study design in 20 (19%), setting in 29 (28%), and number and stage of training of participants in 42 (40%). The study intervention was defined in 55 (52%) abstracts. Among the 48 studies with a control or comparison group, this group was defined in 21 abstracts (44%). Study outcomes were defined in 64 abstracts (61%). Data were presented in 48 (46%) abstracts. Conclusions were presented in 97 abstracts (92%). Conclusions, Reports of experimental studies in medical education frequently lack the essential elements of informative titles and abstracts. More informative reporting is needed. [source] The European Union Constitution on Border Checks, Asylum, and ImmigrationPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Article first published online: 15 DEC 200 The Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed by the heads of government of the 25 European Union member states and three candidate states on 29 October 2004. The Treaty in effect is the proposed constitution, a long and elaborate document comprising 448 Articles (grouped into four Parts, with additional divisions into Titles, Chapters, and Sections, but numbered consecutively throughout) and 29 Protocols,annexes to the Treaty. Five articles and four protocols are concerned with issues of border control, immigration, and asylum policy. The articles are found in the chapter titled Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in Part III of the Treaty (The Policies and Functioning of the Union). These are reproduced below, along with one of the protocols (number 21). (Of the other protocols concerned with migration, one adds to the Treaty the provisions of the Schengen Acquis, the agreement among all EU members except the United Kingdom and Ireland, plus the non-EU states Norway and Iceland, to eliminate border controls at their common frontiers, and requires acceptance of the Acquis by any new member. Two other protocols set out reservations on the part of the UK and Ireland on border control and asylum matters,basically, an "opt-in" stance, allowing their participation in Treaty provisions on a case-by-case basis.) The constitution is highly detailed in scope but often vague in content, merely specifying topics on which policies will be developed or laws enacted. Thus the "common immigration policy" that is signaled in Article III-267 is yet to be shaped, and the Treaty offers few hints of what it may look like. A reluctance on the part of member states to cede sovereignty in the area of immigration is not limited to the British Isles. It is seen also in the retained right of all members to restrict non-EU labor migrants (Article III-267, Para. 5) and to conclude bilateral agreements on border crossing with non-EU states (Protocol 21). It is notable that the Treaty, while stressing that all nationals of member states are citizens of the Union with the right "to move and reside freely" within its territory, does not attempt to harmonize conditions or procedures under which migrants can acquire citizenship: indeed, it says nothing at all on the matter. (A "framework law," mentioned at various points in the text, is a law that prescribes the result to be achieved but leaves to each member state "the choice of form and methods.") Actual adoption of the constitution requires ratification by the governments of all EU members. If this demanding hurdle is passed (requiring parliamentary approval or, in some cases, a referendum), the constitution would come into force on 1 November 2006,or after the final ratification, if later. Under Article IV-443, if the treaty is ratified by four-fifths of members within the two years but is rejected by one or more states, "the matter shall be referred to the European Council",the quarterly summit meeting of heads of government. [source] Thesis Titles for Degrees in the United Kingdom 2007/08 and 2008/09THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 538 2009Article first published online: 26 MAY 200 First page of article [source] An evidence-based assessment of the clinical guidelines for replanted avulsed teeth.DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Part II: prescription of systemic antibiotics The principles of evidence-based dentistry can be used to assess whether this is the best approach based on currently-available evidence. The objective of this study was to use the principles of evidence-based dentistry to answer the PICO question: (P) for a replanted avulsed permanent tooth, (I) is prescribing SAT, (C) compared with not prescribing SAT, (O) associated with an increased likelihood of successful periodontal healing after tooth replantation? Materials and methods:, A literature search was performed across four internet databases (Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, PubMed, ISI Web of Science), for relevant citations (n = 35 702). Limiting citations to those in English and removing duplicates produced a set of titles (n = 14 742) that were sieved according to evidence-based dentistry principles. Relevant titles were selected for abstract assessment (n = 782), identifying papers for examination (n = 74). Inclusion criteria were applied and three papers (326 total teeth) met the final criteria for meta-analysis. Results:, Meta-analyses found no statistically significant difference between prescribing or not prescribing antibiotics for acceptable periodontal healing without progressive root resorption (common odds ratio = 0.90, SE = 0.29, 95% confidence intervals = 0.51,1.58). Conclusion:, The evidence for an association between prescribing SAT and an increased likelihood of acceptable periodontal healing outcome is inconclusive. This investigation of antibiotic use as defined in the clinical guidelines indicates there is inconclusive clinical evidence from studies of replanted avulsed human teeth to either contradict or support the guideline. Pending future research to the contrary, dentists are recommended to follow current guidelines in prescribing SAT when replanting avulsed teeth. [source] A systematic review of the diagnostic classifications of traumatic dental injuriesDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Karla Maria Pugliesi da Costa Feliciano Abstract,,, A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to evaluate the criteria used for the diagnostic classification of traumatic dental injuries from an epidemiological standpoint. The methodology used was that suggested by the Cochrane Collaboration and the National Health Service. A total of 12 electronic bibliographical databases (BBO, BioMed Central, Blackwell Synergy, Cochrane, DARE, EMBASE, HighWire, LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed Central, SciELO, SciSearch) and the World Wide Web were searched. There was no attempt to specify the strategy in relation to date, study design, or language. The last search was performed in May 2003. Two reviewers screened each record independently for eligibility by examining titles, abstracts, keywords and using a standardized reference form. Disagreements were resolved through consensus. The final study collection consisted of 164 articles, from 1936 to 2003, and the population sample ranged from 38 to 210 500 patients. 54 distinct classification systems were identified. According to the literature, the most frequently used classification system was that of Andreasen (32%); as regards the type of injury, the uncomplicated crown fracture was the most mentioned lesion (88.5%). Evidence supports the fact that there is no suitable system for establishing the diagnosis of the studied injuries that could be applied to epidemiological surveys. [source] Books received (selected titles)ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2007Povl Munk-Jørgensen No abstract is available for this article. [source] Books received (selected titles)ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2006Povl Munk-Jørgensen Editor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Incorrect and incomplete coding and classification of diabetes: a systematic reviewDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010M. A. Stone Diabet. Med. 27, 491,497 (2010) Abstract Aims, To conduct a systematic review to identify types and implications of incorrect or incomplete coding or classification within diabetes or between diabetes and other conditions; also to determine the availability of evidence regarding frequency of occurrence. Methods, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text terms were used to search relevant electronic databases for papers published to the end of August 2008. Two researchers independently reviewed titles and abstracts and, subsequently, the full text of potential papers. Reference lists of selected papers were also reviewed and authors consulted. Three reviewers independently extracted data. Results, Seventeen eligible studies were identified, including five concerned with distinguishing between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Evidence was also identified regarding: the distinction between diabetes and no-diabetes, failure to specify type of diabetes, and diagnostic errors or difficulties involving maturity-onset diabetes of the young, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, pancreatic diabetes, persistence of foetal haemoglobin and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The sample was too heterogeneous to derive accurate information about frequency, but our findings suggested that misclassification occurs most commonly in young people. Implications relating to treatment options and risk management were highlighted, in addition to psychological and financial implications and the potential impact on the validity of quality of care evaluations and research. Conclusions, This review draws attention to the occurrence and implications of incorrect or incomplete coding or classification of diabetes, particularly in young people. A pragmatic and clinically relevant approach to classification is needed to assist those involved in making decisions about types of diabetes. [source] Book and Media ReviewsADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2000David Ball Books reviewed in this article: Book reviews in this column will primarily be of titles focusing completely, or in part, on biological aspects of addiction. However, significant titles of general relevance to the addictions field will also be included, even if they are not "biological", as will titles of general methodological and clinical relevance, even if they are not on "addictions". Similar considerations will apply to other media (software, audio tapes and CDs, videos, etc). However, specific "addictions" software applications seem to be relatively uncommon and, as these items are rarely reviewed elsewhere, we will endeavour to include reviews of some of the older programmes that are still useful, as well as new titles that appear. I would appreciate suggesti ons of any items suitable for reviews, but especially software and other media of specifi c relevance to the addictions. Please contact: Dr David Ball, National Addiction Centre, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK. Dual Diagnosis and Treatment: substance abuse and co-morbid medical and psychiatric disorders HENRY R. KRANZLER & BRUCE J. ROUNSAVILLE (Eds) Improving the Care of People in Substance Misuse Ser vices: clinical audit project examples KIRSTY MACLEAN STEEL & CLAIRE PALMER Software European Legal Texts on Drugs (CD-Rom) [source] Survival probability of zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses up to 5 yr: a systematic review of the literatureEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2010Jaana-Sophia Schley Schley J-S, Heussen N, Reich S, Fischer J, Haselhuhn K, Wolfart S. Survival probability of zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses up to 5 yr: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 443,450. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci The purpose of this systematic review was to calculate the 5-yr survival rates of all-ceramic zirconia-based fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) and to analyze technical and biological complications. An electronic literature search of MEDLINE (PubMed) was conducted independently by three reviewers to identify clinical studies from 1999 to 2009 and was completed by a manual search. Keywords and inclusion and exclusion criteria were well-defined. The search revealed 399 titles and led to the final analysis of 18 full-text articles. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Extracted data were statistically calculated into 5-yr survival rates and 5-yr complication-free rates by using Poisson regression analysis. In total, 310, 3- to 4-unit FDPs and 20 FDPs with more than 4 units were included. The estimated 5-yr survival rate for all FDPs was 94.29% (95% CI: 58.98,99.32); 19 FDPs were lost as a result of catastrophic failures. The 5-yr complication-free rate regarding technical complications was 76.41% (95% CI: 42.42,91.60) with chipping being the most frequent complication. Regarding biological complications, the 5-yr complication-free rate was 91.72% (95% CI: 59.19,98.53). The survival rates of zirconia-based short-unit FDPs are promising. However, an important improvement of the veneering systems is required, and for FDPs with more units in function, further randomized, controlled clinical trials are necessary. [source] Graduate Research Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences During 2008FAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Bernice Dodor Contacts were made with 50 individuals at 35 colleges and universities during the spring of 2009 to gather information on the graduate research completed in Family and Consumer Sciences units during 2008. Nineteen institutions reported a total of 329 graduate research titles. During that same time, 2020 master's degrees and 377 doctor's degrees were granted in Family and Consumer Sciences according to data available from the National Center for Education Statistics. [source] Electronic journal provision in a health-care library: insights from a consultation with NHS workersHEALTH INFORMATION & LIBRARIES JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Sarah E. Crudge Objective:, This study determines the current awareness journal reading requirements of the users of Stockport National Health Service (NHS) Trust's library. The overlap between requirements and the provision of the NHS Core Content resources, four major electronic journal bundles, and the holdings of North West health libraries is also investigated. Methods:, A survey of both hospital and Primary Care Trust staff was conducted, and respondents were required to provide a list of their favourite journal titles. Each requested title was assigned a subject code, and the impact factor was noted. Results:, From 135 survey responses, 217 journal titles were identified and 33 category codes were utilized. There was little overlap between the request list and the NHS Core Content titles, but substantial correspondence existed between the request list and the print holdings of North West health libraries. Conclusions:, Current awareness journal reading requirements will not be met by the Core Content provision alone. Bundles of titles offer value-for-money solutions, but may be at the expense of popular titles. Furthermore, the success of regional document supply schemes may be compromised if large numbers of health-care libraries replace print holdings with similar electronic journal bundles. [source] Differential contributions of the anterior temporal and medial temporal lobe to the retrieval of memory for person identity informationHUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 12 2008Takashi Tsukiura Abstract Although previous studies have suggested the importance of the bilateral anterior temporal (ATL) and medial temporal lobes (MTL) in the retrieval of person identity information, there is little evidence concerning how these regions differentially contribute to the process. Here we investigated this question using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Before scanning, subjects learned associations among faces (F), names (N), and job titles (as a form of person-related semantics, S). During retrieval with fMRI, subjects were presented with previously learned and new S stimuli, and judged whether the stimuli were old or new. Successful retrieval (H) trials were divided into three conditions: retrieval of S and associated F and N (HSFN); retrieval of S and associated F (HSF); and retrieval of S only (HS). The left ATL was significantly activated in HSFN, compared to HSF or HS, whereas the right ATL and MTL were significantly activated in HSFN and HSF relative to HS. In addition, activity in bilateral ATL was significantly correlated with reaction time for HSFN, whereas we found no significant correlation between activity in the right MTL and reaction time in any condition. The present findings suggest that the left ATL may mediate associations between names and person-related semantic information, whereas the right ATL mediates the association between faces and person-related semantic information in memory for person identity information. In addition, activation of the right MTL region implies that this area may contribute to a more general relational processing of associative components, including memory for person identity information. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A common language for classifying and describing occupations: The development, structure, and application of the standard occupational classificationHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2002Leslie J. Pollack Today's technology-driven global economy forces job seekers, employees, human resources professionals, and managers to work smarter and faster to take advantage of a changing labor market. A common language for describing job titles and task/competency-based occupational clusters will facilitate crucial information sharing critical to meeting today's HR challenges. The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) captures the current occupational structure, and can be used by the public and private sectors to share information on all types of jobs. This article discusses the development and applications of the new SOC that will help job seekers, employees, human resources professionals, and management. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Educational level and occupation as risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases: A nationwide study based on hospitalizations in SwedenINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 4 2009Xinjun Li MD Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between educational level, occupation, and hospitalization for inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: A nationwide database was constructed by linking the Swedish Census to the Hospital Discharge Register in order to obtain data on all first hospitalizations for Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in Sweden during the study period (1970,2004). Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by educational level and occupation for men and women ,30 years. Three cohorts were defined based on occupational titles recorded in the Swedish census data in 1970 and 1980. Results: Significantly decreased SIRs for CD were observed for both men and women who had an educational level of >12 years. Among men, significantly increased SIRs for CD were present in all 3 cohorts among "drivers." Male "religious, juridical, and other social-science-related workers," "textile workers," and "glass, ceramic, and tile workers," and female "clerical workers," "mechanics and iron and metalware workers," and "printers and related workers" had a significantly increased SIR for CD that was present in 1 of the 3 cohorts. For UC, male "postal and communication workers," "smelters and metal foundry workers," and "chemical process workers," and female "wood workers" had a significantly increased SIR for UC that was present in at least 1 of the 3 cohorts. Conclusions: Educational level and occupation seem to have a minor effect on the population's likelihood of hospitalization for CD and UC. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008) [source] Semen quality and sedentary work positionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY, Issue 1 2004Julie Støy Summary Increased scrotal temperature can, in experimental settings, markedly disturb the production of semen. Sedentary work position may increase the temperature of the scrotum, but previous studies have failed to determine whether changes in scrotal temperature caused by sedentary work actually do affect semen quality. This study was carried out to elucidate the possible harmful effects of sedentary work on sperm count and other semen characteristics. In 1981,1983 a semen sample was obtained from 3119 men who attended an infertility workup in one of four Danish fertility centres. A total of 2517 men returned a postal questionnaire with information on life style, leisure time activities, occupational history and job duties. Information on job specific work position was obtained from The Danish Work Environment Cohort study 1990 (DWECS). In this analysis DWECS data for a total of 1747 men was included from men aged 18,39 years with >30 h of work per week. For all job titles represented in the DWECS, the mean proportion of sedentary work was estimated. The sperm cell concentration was 30.6 million/mL among men in the quintile with lowest job specific sedentary work compared with 40.5 million/mL in the highest quintile. The difference was, however, not statistically significant. Stratification on infertility period, educational level of the man, fertility centre, and fertility-related disease of the spouse did not influence the results. The analyses do not suggest that sedentary work is a risk factor for abnormal semen characteristics. [source] The efficacy of interdental brushes on plaque and parameters of periodontal inflammation: a systematic reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 4 2008DE Slot Abstract:, Aim:, The aim of the study was to asses the effect of the use of interdental brushes (IDB) in patients as an adjunct to toothbrushing compared with toothbrushing alone or other interdental oral hygiene devices on plaque and the clinical parameters of periodontal inflammation. Material and methods:, MEDLINE,PubMed and the Cochrane Central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL) were searched through November 2007 to identify appropriate studies. Clinical parameters of periodontal inflammation such as plaque, gingivitis, bleeding and pockets were selected as outcome variables. Results:, Independent screening of the titles and abstracts of 218 MEDLINE,PubMed and 116 Cochrane papers resulted in nine publications that met the eligibility criteria. Mean values and standard deviations were collected by data extraction. Descriptive comparisons are presented for brushing alone or brushing and woodsticks; meta-analyses were also performed for the floss comparison. Conclusion:, As an adjunct to brushing, the IDB removes more dental plaque than brushing alone. Studies showed a positive significant difference using IDB with respect to the plaque scores, bleeding scores and probing pocket depth. The majority of the studies presented a positive significant difference in the plaque index when using the IDB compared with floss. [source] The effect of the Vector® scaler system on human teeth: a systematic reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 3 2008DE Slot Abstract:, Aim:, To review the available literature, considering the effect of instrumentation with the Vector® ultrasonic scaler on human teeth in vitro and in vivo compared to conventional ultrasonic instruments and/or hand instrumentation. The assessed effects are calculus removal, time of instrumentation, root surface aspects, cell attachment, patients' perception, bleeding upon probing, pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and microbiological effects. Materials and methods:, MEDLINE,PubMed and the Cochrane Central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL) were searched up through January 2008 to identify appropriate studies. Results:, Independent screening of the titles and abstracts of 270 MEDLINE,PubMed and 15 Cochrane papers resulted in 15 suitable publications. The studies differed in design and outcome, so this review summarizes the outcomes in a descriptive manner. Comparisons are presented against conventional ultrasonic system and scaling and root planing. Conclusion:, The Vector® ultrasonic scaler provided comparable clinical and microbiological periodontal healing results as scaling and root planing and conventional ultrasonic system in moderately deep pockets. The Vector® ultrasonic scaler may be used as a gentle root debridement device for supportive periodontal therapy, as an alternative to other conventional ultrasonic system. The operator should however consider the extra time needed for instrumentation. [source] Press stories as a medium for social marketing: the publisher's perspectiveINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 1 2000Roger Bennett Features editors in 50 UK newspapers and magazines completed a mail questionnaire concerning their use of charity infotorials, ie human interest press stories based on materials developedandsubmittedbycharityemployees. The research focused on publishers' reasons for carrying this type of article, editorial policy regarding materials submitted by charities, perceptions of the quality of the copy received, and the determinants of publishers' levels of satisfaction with outcomes. A clear dichotomy emerged between publishing firms that viewed infotorials mainly as a means for gaining a competitive advantage over titles produced by other businesses, and those that adopted a more altruistic approach to the publication of stories with a charity-related theme. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications [source] Aetiology of molar,incisor hypomineralization: a critical reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2009FELICITY CROMBIE Objective., The objective of this study was to assess the strength of evidence for the aetiology of molar,incisor hypomineralization (MIH), often as approximated by demarcated defects. Method., A systematic search of online medical databases was conducted with assessment of titles, abstracts, and finally full articles for selection purposes. The level and quality of evidence were then assessed for each article according to Australian national guidelines. Results., Of 1123 articles identified by the database search, 53 were selected for review. These covered a variety of potential aetiological factors, some of which were grouped together for convenience. The level of evidence provided by the majority of papers was low and most did not specifically investigate MIH. There was moderate evidence that polychlorinated biphenyl/dioxin exposure is involved in the aetiology of MIH; weak evidence for the role of nutrition, birth and neonatal factors, and acute or chronic childhood illness/treatment; and very weak evidence to implicate fluoride or breastfeeding. Conclusion., There is currently insufficient evidence in the literature to establish aetiological factor/s relevant for MIH. Improvements in study design, as well as standardization of diagnostic and examination protocols, would improve the level and strength of evidence. [source] Private or public: debating the meaning of tenure legalizationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2002Ann Varley Hernando de Soto's book The mystery of capital has renewed debate about illegality in low,income housing in Latin America, Asia and Africa. De Soto and others argue that property titles provide the poor with collateral for loans to improve their housing or set up a business. Critics argue that incorporation into the formal market will displace the original inhabitants. In this article I analyse these debates about legalization as expressions of the dualisms that have shaped western thought. The relation between legal and illegal can be understood as a variant of the public/private dichotomy. Challenging the opposition of legal to illegal, I argue that the difference between them is not as great as the proponents of legalization assume. This questions the efficacy of legalization as an engine of change. In Mexico, the beneficiaries of legalization have little interest in formal credit, preferring loans from friends or relatives, and legalization does not lead to displacement. The failure of theories about legalization to predict the outcome is a product of their reliance on dualistic thinking and of the exclusion of the private from their accounts of the process. Le livre d'Hernando de Soto, The mystery of capital, a relancé le débat sur l'illégalité de l'habitat à faible revenu en Amérique latine, Asie et Afrique. Selon de Soto et d'autres, les titres de propriété procurent aux pauvres une garantie pour emprunter afin d'améliorer leur logement ou de créer une entreprise. Les opposants affirment qu'une intégration au marché officiel déplacerait les habitants d'origine. L'article analyse ces débats sur la légalisation en tant qu'expressions des dualismes qui ont façonné la pensée occidentale. On peut appréhender la relation entre le légal et l'illégal comme une variante de la dichotomie public,privé. En contestant l'opposition légal,illégal, on peut affirmer que la différence n'est pas aussi importante que le supposent les partisans de la légalisation, ce qui remet en cause l'efficacité de celle,ci en tant que moteur de changement. Au Mexique, les bénéficiaires de la légalisation s'intéressent peu au crédit officiel, préférant les prêts entre amis ou parents, et cette légalisation ne provoque pas de déplacement. Les théories sur la légalisation ont échoué dans leur prédiction des résultats, car elles s'appuient sur une réflexion dualiste et excluent le privé de leur évaluation du processus. [source] How to write titles and abstracts for readersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 1 2009Neil Blair Christensen No abstract is available for this article. [source] Organizational culture in nursing schools in Turkey: faculty members' perspectivesINTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 3 2009F. Kantek rn Background:, Among the benefits of examining an organization's culture are the opportunity to understand the basic mechanisms of the institutional and structural procedures, to determine the need for change and to ensure the development and satisfaction of the faculty members. Aim:, To determine the perceptions of faculty members of organizational culture at nursing schools in Turkey and to examine different perceptions in relation to demographic variables. Method:, The study was conducted with 180 faculty members from seven nursing schools in state universities located in different geographical regions of Turkey that granted permission for the study. All faculty members in these schools with at least 1 year of institutional experience were included in the research. No sampling was required. A demographic information form and an organizational culture scale were used as data collection materials. The organizational culture scale contains 30 items and resolves the organizational culture in three dimensions. The minimum score obtained was 1 and the maximum was 5. Findings:, The mean score for faculty members' in total scale was 3.40 (SD = 0.68), while it was 3.26 (SD = 0.77) for the management style dimension, 3.39 (SD = 0.73) for the organizational commitment/relations dimension and 3.68 (SD = 0.73) for the student-oriented dimension. There was no statistical difference between the perception of organizational culture and work experience at the institution, marital status or educational status, but there were differences in age, number of years in the profession and academic titles. Conclusion:, It was found that strong perceptions have been established in nursing schools in regard to student-oriented practices, and that groups consisting of senior academic personnel and experienced academicians are considered to be better at perceiving the importance of the organizational culture. The administrators are recommended to promote policies to enhance the participation in decision-making processes and regularly monitor the cultural changes in the organization. [source] Books on European IntegrationJCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 2000Brian Ardy The following list includes all books submitted to the Journal of Common Market Studies during 1999, whether these were reviewed or not. Each book is entered only once even though, inevitably, some titles are of relevance to more than one section. [source] Developing an advanced nurse practitioner service in emergency care: attitudes of nurses and doctorsJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 3 2006Miriam Griffin MSc RGN PGCSNP Aim., This paper reports a study to determine the attitudes of nurses, doctors and general medical practitioners towards the development of an advanced nurse practitioner service within an emergency department. Background., The role of advanced nurse practitioner in emergency care has emerged in a number of countries, and has brought with it confusion about titles, role boundaries, clinical accountability and educational requirements. Initially, the role resulted from a need for healthcare professionals to provide a service to the increased numbers of patients presenting to hospital with less urgent problems. Since then, the service has evolved to one where nurse practitioners provide high-quality and cost-effective care to persons who seek help for non-urgent, urgent or emergent conditions in a variety of emergency care settings. However, little research could be identified on the attitudes of relevant nursing and medical staff towards the development of this role. Methods., A questionnaire survey was carried out, and a 29-item Likert rating scale was developed to measure attitudes. Along with some demographic variables, two open-ended questions were added to allow respondents to elaborate on what they perceived as benefits and difficulties associated with an advanced nurse practitioner service. All general practitioners, emergency nurses and emergency doctors in one health board in the Republic of Ireland were targeted, and 25 emergency nurses, 13 emergency doctors and 69 general practitioners were approached to take part. Data were collected in February 2004. Findings., An overall response rate of 74·8% was achieved. All respondents were positive towards the development of an advanced nurse practitioner service, with general practitioners being less positive. The principal differences appeared between general practitioners and hospital emergency care staff. Conclusion., There is a need for a multidisciplinary approach to the planning of advanced nurse practitioner services. To achieve multiprofessional acceptance, an accredited and standardized education programme is required, and this must address existing role boundaries. [source] Atrophy and anarchy: third national survey of nursing skill-mix and advanced nursing practice in ophthalmologyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 12 2006Dip Nursing, Wladyslawa J. Czuber-Dochan MSc Aims and objectives., The aims of the study were to investigate the advanced nursing practice and the skill-mix of nurses working in ophthalmology. Background., The expansion of new nursing roles in the United Kingdom in the past decade is set against the background of a nursing shortage. The plan to modernize the National Health Service and improve the efficiency and delivery of healthcare services as well as to reduce junior doctors' hours contributes towards a profusion of new and more specialized and advanced nursing roles in various areas of nursing including ophthalmology. Design., A self-reporting quantitative questionnaire was employed. The study used comparative and descriptive statistical tests. Method., The questionnaires were distributed to all ophthalmic hospitals and units in the United Kingdom. Hospital and unit managers were responsible for completing the questionnaires. Results., Out of a total 181 questionnaires 117 were returned. There is a downward trend in the total number of nurses working in ophthalmology. The results demonstrate more nurses working at an advanced level. However, there is a general confusion regarding role interpretation at the advanced level of practice, evident through the wide range of job titles being used. There was inconsistency in the qualifications expected of these nurses. Conclusion., Whilst there are more nurses working at an advanced level this is set against an ageing workforce and an overall decline in the number of nurses in ophthalmology. There is inconsistency in job titles, grades, roles and qualifications for nurses who work at an advanced or higher level of practice. The Agenda for Change with its new structure for grading jobs in the United Kingdom may offer protection and consistency in job titles, pay and qualifications for National Health Service nurse specialists. The Nursing and Midwifery Council needs to provide clear guidelines to the practitioners on educational and professional requirements, to protect patients and nurses. Relevance to clinical practice., The findings indicate that there is a need for better regulations for nurses working at advanced nursing practice. [source] A systematic review of definitions of periodontitis and methods that have been used to identify this diseaseJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Amir Savage Abstract Objective: To perform a systematic review and critical analysis of the definitions of periodontitis and the methods which have been used to identify and measure this disease. Material and Methods: Relevant publications were identified after searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCISEARCH and LILACS electronic databases. Screening of titles and abstracts and data extraction was conducted independently by two reviewers. To be included in the review, studies were required to define periodontitis and to indicate how it was measured. Studies that related purely to gingivitis, and/or intervention studies, and/or studies where prevalence or severity of periodontitis was not a principal outcome were excluded. Results: From a total of 3472 titles and abstracts, 104 potentially relevant full text papers were identified. Of these, 15 met the criteria for inclusion in the final stage of the review. The survey revealed heterogeneity between the studies in the measurement tools used, particularly the types of probes and the sites and areas of the mouth that were assessed. There was also heterogeneity in the use of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and pocket probing depth (PPD) as criteria for periodontitis. In the 15 studies, the threshold for a diagnosis of periodontitis when CAL was the criterion ranged from 2 to 6 mm and when PPD was used, from 3 to 6 mm. Conclusions: This review has confirmed previous work which has suggested that epidemiological studies of periodontal diseases are complicated by the diversity of methodologies and definitions used. The studies that were reviewed utilized a minimum diagnostic threshold defining periodontitis, at a given site in terms of CAL of 2 mm and PPD of 3 mm. [source] A systematic review of the success of sinus floor elevation and survival of implants inserted in combination with sinus floor elevationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2008Part I: Lateral approach Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review were to assess the survival rate of grafts and implants placed with sinus floor elevation. Material and Methods: An electronic search was conducted to identify studies on sinus floor elevation, with a mean follow-up time of at least 1 year after functional loading. Results: The search provided 839 titles. Full-text analysis was performed for 175 articles resulting in 48 studies that met the inclusion criteria, reporting on 12,020 implants. Meta-analysis indicated an estimated annual failure rate of 3.48% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.48%,4.88%] translating into a 3-year implant survival of 90.1% (95% CI: 86.4%,92.8%). However, when failure rates was analyzed on the subject level, the estimated annual failure was 6.04% (95% CI: 3.87%,9.43%) translating into 16.6% (95% CI: 10.9%,24.6%) of the subjects experiencing implant loss over 3 years. Conclusion: The insertion of dental implants in combination with maxillary sinus floor elevation is a predictable treatment method showing high implant survival rates and low incidences of surgical complications. The best results (98.3% implant survival after 3 years) were obtained using rough surface implants with membrane coverage of the lateral window. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||